MODULE ONE: INTRODUCTION

I. INTRODUCTION

There are several things, which have great importance in our daily life. Out of these,
physics is the one of them. The main and the important form of energy that is electrical
energy is only and only due to the physics. We cannot image the life without electricity.
The formation of clouds in nature is based on the physical phenomenon called
evaporation. Physics is also applied in our body. Due to electrical signals, which carry
the sensation, to mind, we are able to see, listen or to feel the objects. In the cooking of
the vegetables, some of the physical laws work. Even we choose the metal of the
utensil on the behalf of physics. We generally use water as a coolant or as a heating
liquid due to the high specific heat of water. Physics also explains the several forms of
energy and their transformation. Such as kinetic energy, potential energy, nuclear
energy, etc. Even in the growing of plants the osmosis is used and the photosynthesis is
used which is also explained by the physics. Physics gave us very important inventions
such as our cars, bikes, watches, bulbs, LEDs, cell phones, TV, computer, laptops,
VCD players, microwave ovens, cooking gas stoves, and almost gadgets being used
now.

Physics is important to man’s life because:

• It plays an important role in health
• It contributes to Economic Development
• It improves the Standard of Education
• It plays a vital role in Energy and the Environment

Physics has had an increasingly

important impact on the average
person’s daily life. For
example, Physicists played an
essential role in the development
of:
1. The Global Positioning System:
Uses satellites and precise timing to
allow positions to be allocated to
within a few feet anywhere on the
surface of the earth.

2. The Hologram: Uses on credit

card, driver’s licenses, and other
documents to prevent fraud.
Holography is a photographic
technique that records the light
scattered from an object, and then
presents it in a way that appears
three-dimensional. Holograms pop
up in movies such as "Star Wars"
and "Iron Man," but the technology
has not quite caught up to movie
magic — yet.

3. Medical Imaging Techniques:

Such as the sonogram, the CAT
scan, and Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRIs).
4. Medical Treatment
Techniques: Using radiation and
charged particle accelerators.

A subspecialty in
nuclear medicine is
nuclear medicine therapy. A
common example of nuclear
medicine therapy is the use of
radioactive iodine to treat thyroid
problems, including thyroid cancer.

5. Physics Connects the World:

The telecommunications industry,
including the development of the
internet, has benefited from
physics research in
telecommunications from radio
waves to fiber optic cable.

6. Look around. This decade has

seen its fair share of rapid
transformations, brought on by
innovation in the digital space. The
smartphone. Consumer-driven
social media. Intelligent
manufacturing. Ever-present
connectivity. And, soon, self-driving
cars on a larger scale. No sector
has been untouched by this digital
revolution.
Today, the electricity system is on a similar, life-changing, fast-paced trajectory. As in
many of these transformed areas, consumers stand at the center of a technology
advancements and consumer engagement. A high demand in the consumption of
energy that will benefit our infrastructure and industrial programs. In the midst of this
quickly-changing new energy world, we need to ensure that we set electricity’s future on
the right path. If we don’t, there are earth-shattering implications.

PHYSICS IS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL OF THE SCIENCES: It is concerned with the

most basic building blocks of all things - from ants to antennas, from quarks to quasars.
The study of physics, means trying to find out what the universe is made of and how
these things move and interact with each other. So in one sense, all the other sciences
are built on the knowledge gained through the study of physics.

PHYSICS IS FUN: Lastly, studying physics gives you the opportunity of playing with a
lot of really cool toys!
II. OBJECTIVES. There are basic competencies needed for the students to
comprehend the varied concepts in each topic in Physics.
• To manipulate literal equations. The language of Physics is Math, therefore
students must be able to derive the unknown in a given formula or equation.
• To review basic concepts in Math like Laws of Exponents, The Right Triangle
and The Pythagorean Theorem.
• To be able to derive the three basic Trigonometric Functions.
• To Recall Prefixes
• Students will demonstrate skills in scientific inquiry, problem solving, and
laboratory techniques.

II. Pre-Assessment: A pretest will be given to determine the competencies of the

learner.

III. Review on Basic Mathematical concepts

A. Derive the specific variables in each of the following equations:

𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
1. Solve for 𝑅: 𝐹= 𝑅2

2. Solve for 𝑣𝑖 𝑋 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 1/2𝑎𝑡 2

3. Solve for 𝑎 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝐺𝑀
4. Solve for 𝑀 𝑔= 𝑅2

5. Solve for 𝑣𝑖 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )

6. Solve for 𝑎 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

7. Solve for 𝑌 −2𝑔𝑌 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2

𝑚𝑣12 𝑚𝑣22
8. Solve for 𝑣2 𝑚𝑔ℎ1 + = 𝑚𝑔ℎ2 +
2 2

𝜌(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
9. Solve for 𝑣1 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + 2

𝑃
10. Solve for 𝑅 𝐼= 4𝜋𝑅 2
 𝐼
11. Solve for 𝐼 𝛽 = 10 log(𝐼 )
𝑂

(𝑉𝑓2 − 𝑉𝑖2 )
12. Solve for 𝑣𝑖 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 2

𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
13. Solve for 𝑚1 𝐹= 𝑅2

14. Solve for 𝑣𝑖 2𝑎𝑋 = 𝑉𝑓2 − 𝑉𝑖2

𝑉
15. Solve for 𝑉 𝑅= 𝐼

1 1 1
16. Solve for 𝑑𝑖 + =
𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑓

𝑣− 𝑣𝑜
17. Solve for 𝑣𝑜 𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠 ( )
𝑣

𝑇2 4𝜋
18. Solve for 𝑀 =
𝑅3 𝐺𝑀

𝑚𝑣 2
19. Solve for 𝑣 𝐹= 𝑅

1 1 1 1
20. Solve for 𝑅1 = + +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

21. Solve for 𝑧1 𝐹(𝑦) = 𝑊1 (𝑧1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + 𝑊2 (𝑧2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝑞
22. Solve for 𝑞 𝐼= 𝑡

23. Solve for 𝜃𝑖 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑅′

24. Solve for 𝑚𝑛 ∆𝑚 = (𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛 ) − 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

25. Solve for 𝑡 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

B. Laws of Exponents:

• 𝑋 𝑚 ∗ 𝑋 𝑛 = 𝑋 (𝑚+𝑛)

𝑋𝑚
• = 𝑋 (𝑚−𝑛)
𝑋𝑛

• (𝑋 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑋 𝑚𝑛

• (𝑋𝑌)𝑚 = 𝑋 𝑚 𝑌 𝑚

Perform the following exercises

1) (𝑎6 𝑏 3 )2

(𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 4 )2
2) 𝑎𝑏 4 𝑐 5

3) 𝑅 4𝑥 𝑆 2𝑥 ∗ 𝑅 𝑥 𝑆 2𝑥

4) (𝑥 2𝑎 𝑦 𝑎𝑏 𝑧 𝑎𝑏𝑐 )𝑎𝑏𝑐

(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 4 )3
5) 𝑥𝑦 5 𝑧 6

𝑋 2 𝑌𝑍 3 1/3
6) ( )
𝑅3

2 (𝑎4 𝑏 4 𝑐 8
7) √ 𝑑3

3 (𝑋 2 𝑌 3 𝑍 4 )4
8) √ 𝐴2 𝐵 2

2
9) (𝑎3 𝑏 4 𝑐 2 )3

4 (𝐴3 𝐵4 𝐶 2 )3
10) √ 𝐴2 𝐵2
 C. The Right Triangle
Like any triangle, the angles in a right triangle still add up to 180°. However, one
of those angles will always be a right angle which has a measure of 90°. The side
opposite from the 90° angle is called the hypotenuse. The right angle is always
the largest angle in a right triangle and the hypotenuse is always the longest side
in a right triangle.

When is the best time to use each rule?

• Pythagorean Theorem can be used to find a missing side length in a right
triangle if the other two side measurements are known.

• Special Right Triangles can only be used if the angles in the right triangle have
measures of 30°, 60°, and 90° or 45°, 45°, and 90°. The formulas for special right
triangles can be used to solve for two missing side lengths when only one side
length is known.

• Trigonometry can be used to solve for a side length in a right triangle if you
know the measure of an angle other than the right angle and one side length.

• Trigonometry can also be used to solve for the measure of an angle other than
the right angle if you know the lengths of two sides. This is done using inverse
trigonometry.
 The Pythagorean
Theorem
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐

TRIGONOMETRY
Three Basic Trigonometric
Functions:

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Example: In the following right triangle below solve for the other sides and other
angle.

𝐴
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵: 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐 = 10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 = 60°
𝑏 𝑐
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵

𝐶 𝑎 𝐵

Solving for side a:

𝑎 𝑎
sin 𝐴 = sin 60° = 𝑎 = 10 sin 60° 𝑎 = 8.66 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑐 10
Solving for side b

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 𝑏 = √102 − 8.662

𝑏 =5𝑚

Solving for angle 𝐴

∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶 ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶 − ∠𝐴 ∠𝐵 = 90° − 60°

∠𝐵 = 30°

In the following right triangle below solve for the other sides and other an
𝐴
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵: 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 = 6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵 = 30°
𝑏 𝑏 𝑐
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴

𝐶 𝑎 𝐵
One of the applications of Trigonometry is to determine the distance from an observer to
any structure, edifice, et al. Figure below will give you an overview how Trigonometry is
being applied.

Here the angle of elevation (𝜃) is the angle measured from the horizontal side (which
we referred to as the initial side up to the line of sight (or what we call the terminal side)

So we know the angle of elevation (𝜃) and the horizontal line, we can determine the
Horizontal line and the Height of the tree.

There is an instrument used by surveyors (Civil Engineers) to determine the angle of

elevation.
 At the left is an image of the transit.

What is the meaning of an angle of Depression? Can you show a diagram of an angle
of depression?

C. PREFIXES: Prefixes are small but meaningful groups of letters that when added to
the beginning of a word contributes to its meaning. Numbers prefixes tell you how many
there are of a particular thing.
Sample Exercises

1.0 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 1000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 1.0 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 1000 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

1.0 𝑘𝑔 = 1000 𝑔 1.0 𝑔 = 1000 𝑚𝑔

1.0 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 1.0 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 100 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

1.0 𝑘𝑚 = 1000 𝑚 1.0 𝑚 = 100 𝑐𝑚

Convert the following:

100 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑚

100 𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑔

100 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑔

10 𝑘𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑚

10 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑔

1000 𝑐𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑚

10 𝑐𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑚

1𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑔

10 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑔

100 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑚
IV. Questions:
a. What are the practical applications that will benefit us in using the trigonometric
functions?
b. Can trigonometry be used in everyday life?
Just to give you some practical applications: Trigonometry can be used to
measure the height of a building or mountains.
c. Do archaeologists use trigonometry?
d. Can we use Trigonometry in criminology?

What is the role of Trigonometry in marine biology? Marine biologists often use
trigonometry to establish measurements. For example, to find out how light levels at
different depts affect the ability of algae to photosynthesize. Trigonometry is used in
finding the distance between celestial bodies. Also, marine biologists utilize
mathematical models to measure and understand sea animals and their behavior.
Class No. ______ Score: ___________
Section: _______ Date: ____________
Name: ____________________

ANGLE OF ELEVATION & ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

Activity No 1

The terms “angle of depression” and “angle of elevation” refer to the angles at which an
observer must direct their line of sigh in order to see an object. These angles are useful
in determining the height or distance at which an object is located, and are commonly
used with satellite technology (such as GPS). If the observer is above a given object,
the angle of depression is the angle at which the observer must look down to see the
object. If the observer is below the object, the angle of elevation is the angle at which
the observer must look up to see the object. Both angles are measured with respect to
an imaginary horizontal line, drawn through the observed object.

A. OBJECTIVE: To determine the distances such as line of sight, the horizontal

distance and height of any structure using Trigonometric Functions.

B. MATERIALS: Calculator, pencil and ruler

C. PROBLEMS

1. A helicopter is 1.0 km above an island. A swimmer is 𝑥 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 from the island.

The pilot of the helicopter measured the angle of depression from the helicopter
to the swimmer about 50°. How far is the swimmer from the island?

1. How far is the swimmer from the

island?

2. What is the angle 𝜃?

 2. From the top of a vertical cliff 40 m high, the angle of depression of an object that
is level with the base of the cliff is 34º. How far is the object from the base of the
cliff?

D. What are other practical applications of Trigonometry in our daily lives?