Chapter IV-APPLICATION OF THE DERIVATIVE... Continuation: Time Rates

ENG’G MATH 2: Differential Calculus Topic Level Outcome (TLO): 3
Main Topic: Chapter VI- Application of the Derivative Prepared by: Engr. Udacion, MSME, ME-I
Reference: Asin, R.C. (1988). Differential Calculus, 3rd Edition.
Chapter IV- APPLICATION OF THE DERIVATIVE...continuation

TIME RATES
SAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION
1. Water is flowing into a vertical cylindrical tank at the rate of 24 cu. ft.
per. Min. If the radius of the tank is 4 ft, how fast is the surface rising?
Solution:
Let V= volume of the tank, r= radius of the tank
𝑑ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑟=4 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑉 = 16𝜋
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= 16𝜋
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑ℎ 24
= 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 𝒇𝒕
𝑑𝑡 16𝜋 16𝜋 𝑓𝑡 2 𝒎𝒊𝒏
2. Water flows into a vertical cylindrical tank at 12 cu.ft.per min., the

surface rises 6 in. per min. find the radius of the tank.
Solution:
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑓𝑡 3
12
𝑟 2 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (12 𝑖𝑛 ) = 144 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑑ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 6𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 (6 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟔 𝒇𝒕
3. A rectangular trough is 10 ft long and 3 ft wide. Find how fast the surface
rises, if water flows in at the rate of 12 cu.ft. per min.
Solution:
𝑑𝑉 𝑓𝑡 3
= 12
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑉 = (10 𝑓𝑡)(3 𝑓𝑡)(ℎ 𝑓𝑡)
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= 30
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑ℎ 12
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒇𝒕
𝑑𝑡 30 𝑓𝑡 2 𝒎𝒊𝒏
1
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. A triangular trough 10 ft long is 4 ft across the top and 4 ft deep. If

water flows in at the rate of 3 cfm, find how fast the surface is rising
when the water is 6 in. deep. (Ans. 0.6 fpm)
2. A triangular trough is 10 ft long, 6 ft across the top abd 3 ft deep. If

water flows in at the rate of 12 cfm, find how fast the surface is rising
when the water is 6 in. deep. (Ans. 1.2 fpm)
3. A ladder 20 ft long leans against a vertical wall. If the top slides

downward at the rate of 2 ft per sec, find how fast the lower end is moving
when it is 16 ft from the wall. (Ans. 1.5 fps)
THE DIFFERENTIAL
The differential of any function is equal to its derivative multiplied by the

differential of the independent variable.
That is,
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ ∆𝑥
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑠 ∆𝑠 𝑑𝑦 2
= lim = √1 + ( )
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Find the differential of the given function
1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 4
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 = 3 (4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥) − 5 (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 = (𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙
2
−3
2. 𝑧 = (1 − 2𝑣 + 𝑣 4 ) 2
Solution:
−5
3
𝑑𝑧 = − (1 − 2𝑣 + 𝑣 4 ) 2 (−2𝑑𝑣 + 4𝑣 3 𝑑𝑣)
2
3 5
𝑑𝑧 = − (1 − 2𝑣 + 𝑣 4 )−2 (−2 + 4𝑣 3 )𝑑𝑣
2
𝟓
−𝟐
𝒅𝒛 = 𝟑(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒗𝟑 )(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒗 + 𝒗𝟒 ) 𝒅𝒗
3. 𝑥 = (5𝑡 − 2)4
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 = 4 (5𝑡 − 2)3 (5𝑑𝑡)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎 (𝟓𝒕 − 𝟐)𝟑 𝒅𝒕
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥 5 )2
(1−𝑥)2
2. 𝑦 = (1−2𝑥)2
3. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
APPROXIMATE FORMULAS
1. Find approximately the volume of a thin spherical shell
Solution:
4
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟3
3
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑑𝑣 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑠
𝑑𝑣 = (4𝜋𝑟 2 )(𝑑𝑟)
𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔
3
2. Find the approximate formula for the volume of a thin cylindrical shell
of a given height.
Solution:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑖𝑓 ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡: 𝑑𝑣 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝑑𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝜋𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑑𝑣 = (2𝜋𝑟)(ℎ)(𝑑𝑟)
𝒅𝒗 = 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒙 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔
3. Find approximately the volume of wood required to make a cubical box of

1
edge length 6 ft using boards in. thick.
2
Solution:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒, 𝑉 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑉 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑉 = 3 (6𝑓𝑡)2 ( 𝑓𝑡) = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒄𝒖. 𝒇𝒕.
24
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. The base of a right triangle is fixed at 3 ft, the hypotenuse is 5 ft long1

and subject to change. Find the approximate change in altitude when the
hypotenuse is changed by a small amount∆ℎ. Ans. 1.25 ∆𝒉
2. The diameter of a circle is measured and found to be 6 ft with a maximum

error of 0.1 in. Find the approximate maximum error in the area. Ans. 11.31
in2
3. Find the maximum error in computing the volume of the sphere in problem no.
02. Ans. 204 in3

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ENG’G MATH 2: Differential Calculus Topic Level Outcome (TLO): 3

Chapter IV- APPLICATION OF THE DERIVATIVE...continuation

2. Water flows into a vertical cylindrical tank at 12 cu.ft.per min., the

1. A triangular trough 10 ft long is 4 ft across the top and 4 ft deep. If

2. A triangular trough is 10 ft long, 6 ft across the top abd 3 ft deep. If

3. A ladder 20 ft long leans against a vertical wall. If the top slides

The differential of any function is equal to its derivative multiplied by the

SAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION

𝑑𝑦 = 3 (4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥) − 5 (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 = (𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑥 = 4 (5𝑡 − 2)3 (5𝑑𝑡)

𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔

3. Find approximately the volume of wood required to make a cubical box of

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒, 𝑉 = 𝑥 3

1. The base of a right triangle is fixed at 3 ft, the hypotenuse is 5 ft long1

2. The diameter of a circle is measured and found to be 6 ft with a maximum

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