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    P k T Δ fπ R λ: sun b sun sun

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    jmcginnis528
    The document summarizes how an antenna can be used to receive radio waves from the Sun. It describes the factors that determine the power received by the antenna from the Sun, such as wavelength, bandwidth, and the Sun's angular radius and temperature. It then discusses how using an interferometer with two antennas allows the Sun's signal to be tagged by taking the average of the product of the voltages on each antenna. Finally, it presents the process used to clean up noisy data from the telescope, including smoothing the raw data and removing drift using a parabolic fit.

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    P k T Δ fπ R λ: sun b sun sun

    Uploaded by

    jmcginnis528
    24 views5 pages
    The document summarizes how an antenna can be used to receive radio waves from the Sun. It describes the factors that determine the power received by the antenna from the Sun, such as wavelength, bandwidth, and the Sun's angular radius and temperature. It then discusses how using an interferometer with two antennas allows the Sun's signal to be tagged by taking the average of the product of the voltages on each antenna. Finally, it presents the process used to clean up noisy data from the telescope, including smoothing the raw data and removing drift using a parabolic fit.

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    Original Title

    Test

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    The document summarizes how an antenna can be used to receive radio waves from the Sun. It describes the factors that determine the power received by the antenna from the Sun, such as wavelength, bandwidth, and the Sun's angular radius and temperature. It then discusses how using an interferometer with two antennas allows the Sun's signal to be tagged by taking the average of the product of the voltages on each antenna. Finally, it presents the process used to clean up noisy data from the telescope, including smoothing the raw data and removing drift using a parabolic fit.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    24 views5 pages

    P k T Δ fπ R λ: sun b sun sun

    Uploaded by

    jmcginnis528
    The document summarizes how an antenna can be used to receive radio waves from the Sun. It describes the factors that determine the power received by the antenna from the Sun, such as wavelength, bandwidth, and the Sun's angular radius and temperature. It then discusses how using an interferometer with two antennas allows the Sun's signal to be tagged by taking the average of the product of the voltages on each antenna. Finally, it presents the process used to clean up noisy data from the telescope, including smoothing the raw data and removing drift using a parabolic fit.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    http://www-home.fnal.

    gov/mcginnis/mcginnisHome/75MHzAntenna/

    A star (the Sun) emits power in radio waves. The power comes over a broad range of
    frequencies. The antenna collects the waves over a range of frequencies. The amount of power
    received is:

    k b T sun Δ fπ R2sun
    Psun =
    λ2

    Where

    Psun = power received by antenna

    λ= wavelength of radio waves= 4 meters at 75 MHz

    Aant= collecting area of antenna

    Rsun= angular radius of sun ≈ ¼ degrees or 0.0044 radians

    Δf= bandwidth of radio receiver ≈ 20,000 Hz for our receiver

    Tsun= effective temperature of the sun at our frequency

    Kb = Boltzman’s constant = 1360 x 10-26 Watts/Kelvin/Hz

    The collecting area of an antenna is a function of the angle that the radio wave hits the antenna

    When the angle θ = 0 degrees (radio wave hits antenna straight on) we get the biggest signal.
    When the angle θ = 90 degrees (radio wave hits antenna straight on) we get the smallest signal.
    Therefore when testing the sun, we angled the antenna so that the shadows on the ground appear
    to be two perpendicular, straight, and single lines. Therefore, the sun was hitting the antenna at a
    direct angle to the ground.

    We amplify the signal by a certain amount of Gain. Gain is measured in dB. The power out of
    the radio receiver is

    P=10 G / 10
    dB
    Psun

    For our radio receiver GdB ≈ 130 dB

    The problem with the amplifiers is that they produce noise.

    The noise power of the amplifier given from engineering book


    P amp noise T amp
    =
    Psun T sun π R2sun

    Assume

    Tamp = 400 degrees Kelvin

    Tsun = 4,000,000 degrees Kelvin

    Rsun = 0.25 degrees

    Therefore

    Pamp noise/ Psun = 1.67

    Therefore the amplifier noise is bigger than the signal. We need to tag thesun signal. We can do
    this with an interferometer.

    The wave hits antenna 1 first. The wave has to travel a distance Dsinθ longer to get to antenna 2.
    The voltage on antenna 1 is V 1=V sun cos(wt )

    D
    The voltage on antenna 2 is V 1=V sun cos(w(t− sinθ))
    c

    When we multiply the two voltages together we get

    wD
    V 1 V 2=V 2sun cos ( wt ) cos ⁡(wt − sinθ )
    c

    By definition of calculus rules we can rewrite this equation as

    V 1 V 2=V 2sun cos ( wt ) cos ( wDc sinθ )+ V 2


    sun cos ( wt ) sin ⁡(wt) sin ( wDc sinθ)
    After we multiply, we take the average over a long period of time. The average value of
    cos2(wt)= ½ and the average value of cos(wt)sin(wt) = 0

    2 V 2sun wD
    ¿V mult >avg= cos ⁡( sinθ)
    2 c

    2 V 2sun fD
    ¿V mult >avg= cos ⁡( sinθ)
    2 c

    2 V 2sun D
    ¿ V mult >avg= cos ⁡( sinθ )
    2 λ
    The power in the sun is
    2
    1 V sun
    Psun =
    2 R

    Where R is the resistance of the multiplier and is usually about 50 ohms

    2π D
    ¿ V 2mult >avg=R Psun cos ⁡( sinθ)
    c

    But

    Psun =K B T sun Δ f ( π R2sun ) A ant

    Aant =W ant λ ¿ ¿

    Θ is the position of the sun in the sky. At 12 noon θ= 0 degrees

    Since the sun goes around 360 degrees in 24 hours (86,400 seconds)

    t
    θ ( t )=360( )
    86,400

    So the final signal should look like:

    Dotted line is given by


    2
    W
    sin ⁡(π ant sinθ )
    Aant ( sinθ )=W ant λ
    ( W
    λ
    π ant sinθ
    λ
    )
    Solid line is given by

    D
    Psun cos ⁡(2 π sinθ )
    λ
    However the data coming from the telescope is noisy. We can clean it up with a mathematical
    filter.

    Raw data: r0, r1, r2, r3, ..., rn

    Clean data: c0, c1, c2, c3, ..., cn

    Procedure:

    c 0 = r0

    (r 1−c 0)
    c 1=c0 +
    x

    (r 2 −c 1)
    c 2=c1 +
    x

    (r n−c n−1)
    c n=c n−1 +
    x

    Data drift

    Because there is so much gain, the data shifts

    We can fit the drift with a parabola

    drift=aθ 2+ bθ+c

    Spread sheet

    A Data count
    B Time (seconds)
    C Sun position θ (degrees)
    D Sinθ
    E Raw data (mV)
    F Smoothed data (mV)
    G Baseline fit (mV)
    H Final smoothed and baseline data (mV) (F-G)
    I Antenna Pattern
    J Data Fit
    K Error |H −J |

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