Introduction To Timber Structures PDF
Introduction To Timber Structures PDF
Introduction To Timber Structures PDF
Structures
CIVE480 Timber Structures
2019
1.1 Timber Structures in History
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1) Earliest shelters (Europe)
▪ “Timber has been available as a construction material for most
societies since the human race first started to build crude shelters
at the dawn of civilization.” (Kuklik 2008) [1]
• Tree branches
• Covered with grass
• Circular floor plan
• Tree branches
• Covered with hides
• Elliptical floor plan
Primeval mankind shelter (40 000 – 10 000 BC) [1]
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2) First timber-framed houses (Europe)
Rafter Purlin
Log
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3) Timber-framed houses (Europe)
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4) Rural houses (Europe)
▪ Half-timbered house: short logs, clay (nogging)
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4) Rural houses (Europe)
▪ Bracing used in the longitudinal direction
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5) Urban houses (Europe)
▪ 14th century, stone and brick as structural materials (fire resistance)
▪ 16th century, brickwork structures (predominant)
▪ 18th century, timber prohibited in towns, except for floors, separating walls and roofs
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6) Timber bridges (Europe)
▪ The oldest know timber bridges go back to 600 BC
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7) Timber structures (China)
▪ Since 1500 BC, Tenon and Dougong connections have been used in traditional
Chinese timber structures.
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8) Dougong (China)
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9) Yingxian Pagoda (China)
▪ Built in 1056
▪ Height: 67.31m
▪ 54 different kinds of Dougong
connections
▪ Survived several large earthquakes
throughout the centuries
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1.2 Current Timber Structures and
Trends
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1) Light wood frame structures
▪ Residential buildings
▪ Up to 6-storey (BC 2009)
(Susan M Boyce)
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2) Heavy timer structures
▪ Commercial buildings
▪ Structures exposed
(kihusa.com) (structurlam.com)
Cross laminated timber (CLT) Wood Innovation and Design Centre (UNBC)
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4) Hybrid timber structures
(Liz Brown)
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4) Hybrid timber structures
(structurlam.com) https://www.pinterest.ca/oguzakdenizz/roof-structure/
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5) Other timber structures
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6) Trends
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6) Trends
(naturallywood.com)
(Malo K.A. et al 2016)
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6) Trends
24-storey, HoHo, Vienna, under 70-storey, W350, Japan, Proposed for 2041
construction, 2018
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1.3 Characteristics of Timber
Structures
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1) Advantages ― Green Building
▪ Wood is renewable material
TimberWest
CWC
Sustainable forestry harvesting A total of 5.35 million native species planted
on Vancouver Island in TimberWest’s spring
2015 planting season
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1) Advantages ― Green Building
▪ Green and environmentally friendly
(remove carbon from the atmosphere)
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1) Advantages ― Structure
▪ Light weight
Average building weight [3]
Timber 1.9-2.4 kN/m2
Steel framed 2.9-3.6 kN/m2
Reinforced concrete 5.3-6.2 kN/m2
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1) Advantages
▪ Modular and offsite construction
Stora Enso
A timber school for Vienna - with CLT
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1) Advantages
▪ Aesthetic benefit
Nordic structurecraft.com
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2) Challenges ― Fire
▪ Timber is a combustible material
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2) Challenges ― Durability
▪ Wood is biodegradable
• Details example:
timber separated
from concrete
CWC Bosssheds
Decay Sturdi-Wall Brackets
• Moisture control
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2) Challenges ― Durability
▪ Wood is biodegradable
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2) Challenges ― Vibration and acoustic
▪ Composite timber and concrete floor
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2) Challenges ― Moisture content
▪ Timber shrinks and swells with changes of moisture content
https://inspectapedia.com/structure/Beam_Lo
g_Checking_Cracks.php
Checking
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References
[1] Kuklik, P. 2008. History of timber structures. Leonardo da Vinci Pilot Project,
CZ/06/B/F/PP/168007, Educational materials for designing and testing of timber
structures. Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
[2] Canadian Wood Council (CWC). Energy and the environment in residential
construction. Ottawa, ON, Canada. http://cwc.ca/wp-content/uploads/publications-
Energy-and-the-Environment.pdf
[3] Hibbeler R.C. 2018. Structural analysis. Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ, USA.
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