Grade 10-12 Geography

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN ZAMBIA AND THE SUB-REGION

Grade 10-12 Geography

Author: C.I. Chilukusha (Mrs)

Summary: This lesson plan covers types of industry, classes of industry, the distribution of industry in
Zambia, factors affecting industry and government efforts to develop industry in Zambia, recent
developments in the industrial sector e.g. liberalization, impact of manufacturing processes on the
environment, and other industries in the sub-region including Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

ZAMBIA.

Industry is any activity that people do in order to earn a living e.g. manufacturing goods, trade, farming
etc. Manufacturing industry- this is an industry that uses machinery to change a raw material into a
new product. It could be a finished product or another raw material. E.g. mealie meal, copper wires
etc.

TYPES OF INDUSTRIES
PRIMARY INDUSTRY-
This involves the extraction of raw materials from natural resources e.g. mining, forestry, fishing etc.
SECONDARY INDUSTRY
These convert raw materials into new products. Can be divided into two groups namely: -
a) Processing industries: These convert raw materials into new refined products, which may not
necessary be usable e.g. maize to mealie meal – to be further processed.
b) Manufacturing industry: These convert raw materials and other new (processed) products into
finished usable products e.g. sugar cane to sugar, flour into bread.
SERVICE INDUSTRY.
• This industry involves the provision of services e.g. education, health, security, banking etc.
QUATENARY INDUSTRY
Involves basic administration and research i.e. office work and research.

CLASSES OF NDUSTRIES
HEAVY NDUSTRY – These use heavy machinery and process large quantities of raw material e.g.
motor assembly, refining of metals.
LIGHT INDUSTRY – These use small quantities of raw materials and light machinery e.g. clothe
making and food processing.

Manufacturing Industries – Zambia and the Sub Region Page 1 of 9 C I Chilukusha (mrs)
COTTAGE INDUSTRY – Mostly home based practice by individuals, small farming units or co-
operatives e.g. baskets carving.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

• They provide employment to people who work in industries e.g. machines.
• They provide people with income.
• They earn foreign exchange through exports e.g. copper bars.
• They earn a country a lot of revenue e.g. through taxes and trade.
• They are a basis for other industries, e.g. food processing industries, HEP production etc.
• Attracts other industries leading to concentration of industries called agglomeration economies,
or industry inertia. E.g. the mining industry on the Copperbelt has attracted a lot of other types
of industries including tertiary industries etc.
• They lead to the development of infrastructure e.g. houses, roads etc.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCTION OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTIES

• Flat land for installation of machinery and expansion.
• Availability of raw materials e.g. copper in the production of copper wires etc.
• Availability of water for cooling.
• Presence of good network of roads hence good communication, including rail. This can be
local, national and international links.
• Availability of market for the manufactured goods both local and international.
• Government intervention including policy on manufacturing industries.
• Access to capital e.g. provision of loans to the manufacturing industries through banks etc
• Availability of labor though it’s mobile.
• Availability of power especially HEP, thermal, etc.

DISTRIDUTION OF INDUSTRIIES IN ZAMBIA

LUSAKA AND THE COPPERBELT (LINE OF RAIL)

Industries include: -
Copper concentrating, smelting, refining including other materials
• Copper cables-Zambia. (Lusaka & Luansha)
• Explosives - kafironda (Mufulira)
• Oil refining - Uniliver, Amanita (Lusaka & Ndola)
• Textiles - Kafue, Ndola ,mukuba, mulungushi
• Cement making – Chilanga (Lusaka)

Manufacturing Industries – Zambia and the Sub Region Page 2 of 9 C I Chilukusha (mrs)
 • Bear brewing, vehicle assembly, printing etc

(Map showing industries in Zambia page 98)

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

• Effects of instability in neighboring countries e.g. Angola, DRC can disturb income flow
• Lack of political will e.g. declining manufacturing activities on the copper belt.
• Human resources and training facilities e.g. trained manpower.
• Lack of adequate training facilities e.g. development of improved manufacturing
techniques.
• High transportation costs to areas of demand.
• High cost of power e.g. high tariffs.
• Stiff competition especially from imported goods.
• High taxes e.g. on imported machinery and spare parts.

GOVNT POLICY ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

• Establishment of small scale industries to assist small manufactures.
• Province tax in centres on selected items e.g. agricultural machinery, spare parts.
• Liberation
• Privation.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

(1) Privatization – Transfer of state owned companies and industries to private individuals and
companies in order to encourage competition and increase efficiency in the industry.
(2) Liquidations of companies: Bringing unprofitable state companies and businesses to an
end. Properties are divided to pay debts e.g. UBZ, Zambia Airways etc.
(3) Liberalization of the economy (Free market economy) – absence of government
intervention in businesses, no price control or restrictions in the industries.
(4) Withdrawal of subsides from loss making companies and introduction of cost sharing
measures.

AIMS OF LIBERALIZATION
• To improve the living standards of people.
• To increase employment levels through private investment.
• To increase production

Manufacturing Industries – Zambia and the Sub Region Page 3 of 9 C I Chilukusha (mrs)
 • To improve conditions of service of workers
• To increase earnings from mining and industries through taxation.
• To reduce government expenditure by withdrawing subsides.

IMPACT OF PRIVATIZATION / SAP.

• Massive retrenchment, early retrenchment and voluntary separation. To cut down on
expenditure, this has led to high unemployment levels and poverty.
• Cost sharing on social services has made Zambians even poorer.
• Local producers have been unable to compete with foreign products.
• Closure of companies due to stiff competitive from cheap foreign goods.
• Zambia has become a dumping ground especially goods from South Africa.
• Investors have pull out at a short notice.
• Exploitation of workers by foreigners.
• Uncontrolled price likes
• Emergence of street kids and street vending.
• Growth of shanty compounds
• Increased prostitution and rapid spread of HIV/AIDS

POSITIVE EFFECTS
1. Improved transport network e.g. efficient bus services.
2. Availability of essential commodities
3. Improved service provision.

IMPACT OF PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES ON THE ENVIRONMENT

• Causes population e.g. throwing of waste products in rivers and packaging materials.
• A lot of smoke is emitted into the atmosphere hence polluting the air.
• Causes environmental degradation.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL OF ZAMBIA

• Falls under the ministry of environmental and natural resources.
• Co-ordinates activities related to the maintenance of the environment to ensure a pollution free
environment by:

Manufacturing Industries – Zambia and the Sub Region Page 4 of 9 C I Chilukusha (mrs)
 • Carrying out inspections in industrial areas.
• Monitoring waste disposal.
• Advising council on waste disposal

MANUFACTURINRG - SUB REGION

(1) IRON ORE – Zimbabwe (Red cliff) as earlier discussed.

(2) TEA PROCESSING – Malawi. As earlier discussed.
(3) SUGARCANE PROCESSING – SA Natal.
(4) MOTOR VEHICLE ASSEMBLY – SOUTH AFRICA
• Industry based on integrated steel works.
• Industry began in 1923 in Port Elizabeth.
• Plant establishment by Ford Company.
• Parts for the vehicle were manufactured in USA, Europe and assembled in South Africa.
• Most of the parts were imported.
• Assembling plant was located at Port Elizabeth because of its coasted location and that it had
a congestive free labor.
• Motivated by large market from mining - Japanese companies have built their factories for
vehicles here.

RECENT CHANGES
• Most of vehicles (greater part) are now manufactured in South Africa. This increases
employment within the country e.g. Wit bank, Bloemfontein, Shene etc.
• Vehicle industry provides market for the iron and steel industry and other industries related to
vehicle assembly e.g. supply of spare parts.
• Government has increased duty on imported parts hence promoting the locally manufactured
materials i.e. 66 – 80% locally produced cars.
LOCATION FACTORS
• Nearness to raw materials e.g. coal from witbank, Natal, Newcastle and iron ore from Sishen
and Thabazimbi facilitating vehicle manufacturing.
• Large market for steel e.g. Rand – vehicle making
• Availability of water, from Vaal River for cooling.
• Cheap local materials.
• Availability of skilled manpower

Manufacturing Industries – Zambia and the Sub Region Page 5 of 9 C I Chilukusha (mrs)
(5). COTTON PROCESSING – ZIMBABWE
LOCATION FACTORS
• Nearness to the source of raw material i.e. Manoti, Nemwanga, Tchoda (Gokwe District),
Karoi, Guruve, Mount Darwin Birchenough Bridge, Nyamaropa, Matiuwe and Mutoko.
• Near to major communications.
• Availability of market e.g. industrial countries e.g. Harare.
• Industrial aggromeration or inertia.
• Availability of capital.
• Reduced costs due to aggromeration e.g. weaving mills, springing mills in one place.
• Major towns – Chinyoni, Kadoma, Masungo, Bindivura Kadoma – Chegutu and Glandale areas
are the major producers of cotton, Gweru, Matare have the major textiles.

PROCESSING OF COTTON
(a) GINNING OF SEED COTTON
• The cotton is first graded as trash, strains, weak or immature fibre.
• Seed cotton (cotton still containing seed) is processed at the following ginneries, i.e. Sanyati,
Banket, Glandale, Tafuna, Chegutu, Kadoma, Bundura, Mutare and Triangle.
• The lint or fibres are removed from the seeds by revolving saws, 6 in the Gin.
• The lint is then packed in bales and sold to spinners.
• The lint is 1/3 of original weight while seed 2/3.
• Seeds are also sold to farms in Harare and Bulawayo for production of edible oils and stocked
feed.
• Some seed is reserved for planting.
• Cotton is brought from the farms by cotton company of Zimbabwe.

(b) SPINNING OF LINT

• This is done at Glendale (ZimSpin) Bulawayo (Merspin) (cotton printers) and Kadoma (David
WhiteHead).
• First spinning mill was at Kadoma in !943.
• Lint is cleaned to remove leaf and dirty and rolled into continuous sheet
• A carding machine is used to separate fibres and arranging them into parallel lines.
• The lint strip processes into thin YARU.
• The Yarn is taken to fibric manufacturing.
(c) WEAVING
• This involves the weaving of yarn or thread into cloth by weaving or knighting companies.

Manufacturing Industries – Zambia and the Sub Region Page 6 of 9 C I Chilukusha (mrs)
 • This involves drying, pre – shrinking, beaching printing, glazing and treating to produce various
clothes.
• Done at Chegutu factory.

USES OF COTTON / IMPORTANCE

• Produces cotton, seed is used as a raw material for vegetable oil, stock feed and used to plant.
• The residue from vegetable oil called oil seed meal is used to feed cattle, sheep and horses.
• Oil seed crushed produces stock feed especially after mixing it with Baggase and Molasses

PROBLEMS FACING INDUSTRIES IN THE SUB REGION

1. Land locked countries have problems transporting their produce through other countries.
2. Increase in transport cost due to long distances.
3. Lack of vital raw materials e.g. chemicals etc. and specialized machinery which to be imported.
4. Constant rise in prices especially of fuel, which gives rise price increases on other
commodities.
5. Shortages of managerial staff.

Seed ---------- ---------- Oil extraction

Seed cotton
(From the farm – Lint ----------------- Yarn --------------- - Cloth
at the ginnery)

Exercise - Discuss the products of cotton.

(6). OIL REFINING IN KENYA

• Impact substitution industry i.e. no more impatation of oil products which was expensive and
risky (fire).
OIL REFINING AT CHANGAMWE in Mombasa.
• Saved a lot of money and eased operational difficulties in importation.
• Oil products are used in the transport sector.
• The refinery imports crude oil.
• Oil products are exported to Uganda, Sudan, Rwanda, Congo D.R and Burundi.
• An oil pipeline was contracted in 1978 by Japanese.
• The pipeline has several booster pumps on the way e.g. near Mombasa and Mainga.
• The pipeline can transport 6 (six) different oil products at any time.

Manufacturing Industries – Zambia and the Sub Region Page 7 of 9 C I Chilukusha (mrs)
 • The main terminal is located in Nairobi’s industrial area and goes to Mombasa.
• The terminal has adequate storage and testing facilities.
• Other forms of transport for (fuel) oil are road and rail.
• The pipeline uses less fuel and less labour.
• It also cuts down on oil spillage pollution and thefts.
• It also reduces traffic hazards on major roads caused by convoys of fuel tankers.
• Refineries are located at Mombasa.

(7). IRON AND STEEL IN SOUTH AFRICA

• Leading industrial nation in Africa.
• S.A produces half of the electricity in Africa.
• Exports the most manufactured products in Africa.
• Has a well developed transport network, as well as communication.
• Manufactures all kinds of goods i.e. Vehicles, train, coaches, jet aircrafts etc.
• Has the following steel works.

a) PRETORIA – First steel works with iron ore coming from Sishen, iron ore from Thabazimbi. Coal
comes from Wit Bank and New Castle in Natal. Scrap comes from the Raid
b) VANDERITL – PARK – One of the largest steel works hear vereening. Water comes from Vaal
River.
• Produces 80% of steel in SA. Scrap from Rand.
• Iron ore comes from Thabazimbi and Sishen.
• Coal is obtained locally and from New Castle.
c) WIT BANK – Privately owned.
• Located on Coal field and local ore deposits.

d) NEW CASTLE – Located on coxing coal deposit – Natal.

• Used local iron and some from Sishen.
e) SALDANHA BAY – Located on coast of cape town.
• Iron ore from Sishen, coal from the Rand and Natal.
• Market for steel overseas and cape town.

LOCATION FACTORS
• Coal and iron deposits, large demand especially mines.
• Nearness to raw materials, Availability of water from Vaal and Natal rivers developed transport.

Manufacturing Industries – Zambia and the Sub Region Page 8 of 9 C I Chilukusha (mrs)
IMPORTANCE
Used in modern construction industry (b) provide machinery and equipment for mining (c) Stimulated
other industries by providing Raw materials (d) reduced imports (e) R. Material source.
• Bring revenue to countries e.g. 20% of exports in Zimbabwe.
Basis for the tourism industries e.g. copper goods creates employment e.g. chemical analysis.
• Leads to the improvement of ultra structure.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN GENERAL

• Brings revenue to countries e.g. 20 of exports in Zimbabwe.
• Basis for the tourism industry e.g. Copper products.
• Creates employment e.g. chemical analysts.
• Leads to the improvement of infra-structure e.g. roads.

IMPACT OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ON THE ENVIRONMENT

• Environmental degradation e.g. damp sites.
• Pollution especially from industrial waste .

*****************

Author: C.I. Chilukusha (Mrs), Munali Girls School 2008.

For the iSchool Project www.ischool.zm.

Manufacturing Industries – Zambia and the Sub Region Page 9 of 9 C I Chilukusha (mrs)