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    Properties of Liquid Fuels

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    Abigail Monis
    The document discusses several key properties of liquid fuels: 1. Density and viscosity measure a fuel's mass and resistance to flow. Diesel has the highest density while viscosity is measured in centistokes. 2. Other properties discussed include flash point, pour point, calorific value, specific gravity, and carbon content. These provide measures of ignition temperature, crystallization temperature, energy content, density ratio to water, and carbon emissions. 3. Tables provide specific data points on these properties for common fuels like diesel, gasoline, kerosene, methanol and ethanol. Understanding these properties aids in evaluating and comparing different fuel types.

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    Properties of Liquid Fuels

    Uploaded by

    Abigail Monis
    83 views5 pages
    The document discusses several key properties of liquid fuels: 1. Density and viscosity measure a fuel's mass and resistance to flow. Diesel has the highest density while viscosity is measured in centistokes. 2. Other properties discussed include flash point, pour point, calorific value, specific gravity, and carbon content. These provide measures of ignition temperature, crystallization temperature, energy content, density ratio to water, and carbon emissions. 3. Tables provide specific data points on these properties for common fuels like diesel, gasoline, kerosene, methanol and ethanol. Understanding these properties aids in evaluating and comparing different fuel types.

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    The document discusses several key properties of liquid fuels: 1. Density and viscosity measure a fuel's mass and resistance to flow. Diesel has the highest density while viscosity is measured in centistokes. 2. Other properties discussed include flash point, pour point, calorific value, specific gravity, and carbon content. These provide measures of ignition temperature, crystallization temperature, energy content, density ratio to water, and carbon emissions. 3. Tables provide specific data points on these properties for common fuels like diesel, gasoline, kerosene, methanol and ethanol. Understanding these properties aids in evaluating and comparing different fuel types.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    83 views5 pages

    Properties of Liquid Fuels

    Uploaded by

    Abigail Monis
    The document discusses several key properties of liquid fuels: 1. Density and viscosity measure a fuel's mass and resistance to flow. Diesel has the highest density while viscosity is measured in centistokes. 2. Other properties discussed include flash point, pour point, calorific value, specific gravity, and carbon content. These provide measures of ignition temperature, crystallization temperature, energy content, density ratio to water, and carbon emissions. 3. Tables provide specific data points on these properties for common fuels like diesel, gasoline, kerosene, methanol and ethanol. Understanding these properties aids in evaluating and comparing different fuel types.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Properties of Liquid Fuels

    1. Density

    Density is the measurement of mass of fuel per unit volume. It is useful when

    determining the quality and quantity of fuels. Pycnometer is the device used to measure

    density of a substance. Liquid fuels specifically, diesel fuel, has the highest density

    compared to other types of fuels. (Limalima, n.d)

    Figure 1. Energy Density of Fuels


    Source: http://sanafarastan.com/2017/09/17/about-clean-diesel/
    2. Viscosity

    Viscosity is measurement of a fuel’s resistance to flow. There are two types of

    viscosity: dynamic and kinetic viscosity. Dynamic viscosity measures the ratio of the

    shear stress to the shear rate for a fluid.

    Shear Stress τ
    μ= =
    Mathematically, dynamic viscosity is represented as: Velocity gradient ∂ u
    ∂y
    The unit of dynamic viscosity is generally expressed as Pa.s (Pascal-second).

    However, in most of the flow and combustion systems, kinematic viscosity is referred as a

    typical fluid characteristic. Kinematic viscosity also known as momentum diffusivity, is

    defined as the ratio between dynamic viscosity and density.

    Mathematically,

    Dynamic viscosity μ
    v= =
    Density ρ

    The unit of kinematic viscosity is expressed as m2/s. The typical unit is Stokes. One

    stoke is 1cm2/s. The kinematic viscosity of typical engine fuels is in the order of Centi

    Stokes or cSt. The kinematic viscosity of some selected petroleum and alternative fuels

    such as gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, methanol, ethanol are 0.88cSt, 2-5 cSt, 5-7 cSt,

    0.65cSt, 0.85cSt etc. respectively at 40⁰C. (Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi)

    3. Flash Point

    Flash Point is defined as the lowest temperature of a chemical substance where

    enough fluid can evaporate to form a combustible concentration of gas. (Arshad, 2015)

    LIQUID FUELS FLASH POINT (oF)


    Diesel Fuel 1-D 100

    Diesel Fuel 2-D 126

    Diesel Fuel 4-D 130


    Gasoline -45
    Kerosene 100 to 162
    Natural Gas 430
    Liquified Petroleum Gas -76
    Methanol 52
    Ethanol 63
    Butanol 99
    Table 1. Flash Point of Liquid Fuels
    Source: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flash-point-fuels-d_937.html
    4. Pour Point

    According to the Filters Manufacturer Council, the Pour Point is the temperature

    where the fuel crystallized to the point where the fuel gels and becomes resistant to flow.

    Pour points also vary but they usually occur from 10°F (5.6°C) to 20°F (11.1°C) below

    the cloud point.

    LIQUID FUELS POUR POINT (°F)


    Diesel Fuel -40
    Gasoline 90 to -70
    Kerosene -53
    Liquified Petroleum Gas -306.4
    Methanol -143.68
    Ethanol -0.4 to -54.4
    Table 2. Pour Point of Liquid Fuels
    Source: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pour-point-fuels-d_937.html
    5. Calorific Value

    The calorific value or heat of combustion of a fuel oil is a measure of the amount

    of heat released during complete combustion of a unit mass of the fuel, expressed in

    kilojoules per kilogram. Calorimeter is usually used to measure the calorific value.

    (Engineering Toolbox)

    LIQUID FUELS CALORIFIC VALUE (kg/l)


    Diesel Fuel 0.846
    Gasoline 0.737
    Kerosene 0.821
    Natural Gas 0.777
    Liquified Petroleum Gas 0.537
    Methanol 0.791
    Ethanol 0.789
    Butanol 0.810
    Table 3. Calorific Value of Liquid Fuels
    Source: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html
    6. Specific Gravity
    Specific Gravity is the ratio of density of the fuel to the density of the reference

    substance such as water. It can be measured using hydrometer, a device used to measure

    the relative density of liquids based on the buoyancy concept. (Limalima, n.d)

    Mathematically, it can be expressed as

    density of the object ρobject


    Specific Gravity= =
    density of water ρH 20 H

    LIQUID FUELS SPECIFIC GRAVITY


    Diesel Fuel 0.81-0.96 (60 F)
    Gasoline 0.739 (60 F)
    Kerosene 0.82 (60 F)
    Natural Gas 0.713 (60 F)
    Liquified Petroleum Gas 0.495 (25 C)
    Methanol 0.466 (-164 C)
    Ethanol 0.572 (-89 C)
    Butanol 0.601 (25 C)
    Table 4. Specific Gravity of Liquid Fuels
    Source: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html
    7. Carbon Content

    The fuel carbon content is the carbon residue of the fuel as a percentage of its

    mass. It is used to calculate the annual emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,

    and unburned hydrocarbons resulting from the consumption of this fuel in a generator,

    boiler, or reformer. (Homer, n.d)

    LIQUID FUELS CARBON CONTENT


    Diesel Fuel 20.2 kg/GJ

    Gasoline 18.9 kg/GJ


    Kerosene 19.6 kg/GJ
    Natural Gas 15.3 kg/GJ
    Liquified Petroleum Gas 82.5%
    Methanol 37.5%
    Ethanol 52.2%
    Butanol 64.8%
    Table 5. Carbon Content of Liquid Fuels
    Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Net-heating-values-and-carbon-contents-of-
    combusted-fossil-fuels_tbl1_321041120

    References:

    Limalima, V. (n.d.). DETERMINATION OF DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND


    VISCOSITY OF LIQUID FUELS. Retrieved December 1, 2019, from
    https://prezi.com/p/i3-vhfqj8sqe/determination-of-density-specific-gravity-and-viscosity-
    of-liquid-fuels/.

    Flash Point - Liquids. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2019, from


    https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flash-point-fuels-d_937.html.

    Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi. (2018). TESTING OF FUELS: VISCOSITY OF


    LIQUID FUELS. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?
    sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=19&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjr1Me9l
    pzmAhXIA4gKHdCACAcQFjASegQIBxAC&url=http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/courses/m
    cl241/Viscosity.pdf&usg=AOvVaw26c4PB3Ptoe_BMseEpIHDq

    Fuels - Higher and Lower Calorific Values. (n.d.). Retrieved from


    https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html.

    Calorific Value. (n.d.). Retrieved from


    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/calorific-value.

    Arshad, U. (2015, January 9). Liquid fuels presentation. Retrieved from


    https://www.slideshare.net/usmanarshad9883/liquid-fuels-presentation.

    HOMER Pro 3.13. (n.d.). Retrieved from


    https://www.homerenergy.com/products/pro/docs/latest/fuel_carbon_content.html.

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