Capitulo 26 Tipler
Capitulo 26 Tipler
Capitulo 26 Tipler
A flicker bulb is a light bulb that has a long, thin flexible filament. It is
meant to be plugged into an ac outlet that delivers current at a frequency of 60 Hz.
There is a small permanent magnet inside the bulb. When the bulb is plugged in
the filament oscillates back and forth. At what frequency does it oscillate?
Explain.
Determine the Concept Because the alternating current running through the
filament is changing direction every 1/60 s, the filament experiences a force that
changes direction at the frequency of the current.
7
A
m
m
s
C =
==
=
N
C
C
s
Am
107
108
Chapter 26
r
B = Bx i + By j + Bz k
(1)
r
r
Express F in terms of B :
[
] (
)
= (0.20 A m ) i (B i + B j + B k ) = (0.20 A m )B j + (0.20 A m )B k
r
r r
F = I l B = (2.0 A )(0.10 m ) i Bx i + B y j + Bz k
x
Bz = 15 T and By = 10 T
When the wire is rotated so that the current flows in the positive y direction:
[
] (
)
= (0.20 A m ) j (B i + B j + B k ) = (0.20 A m )B i (0.20 A m )B k
r
r r
F = I l B = (2.0 A )(0.10 m ) j Bx i + B y j + Bz k
x
(0.20 A m )B x
= 2 . 0 N
and
(0.20 A m )B z = 3.0 N
results above, B z = 15 T
109
r
B = (10 T ) i + (10 T ) j (15 T )k
r r
r
F = Fsemicircular + Fstraight
loop
(1)
segment
r
r r
Fstraight = I l B = 2 RIi Bk = 2 RIBj
segment
dF = IdlB = IRBd
= 2 RIBj
110
Chapter 26
r
F = 2 RIBj 2 RIBj = 0
2r
v
T=
v2
mv
qvB = m r =
r
qB
T=
2m
qB
T=
2 1.673 10 27 kg
= 87.4 ns
1.602 10 19 C (0.75 T )
(1)
= 87 ns
(b) From equation (1) we have:
v=
2r
T
v=
2 (0.65 m )
= 4.67 107 m/s
87.4 ns
(c) Using its definition, express and evaluate the kinetic energy of the proton:
)(
1eV
1.602 10 19 J
111
r
31
A beam
r of particles with velocity v enters a region that has a uniform
magnetic field B in the +x direction. Show that when the x component of the
displacement of one
r of the particles is 2(m/qB)v cos , where is the angle
r
between v and B , the velocity of the particle is in the same direction as it was
when the particle entered the field.
r
Picture the Problem The particles velocity has a component v1 parallel to B
r
and a component v2 normal to B . v1 = v cos and is constant, whereas v2 = v sin ,
r
being normal to B , will result in a magnetic force acting on the beam of particles
r
and circular motion perpendicular to B . We can use the relationship between
distance, rate, and time and Newtons second law to express the distance the
particle moves in the direction of the field during one period of the motion.
x = v1T
T=
(1)
2r
v2
(2)
qBr
v22
v2 =
m
r
qv2 B = m
T=
2m
m
= 2 v cos
x = (v cos )
qB
qB
2r 2m
=
qBr
qB
m
112
Chapter 26
radial
= 24
q p v p B = mp
vp2
rp
vp =
q p rp B
r=
vp =
mp
(1)
d 2
r
d
2 sin 66
qp Bd
(2)
2mp sin 66
vp
27
= 24 independently of whether
the particles are protons or deuterons.
vd =
qd Bd
2md sin 66
qp Bd
113
qp Bd
vd
2(2mp )sin 66
vd =
4mp sin 66
19
27
= 6.3 10 5 m/s
(a) Apply
= 0 to the particle to
obtain:
Felec Fmag = 0
or
qE qvB = 0 v =
v=
E
B
0.46 MV/m
= 1.64 10 6 m/s
0.28 T
= 1.6 10 6 m/s
(b) The kinetic energy of protons
passing through the velocity
selector undeflected is:
K p = 12 mpv 2
)(
1 eV
1.602 1019 J
114
Chapter 26
K e = 12 me v 2
=
1
2
(9.109 10
31
= 1.23 10 18 J
kg
)(1.64 10
m/s
1eV
1.602 10 19 J
= 7.7 eV
39
In a mass spectrometer, a singly ionized 24Mg ion has a mass equal to
3.983 1026 kg and is accelerated through a 2.50-kV potential difference. It then
enters a region where it is deflected by a magnetic field of 557 G. (a) Find the
radius of curvature of the ions orbit. (b) What is the difference in the orbital radii
of the 26Mg and 24Mg ions? Assume that their mass ratio is 26:24.
Picture the Problem We can apply Newtons second law to an ion in the
magnetic field to obtain an expression for r as a function of m, v, q, and B and use
the work-kinetic energy theorem to express the kinetic energy in terms of the
potential difference through which the ion has been accelerated. Eliminating v
between these equations will allow us to express r in terms of m, q, B, and V.
qvB = m
mv
v2
r =
r
qB
qV = 12 mv 2 v =
r=
r24 =
m 2qV
=
qB
m
(1)
2qV
m
2mV
qB 2
(2)
2 3.983 10 26 kg (2.50 kV )
(1.602 10
= 63.3 cm
19
)(
C 557 10 4 T
115
r = r26 r24
=
2
qB
qB 2
B
r =
=
1
B
2V
q
2V
q
1
26
24 m24 m24 = B
m26 m24
2Vm24 26
1
q 24
1
2(2.50 kV ) 3.983 10 26 kg
r =
557 10 4 T
1.602 10 19 C
26
24 1 = 2.58 cm
43
A cyclotron for accelerating protons has a magnetic field strength of
1.4 T and a radius of 0.70 m. (a) What is the cyclotrons frequency? (b) Find the
kinetic energy of the protons when they emerge. (c) How will your answers
change if deuterons are used instead of protons?
Picture the Problem We can express the cyclotron frequency in terms of the
maximum orbital radius and speed of the protons/deuterons. By applying
Newtons second law, we can relate the radius of the particles orbit to its speed
and, hence, express the cyclotron frequency as a function of the particles mass
and charge and the cyclotrons magnetic field. In Part (b) we can use the
definition of kinetic energy and their maximum speed to find the maximum
energy of the emerging protons.
f =
1
1
v
=
=
T 2r v 2r
qvB = m
f =
v2
mv
r=
qB
r
qBv
qB
=
2mv 2m
(1)
(2)
(3)
Chapter 26
116
27
= 21 MHz
(b) Express the maximum kinetic
energy of a proton:
2
K max = 12 mvmax
qBrmax
m
vmax =
2 2 2
qBrmax
1 q B
rmax
K max = 12 m
=
2
m
m
obtain:
K max
1.673 10 kg
1.602 10-19 J
1
2
f deuterons =
1
2
f protons = 11 MHz
= NIA = NI r 2
= (20)(3.0 A ) (0.040 m )2
= B sin
117
= 0.302 A m 2 = 0.30 A m 2
49
A current-carrying wire is in the shape of a square of edge-length 6.0
cm. The square lies in the z = 0 plane. The wire carries a current of
2.5 A. What is the magnitude of the torque on the wire if it is in a region with a
uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.30 T that points in the (a) +z direction and
(b) +x direction?
r r r
Picture the Problem We can use = B to find the torque on the coil in the
two orientations of the magnetic field.
Express the torque acting on the
coil:
Express the magnetic moment of
the coil:
r
(a) Evaluate for
direction:
r
(b) Evaluate for
direction:
r r r
= B
r
= IAk = IL2 k
r
B in the +z
r
= IL2 k Bk = IL2 B k k = 0
r
B in the +x
r
= IL2 k Bi = IL2 B k i
( )
and
r
= 2.7 10 3 N m
Chapter 26
118
r
For the coil in Problem 52 the magnetic field is now B = 2.0 T j . Find
the torque exerted on the coil when n is equal to (a) i , (b) j , (c) j , and
j
i
+
(d)
.
2
2
53
Picture the Problem We can use the right-hand rule for determining the direction
r r r
of n to establish the orientation of the coil for a given value of n and = B to
find the torque exerted on the coil in each orientation.
y
r
r
Evaluate for B = 2.0 T j and n
= i :
r
r r r
= B = NIAn B
( )
(0.84 N m )k
y
n
x
r
r
Evaluate for B = 2.0 T j and n
= j :
r
r r r
= B = NIAn B
( )
= 0
r
r r r
= B = NIAn B
119
( )
= 0
r
r
Evaluate for B = 2.0 T j and n
= ( i + j )/ 2 :
r
r r r
= B = NIAn B
=
( )
( )
= (0.594 N m ) i j
+ (0.594 N m ) j j
=
(0.59 N m )k
57
A particle that has a charge q and a mass m moves with angular
velocity in a circular path of radius r. (a) Show that the average current created
by this moving particle is q/(2) and that the magnetic moment of its orbit has a
magnitude of 12 q r 2 . (b) Show that the angular momentum of this particle has the
magnitude of mr2 and that the magnetic moment and angular momentum vectors
r
r
r
are related by = (q/2m) L , where L is the angular momentum about the center
of the circle.
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of current and the relationship
between the frequency of the motion and its period to show that I = q/2 . We
can use the definition of angular momentum and the moment of inertia of a point
particle to show that the magnetic moment has the magnitude = 12 qr 2 . Finally,
r
r
r
we can express the ratio of to L and the fact that and L are both parallel to
r
r
to conclude that = (q/2m) L .
120
Chapter 26
I=
q q
= = qf
t T
f =
I=
q
2
q 2
r =
2
( )
= IA =
L = I
I = mr 2
L = mr 2 = mr 2
r
r
Because and L are both parallel to
r
:
1
2
q r 2
( )
r
=
q
qr 2
q
=
=
L
2
2m
mr
2m
1
2
q r
L
2m
that the magnitude of the magnetic moment of the rod is 61 L3 . (c) Show that the
r
r
r
r
magnetic moment and angular momentum L are related by = (Q 2M )L ,
where Q is the total charge on the rod.
121
Picture the Problem We can follow the step-by-step outline provided in the
problem statement to establish the given results.
d = AdI
A = x2
dq dx
=
where t is the time
t
t
required for one revolution.
(1)
dI =
t =
1 2
=
f
dI =
dx
2
d = x 2
dx =
2
= 12 x 2 dx =
1
6
1
2
x 2 dx
L3
L = I
where L is the angular momentum of
the rod and I is the moment of inertia of
the rod with respect to the point about
which it is rotating.
I = 13 mL2
where L is now the length of the rod.
Substitute to obtain:
L = 13 mL2
122
Chapter 26
L3 L
=
=
L
mL2 2m
or, because Q = L,
=
r
r
r
Because and L = I are parallel:
r
=
1
6
1
3
Q
L
2m
Q r
L
2M
Q
L
2M
Q = A = 4R 2
L = I = 23 MR 2
4 R 2 2
MR 2 =
=
2M 3
4
3
R 4
65
The number density of free electrons in copper is 8.47 1022 electrons
per cubic centimeter. If the metal strip in Figure 26-41 is copper and the current is
10.0 A, find (a) the drift speed vd and (b) the potential difference Va Vb. Assume
that the magnetic field strength is 2.00 T.
Picture the Problem We can use I = nqvd A to find the drift speed and
VH = vd Bw to find the potential difference Va Vb .
I = nqvd A vd =
123
I
nqA
(8.47 10
22
cm
10.0 A
= 3.685 10 5 m/s
1.602 10 19 C (2.00 cm )(0.100 cm )
)(
= 3.68 10 5 m/s
Va Vb = VH = vd Bw
n
na
N=
(1)
R=
Ey =
J x Bz
VH
w
Chapter 26
124
I
= nqvd
wt
Jx =
VH
VH
R= w =
nqvd Bz nqvd wBz
VH = vd Bz w
R=
na =
N=
1
vd Bz w
1
n=
(2)
=
Rq
nqvd wBz nq
NA
M
(3)
M
qRN A
N=
g
mol
3
m
kg
atoms
2.7 10 3 3 6.022 10 23
C
mol
m
27
( 1.602 10
19
C 0.30 10 10
General Problems
73
A particle of rmass m and charge q enters a region where there is a
uniform magnetic field B parallel with the x axis. The initial velocity of the
r
particle is v = v0 x i + v 0y j , so the particle moves in a helix. (a) Show that the
radius of the helix is r = mv0y/qB. (b) Show that the particle takes a time
t = 2m/qB to complete each turn of the helix. (c) What is the x component of
the displacement of the particle during time given in Part (b)?
r
r r
Picture the Problem We can use F = qv B to show that motion of the particle
in the x direction is not affected by the magnetic field. The application of
Newtons second law to motion of the particle in yz plane will lead us to the result
that r = mv0y /qB. By expressing the period of the motion in terms of v0y we can
show that the time for one complete orbit around the helix is t = 2m/qB.
125
r
r r
F = qv B
r
F = q v0 x i + v0 y j Bi
( )
( )
= qv0 x B i i + qv0 y B j i
= 0 qv0 y Bk = qv0 y Bk
qv0 y B = m
r=
qB
t =
2 r
v0 y
v0 y =
qBr
m
t =
mv0 y
v02y
2 r
2 m
=
qBr
qB
m
x(t ) = vox t
2 m
2 mvox
=
x(t ) = vox
qB
qB
(1)
126
Chapter 26
75
Assume that the rails in Problem 74 are frictionless but tilted upward
so that they make an angle with the horizontal, and with the current source
attached to the low end of the rails. The magnetic field is still directed vertically
downward. (a) What minimum value of B is needed to keep the bar from sliding
down the rails? (b) What is the acceleration of the bar if B is twice the value
found in Part (a)?
r
Picture the Problem Note that with the rails tilted, F still points horizontally to
r
the right (I, and hence l , is out of the page). Choose a coordinate system in
which down the incline is the positive x direction. Then we can apply a condition
r
for translational equilibrium to find the vertical magnetic field B needed to keep
the bar from sliding down the rails. In Part (b) we can apply Newtons second law
to find the acceleration of the crossbar when B is twice its value found in (a).
Fn
Mg
(a) Apply
= 0 to the crossbar
to obtain:
Solving for B yields:
r
mg
mg
tan u v
tan and B =
Il
Il
where u v is a unit vector in the vertical
B=
direction.
(b) Apply Newtons second law to
the crossbar to obtain:
a=
IlB'
cos g sin
m
a=
2 Il
mg
tan
Il
cos g sin
m
127
128
Chapter 26