Degenerate Circles

N ATHAN R AMESH*

February 2016

Power of a Point

Let P be a point and ω be a circle with center O and radius r . We define the power of the point P with respect to the
circle ω to be OP 2 − r 2 , and we denote this by pow(P, ω).

Theorem (Power of a Point). Suppose a line ` through P intersects a circle ω at two points A and B . Then P A · P B =
pow(P, ω).

In fact, the converse also holds.

Theorem (Converse of Power of a Point). Suppose P, A, B,C , D are points with P the intersection of AB and C D.
Assume that P is on either both or neither of the segments AB and C D. Then P A · P B = PC · P D iff A, B,C , D are
concyclic.

Problems

Problem 1. DE B is a chord of a circle such that DE = 3 and E B = 5. Let O be the center of the circle. Join OE and
extend OE to cut the circle at C . Given EC = 1, find the radius of the circle.

Problem 2. For each parabola y = x 2 +px +q, which intersects the coordinate axes in three different points, consider
the circle passing through these three points. Prove that all these circles have a common point.

Problem 3. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcentre O. The points P and Q are interior points of the sides C A and
AB respectively. Let K , L and M be the midpoints of the segments B P,CQ and PQ. respectively, and let Γ be the
circle passing through K , L and M . Suppose that the line PQ is tangent to the circle Γ. Prove that OP = OQ.

Radical Axis

We define the radical axis of two circles ω1 and ω2 to be the locus of all points P such that pow(P, ω1 ) = pow(P, ω2 ).

Theorem (Radical Axis). The radical axis of two circles ω1 and ω2 with centers O 1 and O 2 respectively is a line
perpendicular to AB .

* Special thanks to Jason Chen for help with diagrams.

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Sketch. Use Cartesian Coordinates.

Remark. Observe that using Cartesian Coordinates, none of the algebra breaks if one or more of the radii are 0. This
will be important later.

Theorem (Radical Axis Concurrence). The pairwise radical axes of three circles are either concurrent or pairwise
parallel. The concurrence point is referred to as the radical center of the three circles.

Proof. Call the circles ω1 , ω2 , and ω3 . Suppose two of the radical axes intersect at a point P . WLOG say P is the
intersection of the radical axis of ω1 and ω2 and the radical axis of ω2 and ω3 . By the definition of radical axis,
pow(P, ω1 ) = pow(P, ω2 ) = pow(P, ω3 ), hence P lies on the radical axis of ω1 and ω3 . In this case such a radical
center exists and the former criteria holds. Suppose instead that such a point P did not exist. It follows that the
radical axes must be pairwise parallel and thus the latter criteria holds.

We will look at a quick configuration before moving on to problems.

Configuration. Let ω1 and ω2 be two circles that intersect at points A and B . Suppose C D is an external tangent to
both circles, tangent to ω1 at C and ω2 at D. Prove that AB bisects C D.

Solution. Note that pow(A, ω1 ) = pow(A, ω2 ) = 0 and pow(B, ω1 ) = pow(B, ω2 ) = 0. It follows that A and B both lie
on that radical axis of ω1 and ω2 , and hence AB is the radical axis. Letting P be the intersection point, we have
PC 2 = pow(P, ω1 ) = pow(P, ω2 ) = P D 2 , and the result follows.

Problems

Problem 1 (JMO 2012). Given a triangle ABC , let P and Q be points on segments AB and AC , respectively, such that
AP = AQ. Let S and R be distinct points on segment BC such that S lies between B and R, ∠B P S = ∠P RS, and
∠CQR = ∠QSR. Prove that P , Q, R, S are concyclic (in other words, these four points lie on a circle).
Problem 2 (IMO 1995). Let A, B,C , D be four distinct points on a line, in that order. The circles with diameters AC
and B D intersect at X and Y . The line X Y meets BC at Z . Let P be a point on the line X Y other than Z . The line
C P intersects the circle with diameter AC at C and M , and the line B P intersects the circle with diameter B D at
B and N . Prove that the lines AM , D N , X Y are concurrent.

Problem 3 (USAMO 2009). Given circles ω1 and ω2 intersecting at points X and Y , let `1 be a line through the center
of ω1 intersecting ω2 at points P and Q and let `2 be a line through the center of ω2 intersecting ω1 at points R
and S. Prove that if P,Q, R and S lie on a circle then the center of this circle lies on line X Y .

Degenerate Circles

We will look at a special case of the radical axis theorem. In particular, we will examine the case where the radius of
one or more of the circles is zero.

Problem (Circumcenter). In a triangle 4ABC , prove that the perpendicular bisectors of AB, BC , and C A concur.

Solution. Let ω A be the circle of radius zero centered at A and define ωB and ωC similarly. Note that the perpendic-
ular bisector of AB is the radical axis of ω A and ωB . Similar results hold for the other two perpendicular bisectors.
Applying the radical axis concurrence theorem to ω A , ωB , and ωC yields the result.

Problem (Balkan MO 2015). Let 4ABC be a scalene triangle with incentre I and circumcircle ω. Lines AI , B I ,C I
intersect ω for the second time at points D, E , F , respectively. The parallel lines from I to the sides BC , AC , AB

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 intersect E F, DF, DE at points K , L, M , respectively. Prove that the points K , L, M are collinear.

E
F
I
K

B C
D

M
L

Solution. Note that ∠K E I = ∠F E I = ∠F E B = ∠F C B = ∠F I K . It follows from AA similarity that 4K F I ∼ 4K I E ,

Problem (ARMO 2011). The perimeter of triangle 4ABC is 4. Point X is marked on ray AB and point Y is marked
on ray AC such that AX = AY = 1. Suppose segment BC intersects segment X Y at point M . Prove that perimeter
of one of triangles 4AB M or 4AC M is 2.

B C
M

Solution. Consider the A-excircle of 4ABC , and call it ω. Let P,Q, R be the tangency points of ω with lines
AB, BC ,C A, respectively. Note that AP = AR = 2, so it follows that X Y is the radical axis of ω and the circle
of radius zero centered at A. Since M lies on this radical axis, it follows that M A = MQ. WLOG suppose Q lines
on segment MC . Then the perimeter of 4AB M = AB + B M + M A = AB + B M + MQ = AB + BQ = AB + B P = 2,
as desired.

Q C
B
M R
X

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Problems

Enjoy the following problems, arranged roughly by difficulty.*

Problem 1. Let ABC be an acute angled triangle. Let ω be its incircle and I be its center. Let the contact points of ω
with BC ,C A and AB be D,E ,F respectively. Let I B ∩ DF = P and M be the mid-point of B P . From M , draw a line
` parallel to DF and let K be any point on `. From K draw tangent K S to ω with S on ω. Then prove that K is the
circumcenter of 4B P S.

Problem 2. Let I and O be the incenter and circumcenter of a scalene triangle ABC . Let the line passing through I
perpendicular to AI intersect BC at A 0 . Points B 0 and C 0 are defined similarly. Prove that A 0 , B 0 , C 0 lie on a line
perpendicular to I O.

Problem 3 (College Geometry). Let A be a point outside a circle ω and let P and P 0 be the points of tangency to ω
of the tangents from A and let R and R 0 be the midpoints of AP and AP 0 respectively. Choose a point T on the
segment RR 0 and draw its tangents to ω with points of tangency F and F 0 . The line F F 0 cuts RR 0 in U . Prove that
4T AU is a right triangle.

Problem 4 (Iran TST 2011). In acute triangle ABC angle B is greater than C . Let M is midpoint of BC . D and E
are the feet of the altitude from C and B respectively. K and L are midpoint of M E and M D respectively. If K L
intersect the line through A parallel to BC in T , prove that T A = T M .

Problem 5 (ISL 2009). Let ABC be a triangle. The incircle of ABC touches the sides AB and AC at the points Z and
Y , respectively. Let G be the point where the lines B Y and C Z meet, and let R and S be points such that the two
quadrilaterals BC Y R and BC S Z are parallelogram. Prove that GR = GS.

Problem 6 (Geolmypiad Summer 2015). Let ω1 , ω2 be non-intersecting, congruent circles with centers O 1 ,O 2 and
let P be in the exterior of both of them. The tangents from P to ω1 meet ω1 at A 1 , B 1 and define A 2 , B 2 similarly.
If lines A 1 B 1 , A 2 B 2 meet at Q show that the midpoint of PQ is equidistant from O 1 ,O 2 .

Problem 7. (CGMO 2015) Let Γ1 and Γ2 be two non-overlapping circles. A,C are on Γ1 and B, D are on Γ2 such that
AB is an external common tangent to the two circles, and C D is an internal common tangent to the two circles.
AC and B D meet at E . F is a point on Γ1 , the tangent line to Γ1 at F meets the perpendicular bisector of E F at
M . MG is a line tangent to Γ2 at G. Prove that M F = MG.

Problem 7. Let 4ABC be an acute triangle with AB 6= AC and orthocenter H . In addition, let M , N be the midpoints
of AB and AC , respectively. Say D is the projection of A onto BC and (E ) is the circumcircle of the triangle
4D M N . Suppose H M and H N intersect (E ) again at P and Q, respectively. Furthermore, suppose DP and DQ
intersect B H ,C H at K and L, respectively. Prove that E H ⊥ K L.

* If you want hints, message me on Facebook.