MATEC Web of Conferences 204, 07015 (2018)

https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820407015
IMIEC 2018

Simulation of knee implants made of Ti6Al4V

material during walking
Djoko Kustono1*, Retno Wulandari1, Andoko1, Poppy Puspitasari1, Galih Adhi Kurniawan1,
and Agus Dwi Putra1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Negeri Malang, 65145
Malang, Indonesia

Abstract. Bone is the connective tissue in the human body which consists
of cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix. The bone matrix is the hardest part
located in the outer layer of the bone, which is caused by the deposition of
minerals in the matrix, so that the bone undergoes classification. The bone
functions as a hard, rigid body frame, and provides a place or space for
attachment of muscles and organs found in the human body. The
simulation results using FEM showed that knee implants made with
Ti6Al4V material had a total deformation of 0.15 mm, maximum principal
stress of 17.012 MPa, and a maximum shear stress of 15.841 MPa. The
analysis was performed using a variation of time 0 to 1.01 seconds.

1 Introduction
The operation of knee bone implants in the biomedical world has a high success rate. In
America more than 400,000 times per year performing human bone replacement surgery
(Lowry et al, 2010), even in 2030, joint repair surgery in the United States will be
accelerated by 673%, which is to 3,480,000 cases [1].
Aseptic studies, osteolysis, and most common infections in total knee arthroplasty
(TKA). This study examines the role and features in reducing easing, and also explores its
sensitivity. From implants to surgical instruments due to oscillations [2].
Titanium can also be used in medicine, including in bone pin titanium surgery, or
implants. This can be done, because titanium cannot reflect directly with the network
(Stwertka, 2002). Ti6Al4V is one that has been widely used in biomedicine, especially as
bone implants [3]. The element method used to analyze the deformation, shear units and
principle stresses of bone implants with Ti6Al4V material. The software used is ANSYS
18.1.

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web of Conferences 204, 07015 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820407015
IMIEC 2018

2 Literature review

2.1 Implant
Throughout the 20th century, continuous innovations in material science led to a dramatic
improvement in outcomes. Among those innovations were the advent of titanium and cobalt
chrome as biocompatible metals for the femur and tibial base, the introduction of poly-
methyl methacrylate as a biocompatible cement for fixing implants to host bones, and ultra-
high-molecular-weight polyethylene as a highly durable articulating surface. These
advances in material science enabled clinicians and engineers to develop new styles of
increasingly successful knee replacement [4].
Bone plate component is one of the medical devices that are made to replace the
structure and function of a biological part. In the bone plate component market has a varied
price depending on the material, bone plate material characterization must be carried out in
order to determine the composition of chemicals, metallography, hardness and corrosion
testing [5]. Implant material that is often used in orthopedics is metal. The principle of
using metal biomaterials as raw material for orthopedic implants is based on the
characteristics of biomechanical compatibility, biochemistry and biological compatibility
that are quite good for the body. Some metal biomaterials that are often used as implant
material are Ti Alloy [6]. The implant design in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is crucial for
the functional restoration of the knee and associated directly with the clinical outcome.
Modular implant systems are used conventionally with a limited number of size gradations
so that the Surgeon has to choose a best compromise. Thereby, for example implants can
lead to functional limitations, soft tissue irritations, bleeding, increased pressure and pain
and, thus, decrease durability and patient satisfaction. standard knee designs cover Korean
female femora dimensions only poorly, with negative clinical outcome. Therefore, detailed
knowledge about the characteristics of individual morphological features and its
consideration is essential for improved endoprosthetic care [7].

2.2 Titanium

Titanium alloy is widely used in medical devices (e.g. orthopaedic and dental implants) due
to its excellent properties including low Young's modulus, chemical stability, low thermal
conductivity and biocompatibility. Ideally, an implant should meet the following criteria:
biocompatibility, anti-infective efficiency, long-lasting anti-infective efficiency, good
mechanical properties and antibacterial coating stability [8].
Titanium is well-known for being used successfully as an implant material, and the
success is credited to its excellent biocompatibility as a result of the formation of stable
oxide layers on its surface [8]. Titanium is, in fact, the metal of choice in medicine (e.g.
surgical instruments, orthopaedic pins and implants). The characteristic of not reacting
directly with tissue makes it a great benefit in the medical field [9].

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MATEC Web of Conferences 204, 07015 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820407015
IMIEC 2018

3 Processing and Method

3.1 Implant design

Figure 1 shows the dimensions of the knee implant made using Autodesk Inventor 2014.

Fig. 1. Design of the Ti6Al4V implant.

3.2 ANSYS simulation

In this study using time and load variations where loading starts from 0 to 1.01 seconds
with multiples of 0.1 seconds. The analysis using FEM method with ANSYS Workbench
18.1 was carried out to investigate the maximum principal stress, maximum shear stress and
total deformation of knee implants. The meshing of bone implants resulted in 167978 nodes
and 96628 elements which were then analysed for damage.

4 Result and Discussion

(a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 2. Analysis results of deformation, maximum principal stress and maximum shear stress.

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MATEC Web of Conferences 204, 07015 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820407015
IMIEC 2018

The knee implant made of Ti6Al4V subjected to a force of 2703.1 N had a total
deformation of 0.150 mm (see Figure 2a), maximum principal stress of 17.012 MPa (see
Figure 2b), and maximum shear stress of 15.841 MPa (see Figure 2c).

Fig. 3. Graph of total deformation.

Notes: …………. : maximum deformation
………….. : minimum deformation
Figure 3 shows the total deformation of the knee implants at 0 seconds to 1.01 seconds
under a different load for a different period of time.

Fig. 4. Graph of maximum principal stress.

Notes: …………. : maximum principal stress
………….. : minimum principal stress
Figure 4 shows the maximum principal stress of the knee implants at 0 seconds to 1.01
seconds under a different load for a different period of time.

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MATEC Web of Conferences 204, 07015 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820407015
IMIEC 2018

Fig. 5. Graph of maximum shear stress.

Notes: …………. : maximum shear stress
………….. : minimum shear stress

Figure 5 shows the maximum shear stress of the knee implants at 0 seconds to 1.01 seconds
under a different load for a different period of time.

5 Conclusion
The results of the analysis using the finite element method showed that the knee implant
made of Ti6Al4V had a total deformation of 0.15 mm, maximum principal stress of 17.012
MPa, and maximum shear stress of 15.841 MPa. The analysis was carried out during the
walking activity for 0 seconds to 1.01 seconds under different forces.

The authors acknowledge to State University of Malang for Hibah Penelitian PNBP UM 2018
with contract number 2.3.175/UN32.14/LT/2018.

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IMIEC 2018

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