rjng }an Sovak

PREHISTORIC MAMMALS
Coloring Book
Lyphiodon (page 13) Phenacodus and Paramys (page 7)
PREHISTORIC
MAMMALS
Coloring Book

JAN SOVAK

Dover Publications, Inc.

New York
Alphabetical List of Mammals

American mastodon 40 eupantotheres 5 Megatherium 31

Andrewsarchus 12 Fe/is ^eo spelaea 42, 43 Megatylopus 32
Archaeotherium 19 Genetta 36 Megazostrodon 4
Arctodus 46 Gigantopithecus 38 Megistotherium 8, 9
Arsinoitherium 16 Gomphotherium 27 Moropus 23
Baluchitherium 20 Hoplophoneus 17 Panthera leo 42, 43
Basilosaunts 11 Hyrachyits 14, 15 Panther a spelaea 42, 43
Bison latifrons 47 Indricotherium 20 Paraceratherium 20
Borophagtis 34 Irish elk 45 Phenacodus 7
Brontotherium 18 Lophiodon 13 Platybelodon 22
cave bear 44 Macrauchenia 35 Plesiadapis 6
cave lion 42, 43 Mammut americanum 40 Pliohippus 34
Cynodictis 14, 15 Mammuthus imperator 41 Smilodon 30
Daedicurus 37 Mammuthus primigenius 48 Synthetoceras 24, 25
Deinotherium 33 Mastodon americanus 40 Thylacosmilus 29
Dinictis 21 Megaceros 45 Titanotylopuis 32
Doedicurus 37 Megalictis 28 Uintatherium 10
Elasmotherium 39 Megaloceros 45 Ursus spelaeus 44
Epigauliis 26 woolly mammoth 48

Copyright © 1991 by Dover Publications, Inc.

All rights reserved under Pan American and International
Copyright Conventions.
Published in Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd.,
30 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario.
Published in the United Kingdom by Constable and Company, Ltd.,
3 The Lanchesters, 162-164 Fulham Palace Road, London W6 9ER.

Prehistoric Mammals Coloring Book is a new work, first published

by Dover Publications, Inc., in 1991.

'TidorialoArchtve

This book belongs to the Dover Pictorial Archive Series. You may use the
designs and illustrations for graphics and crafts applications, free and
without special permission, provided that you include no more than four in
the same publication or project. (For permission for additional use, please
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However, republication or reproduction of any illustration by any other
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International Standard Book Number- 0-U86-26673-7

Manufactured in the United States of America
Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street,
Mineola. N.Y. 11501
PUBLISHER'S NOTE

Mammals are warm-blooded, hairy animals, the culminating in the woolly mammoth. An alphabetical
females of which give birth to live young (with very list of the 42 particular animals included in the 41
rare exceptions) and feed the young with their milk. plates appears on the facing page; it contains variant
Just as the birds either descended from the dinosaurs names.
or shared common ancestors with dinosaurs, so the Many record-breaking animals are featured in the
mammals evolved from other types of reptiles, but book, including: the largest carnivore ever (pages 8/9),
earlier— possibly 60 million years before the birds. The the largest land-living mammal ever (page 20), the
mammal illustrated on page 4 was a contemporary of largest member ever of the weasel family (page 28), the
the earliest dinosaurs and lived about 200 million years largest saber-toothed cat (page 30), the largest ground
ago. sloth (page 31) and the largest member ever of the
This book traces the evolution of mammals in camel family (page 32).
roughly chronological order by means of significant For each animal described, the caption gives: its
and striking examples. Fossils are dated by the age of name;* its approximate date (not necessarily the com-
the rocks or minerals in which they are found. The plete range of dates of its existence on earth, but the
geological time divisions included here are: the Meso- time when it was especially flourishing); the part(s) of
zoic Era (ca. 225-65 million years ago), divided into the world in which its remains have been found; its size
three periods, the Triassic (225-193), Jurassic (193- (known from the remains); the type of food it most
136) and Cretaceous (136-65 million years ago); and likely ate (known from the kind of teeth it had); its
the Cenozoic Era (from 65 million years ago to the habitat, where applicable; and some additional in-
present), divided into two periods, the Tertiary (65-2 formation on the group of mammals it belonged to and
million years ago) and the Quaternary (from 2 million the evolutionary trends within that group.
years ago to the present). Further divisions of great How do we know what these animals looked like?
importance to the evolution of mammals are the five Their bones supply information on their basic shape,
—
(epochs of the Tertiary Paleocene (65-54), Eocene whereas conjectures as to their fleshy parts and their
(54-38), Oligocene (38-26), Miocene (26-7) and Plio- fur are often based on anatomical comparisons with
—
cene (7-2 million years ago) and the two epochs of the living mammals. Only for a few of the most recent ones,
Quaternary— the Pleistocene (from 2 million to 10,000 such as those actually depicted by prehistoric man in
years ago) and the Holocene (from 10,000 years ago to paintings or carvings, or such as the woolly mammoth,
the present). (The precise dates of these divisions are in of which entire well-preserved specimens have been
dispute and are shifted from time to time as new discovered, do we have direct information about their
evidence becomes available.) Mammals of the Quater- perishable aspects. Thus, you can use your imagination
nary Period were known to early man, who may have when coloring most of these creatures; the thirteen
caused the extinction of some. color renderings on the covers are meant to be sugges-
Among the groups of mammals represented in this tions rather than binding guides.
book are: primates (lemurs, monkeys, apes, man), from
one of the very earliest (page 6) to a near relative of the *Most of the names in this book (those consisting of one
living great apes (page 38); rodents (page 26); whales word in italic type beginning with a capital letter, such as
(page 11); edentates ("toothless" mammals), including Megazostrodon) stand for the genus of the animal; only a few
types of extinct sloth (page 31) and armadillo (page 37); of the most recent mammals included have names that refer
to a species (with a second italic word, all lower-case, such as
marsupials (pouched mammals; page 29); carnivores
Bison latifrons). An example based on living modern animals
(flesh-eaters), including the very early Megistotherium
may help to clarify the notions of genus (plural: genera),
(pages 8/9) as well as ancestral canines (pages 14/15 species (plural unchanged), family and similar terms. The
—
and 34), felines (pages 17, 21 and 30 three types of domesticated dog is a species (Cams familiaris); collies,
—
saber-toothed cat and pages 42/43, the cave lion), dachshunds, boxers, etc., are all breeds of the single species.
weasel types (page 28) and mongoose types (page 36); The genus is Canis, which includes not only the dog, but also
and especially ungulates (hooved mammals), includ- such close relatives as wolves, jackals and the coyote. Canis is
one of the several genera in the family Canidae, which also
ing the odd-toed (ancestral horses, rhinos and tapirs;
includes foxes and several kinds of wild dog. The Canidae are
pages 7, 10, 13, 14/15, 16. 20 and 39) and the even-toed
one of the families in the order Carnivora, which also includes
(early pigs, camels, deer and cattle; pages 19, 24/25, 32, bears, cats, raccoons, weasels, mongooses and hyenas. The
36, 45 and 47), with a particularly rich survey of Carnivora are one of the orders in the class Mammalia, one of
elephant types (pages 22, 27, 33, 40, 41 and 48), the classes of the Animal Kingdom.
During the Triassic Period (about 200 million years ago), sumed mostly insects and worms on forest floors, prob-
when dinosaurs first began to evolve, a few of the first ably at night. It has been found in what is now South
mammals, still small and primitive, were already estab- Africa.
lished. The Megazostrodon, the size of a shrew, con-
Fossils of what were probably the direct ancestors of (whose young continue to develop in the mother's pouch
modern mammals, the eupantotheres or pantotheres, after birth) and placentals (whose young are well devel-
have been found in Jurassic Period sediments (from about oped at birth, the vast majority of mammals today) are
150 million years ago) in Portugal. These mammals lived thought to be descended from the eupantotheres, which
in trees like opossums and ate insects. Both marsupials themselves were probably closer to marsupials.
The Plesiadapis, one of the first primates (the order of and western Europe. This tree-dwelling mammal was the
mammals that today includes lemurs, monkeys, apes and size of a squirrel and ate mostly fruits and small fresh
man), lived about 55 million years ago in North America leaves.
About 55 million years ago, the Phenacodus roamed the teeth. It grew a sheep. Its most direct living
to the size of
woods and shrublands of North America and Europe. It descendant may be the aardvark. Sharing its habitat
was the earliest known mammal with hooves (on each of were primitive rodents.
its 20 toes). Although a plant-eater, it had large canine
 /

Probably the largest flesh-eating mammal that ever lived

was the Megistotherium. Aproximately twice as large as
a polar bear and weighing about 2,200 pounds, it could
easily prey upon very large animals, such as the early
mastodonts illustrated here (on mastodonts, see page 22).
Fossils of Megistotherium have been discovered in North
Africa, where it lived about 30 million years ago.
A heavy-bodied mammal with unusual horns and five plants with its long, strong canine teeth. This animal lived
hooved toes on each foot, the Uintatherium was the size of in western North America about 50 million years ago.
a large modern rhinoceros. It browsed on soft-leaved

10
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This slim, snakelike whale, the Basilosaurus, swam in huge, sharp teeth and a body length of about 60 feet.
the ancient seas of North America some 50 million years Whales are thought to have evolved from primitive land
ago. It was a fast-moving predator (animal of prey) with mammals with hooves.

11
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The Andrewsarchus was a huge, omnivorous Mongolian like the much faster lemur-type primates pictured here.
mammal of the late Eocene Epoch (about 40 million years It was more closely related to early hooved mammals,
ago) that grew up to 14 feet in length. It probably hunted such as Phenacodus (page 7), than to the ancestors of
or scavenged in packs like modern wolves, but might modern carnivores, such as Megistotherium (page 8).
occasionally try to hunt on its own, going after creatures

12
The Lophiodon was a three-toed hooved European ago) that resembled, and lived like, present-day tapirs
mammal of the late Eocene Epoch (about 40 million years although it was the size of a modern rhinoceros.

13
 This pack of Cynodictis, a coyote-sized early dog, is in
pursuit of a Hyrachyus. Both animals lived about 40
million years ago, Cynodictis in Europe and East Asia,
and Hyrachyus in Europe and North America. Although

14
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the Hyrachyus looked like a primitive small horse, it was

another ancestor of modern tapirs (see page 13) with
rhinoceros-like aspects.

15
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The rhino-sized Arsinoitherium lived in Egypt in the role in evolution is something of a mystery. It probably
Oligocene Epoch, about 35 million years ago. Little is grazed on swamp plants. Here, an ancient boa is surprised
known about this twin-horned hooved mammal, and its by a wandering Arsinoitherium.

16
One of the very first of the many types of saber-toothed America about 35 million years ago. It was similar in size
cats was the Hoplophoneus, which lived in North and behavior to the present-day cougar.

17
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Although it behaved more like a giraffe, the Indrico- on the tops of trees. It lived about 30 million years ago,
therium was an ancestor of the rhinoceros. Probably the mainly in Asia. It has also been called Paraceratherium
largest land-living mammal of all time, standing about 18 and Baluchitherium.
feet high at the shoulder, this peaceful giant could browse

20
The Dinictis was another type of saber-toothed cat (see in North America about 25-30 million years ago during
page 17). It was the size of a cougar, or smaller, and lived the Oligocene and Miocene Epochs.

21
The Platybelodon was an early Miocene mastodont. The in shallow waters. It lived in North America and Asia
mastodonts were a group, related to early elephants, with about 25 million years ago. Mastodonts originated in
crested teeth. Having a long lower jaw equipped with Africa.
bladelike teeth, Platybelodon could dig up plants and roots

22
Some 20 million years ago, this Miocene odd-toed mam- of swamps, or possibly for stripping leaves from branches.
mal from North America, Moropus, used its huge claws It was as big as a large horse.
for digging up water vegetation and roots along the edges

23
 Similar to a large deer, although perhaps more closely
related to camels, the even-toed, hooved, cud-chewing
Synthetoceras was typical of the mammals that lived in
the grassland of North America in Miocene times, about

24
20 million years ago. Here, an adult male and a young
Synthetoceras have spotted a pair of chinchilla-like
rodents.

25

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The Epigaulus was a burrowing gopher, about 10 inches shovel dirt and to function as a defense weapon. Rodents
long, that lived in North America about 20 million years first appeared some 60 million years ago, but Epigaulus
ago. The two horns on its head were probably used to was still of a primitive type.
26
Another sideline in the evolution of elephants, the Gom- elephants, foraged for shallow-water vegetation. It has
photherium, lived about 20 million years ago. This been called the first mastodont to spread from Africa to
mastodont (see page 22), somewhat smaller than modern Europe, Asia and North America.

27
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29
The largest of the saber-toothed cats (see pages 17 and 21), sloth from the family of the Megatherium (see next page).
about the size of a modern tiger, the Smilodon ved about
1 i The Smilodon also preyed on animals trapped in tar, and
5 million years ago in North and South America. It over 2,000 of these cats perished at the La Brea Tar Pits in
stabbed its prey with its large upper canine teeth. A heavy Los Angeles.
cat, it preferred slow-moving victims such as this ground

30
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The Megatherium was the largest of the ground sloths, a browsed on trees, propping itself on its tail, its weight
totally extinct group of edentates (mammals with few resting on the outer edges of its feet. A very slow mover, it
teeth,such as sloths, anteaters and armadillos). This grew to 22 feet in length, and was found from southern-
Pliocene mammal (from about 5 million years ago) most South America to the southern United States.
31
During the Pliocene Epoch, about 5 million years ago, This mammal could achieve very great speeds over
tall

there existed in North America, where camels originated, short distances and probably possessed great endurance
the largest member of the family, the Titanotyloptis or as well.
Megatylopus. Its head reached 17feet above the ground.

32
This Pliocene relative of the elephants, the Deino- had two unusual downward-pointing tusks in its lower
therium, lived in Africa, Europe and Asia about 5 million jaw, suitable for digging up roots or tearing off bark in the
years ago. Its shoulder was 13 feet from the ground and it animal's forest habitat.

33
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The Macrauchenia was a strange-looking hooved animal Macrauchenia remains in Patagonia during his Beagle
resembling a camel, but it was not a direct ancestor of any voyage. This animal ate soft leaves and lived close to
living mammal. It lived about 3 million years ago, water. (Other reconstructions have depicted it without a
exclusively in South America. Darwin found some trunk and with nostrils located high up on the head.)
35
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The Doedicurus, or Daedicurus, was one of the glypto- offered protection, and its wicked-looking spiked tail was
donts,which were edentates (see page 31) related to its major weapon against predators. Some glyptodonts

modern armadillos. It lived in the Pleistocene, about 1 were 10 feet long.

million years ago, in South America. Its bony-plated shell

37
Remains of one of the biggest of all known primates (see years ago. It was in the same great-ape family as the
page the ape Gigantopithecus, have been found in
6), modern orangutan, chimpanzee and gorilla. It was simi-
China, India and Pakistan, where it lived about 1 million lar to a gorilla in size.

38
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The Mammuthus imperator, one of the mammoths and its great curved tusks were up to 14 feet long. This
(animals transitional between mastodonts and elephants), huge North American mammal became extinct about
was one of the biggest elephant-type mammals that ever 20,000 years ago.
lived. From the ground to its shoulder it measured 13 feet,

41
 The Felis leo spelaea, or Panthera spelaea (some scien-
tists even Panthera leo, the very same species as the
call it
living lion,which would make it merely a variety or
breed), was the famous cave lion, of which many bones
have been found in caves inhabited by prehistoric man. It

42
was about 30 percent larger than present-day lions, and
lived from Pleistocene times up to about 1,000 B.C. in
Europe. Prehistoric artifacts, carvings and cave paint-
ings suggest that this lion had no mane.

43
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45
The Arctodus was a short-faced bear with unusually long cludes vegetation, fruits and small animals. However, this
legs. Inhabiting the New World in the Pleistocene, it was short- faced bear's tooth pattern indicates that it was
taller than any other bear then or now. Most bears are definitely a powerful predator and strictly a meat-eater.
opportunistic feeders, whose daily food consumption in-

46
Slightly bigger than either of the two living species of spread) was hunted by prehistoric man in North America.
bison, this late-Pleistocene long-horned Bison latifrons It became extinct about 5,000 years ago. The bisons were
(standing 6 feet tall at the shoulder, with a 6-foot horn the only bovines (cattle) to reach the New World.

47
The legendary woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primi- This 91/^-foot-high Pleistocene beast, of which entire car-
genius, found throughout the Arctic zone, had fur that casses have been preserved in ice, was hunted to extinc-
ranged in color from red-brown to pale ocher. Its huge tion by prehistoric man about 12,000 years ago. (For more
curved tusks were used to plow the snow in search of food. about mammoths, see page 40.)

48
 ..y y

\.r

Dinictis (page 21) BasUosaurus (page 11)

<&-:HE!S?3K9ki4

Eupantothere (page 5) Plesiadapis (page 6)

 —

ThylacosmUus (page 29)

]an Sovak
Andrewsarchus (page 12)
PREHISTORIC MAMMALS
Coloring Book
Here's a wonderful opportunity to take a trip back in time and
discover the awesome array of prehistoric mammals that
roamed the Earth millions of years ago. This book contains 41
detailed, ready-to-color illustrations (including four double-
page drawings) depicting giant bears, saber-toothed cats, tiny
rodents and dozens of other creatures now known only by
their fossil remains.

Award-winning artist Jan Sovak has meticulously rendered

in roughly chronological order — over 40 species as they might
have appeared in their natural habitats. Included are the
Basilosaurus, a slim, snake-like whale; the Megistotherium,
twice as large as a polar bear and probably the largest flesh-
eating mammal that ever lived; the Borophagus, a large dog
that preyed on small primitive horses in North America six
million years ago; Ursus spelaeus, the great cave bear; the
giraffe-like Indricotherium, an ancestor of the rhinoceros that
browsed on the tops of trees; Mammuthus primigenius, the
legendary woolly mammoth, and many more.

Carefully researched captions describe the animals, provid-

ing names, where found, size, diet, habitat and more.
Thirteen full-color illustrations appear on the book's covers
Doedicurus (page 37)
and suggest possible colorations. Prehistoric Mammals Color-
ing Book will intrigue young students of prehistory and
evolution; artists and craftspeople will find the volume an
inexpensive source of copyright-free illustrations.

Original Dover (1991) publication. 41 black-and-white illus-

trations. 13 color illustrations on covers. Publisher's Note.
Captions. Alphabetical List. 48pp. 8/4 x 11. Paperbound.

Front cover: Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoth) (page 48).

ISBN D-Mflb-abb73-7
90000

a. IS IN USA 9 780486"266732
Epigaulus (page 26)