CE 581 Reinforced Concrete Structures
CE 581 Reinforced Concrete Structures
CE 581 Reinforced Concrete Structures
Glass Fiber
Gupta (2002)
Size Exterior of a glass rod contains
many defects.
The ingenious insight that strength was highly influenced by defects lead to the
shift of attention to the behavior of cracks and formation of crack growth criteria.
Fracture Mechanics was born.
Fracture Mechanics: Need from Elasticity
Defects can be thought as inclusions or pores
Consider an infinite plate subjected to tension
𝜎𝜃𝜃 → ∞ as b → 0
This is where we need to approach from another point as classical elasticity can not
deal with seperation, field discontinuties or simply cracks.
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
A new Parameter:
As r goes to zero, stress is infinity, therefore stress is not a good criterion for
crack initiation/propagation!!
f depends on element
size, loading, boundary
conditions etc.
Compare K with Kcr to
decide on fracture!!
Fictitious Crack Model for Concrete Fracture
• At the crack tip there is a fracture process zone
and causes softening!
• The fracture zone is formally represented as a
crack with the ability to transfer stresses. Such
stress transferring crack is called a fictitious
crack, as distinguished from a real crack,
which cannot transfer tensile stresses
perpendicular to itself.
• It is supposed that when the tensile strength is
reached, a micro-cracked zone starts
developing. The micro-cracked zone continues
to grow when the load increases and finally
some of the microcracks join together and a
real crack opens.
• The micro-cracked zone is able to transfer
stress. The greater the number of microcracks,
i.e., the wider the micro-cracked zone.
k=0.31, wc=0.175 mm
Hordjik (1991)
ϵ − ϵo
fck 1 − 0.15 for ϵo ≤ ϵ ≤ ϵcu
Actual Response ϵcu − ϵo
Mitchell and Collins
Hognestad Mitchell Collins Model:
2ϵ ϵ 2
σ = fck − for ϵ ≤ ϵcu = 2ϵo
ϵo ϵo
2f ck
where Ec =
ϵo
Strain, ε
Such models are called phenomenological models (mathematical equations that fit best
to the experimental data)
CEB-FIP Model
Ec1: tangent modulus
Eci : secant modulus
𝜀𝑐1 :
Eurocode-2 for Nonlinear Models
Eurocode 2 Parameters
Eurocode-2 for Design
Multiaxial Loading
• At a material point there are six stress components in general.
• The understanding of failure requires generalization in light of
limited test results.
𝐼1 𝜋
𝜎𝑚 = 𝐽2 0 ≤ 𝜃𝑜 ≤
3 3
Interpretation of Principal Stresses
• Mean stress can be considered as an indicator
of average pressure (confinement!).
1 1
𝜎𝑚 = (𝜎1 +𝜎2 +𝜎3 )= 𝐼1
3 3
• J2 is a good measure of average shear stress.
2
𝜏𝑚 = 𝐽
5 2
Interpretation of Principal Stresses
OR
Tresca and von Mises Criterion
Tresca
Curved meridians
Better match with experimental data!
Willam-Warnke Criterion
Five parameter model
Includes tension and compression regions with one equation
Exhibits very good match with experimental data!!
Other Failure Criteria
• Hsieh-Ting-Chen (1977)
• Etse-Willam (1984)
• Menetry-Willam (1995)
• Lee-Fenves (1996)
• Kang-Willam (1999)
Complete Plasticity Formulation
• Initiation of plastic response
• Flow rule (plastic strain direction)
• Hardening softening through evolution of
plastic strains
• Length scale
Crack Models
• Smeared Crack
- Rotating
- Fixed
• Discrete Crack
– Lattice
– Applied Element
– Particle Methods
Smeared Crack
• Introduced by Rashid (1968) where cracked concrete is assumed as a continuum.
• Easy to incorporate in finite element programs.
• Became widespread in 1970’s until mid 2000’s.
Fixed crack
Smeared Crack Approach (Vecchio 1988)
Smeared Crack
Smeared Crack Model Features
• Formulation by strain decomposition
• Confined concrete through failure surface
• Dilation through Poisson effect
Discrete Crack Models (Ngo, Scordelis 1967)
(Mesoscale)
Lattice Modeling
Since modeling scale is in the order of mm, aggregates, ITZ and cement paste can be
modeled seperately with different modulus of elasticity and tensile strength.
Peridynamics
• Navier (1820) proposed his theory based on forces (stress
concept was not known).
• Cauchy found the concept of stress about 50 years later.
• Silling (2000) invented peridynamics.
Equation of motion as summation of forces
within a horizon, 𝛿.
Continuity
Momentum
Consitutive Models for Section Analysis
Ravzi-Saatcioglu (1999)
Strength of Confined Concrete
Richart and Brown (1934), C = 0.85
Strain at Peak Stress
OR
Columns with Rectilinear Hoops
Confinement Effectiveness
Confinement Effectiveness
Loading Rate Effect
Aggregate Effects
Detailing Rules for Design
Circular hoop ends should be anchored with mechanical/welded splice.
135 degree bent hooks should be used.
90 degree hooks are allowed at one end of the hook.
If axial loads are above balanced case 135 degree hooks are recommended.
Comparisons with Test Results
Popovics (1973)
Comparisons with Test Results
CONFINEMENT MODELS
Most commonly used confined concrete models:
6.7
k1
σ 2 0.17
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
For spiral columns the confining pressure is
2A0
σ2 f ywk
Ds
RECALL:
f cc k3 f ck k1σ 2e
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
f cc k3 f ck k1σ 2e
where;
6.7
k1
σ 2e 0.17
For a square section 2e is expressed as, σ 2e βσ 2
where;
ΣA0 f ywk sinα
σ2
s bk
bk bk 1.0
β 0.26
a s σ 2
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
where;
Aofywk sin : summation of tie forces on a section taken in
horizontal or vertical direction. The inclination of
the tie to the section taken as shown in the figure.
Section A-A
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
s : spacing of ties
bk : core dimension measured from center to
center of ties
: inclination of the tie
a : unsupported length of ties. Length is
measured between two longitudinal bars held
in place. Bars are held in place either by the
corner of ties or by cross ties
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
σ 2e
σ 2exbkx σ 2eybky
bkx bky
where;
b b 1.0
βx 0.26 kx kx 1.0 σ 2x
Aox f ywk sinα
a x s σ 2x
s bkx
bky bky 1.0
β y 0.26 1.0 σ 2y
Aoy f ywk sinα
a y s σ 2y
s b
ky
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
where:
A0x sin : summation of the cross-sectional areas of ties in x-direction
Aoy sin : summation of the cross-sectional areas of ties in y-direction
ax , ay : unsupported length of ties in x and y directions (mm)
bk : core dimension (center to center of ties (mm))
bkx , bky : core dimensions of a rectangular column (mm)
fywk : yield strength of tie (MPa)
S : tie spacing (mm
: inclination of the tie
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
The stress-strain relationship of confined concrete is expressed as a
parabola with a linear descending portion (negative slope).
Ascending portion:
1
2ε ε
2 1 2λ
σ c f cc c c f cc
εcoc εcoc
The strain corresponding to the peak stress fcc is expressed as;
k1σ 2e
εcoc εco 1 5λ where λ
k3 f ck
where, co is defined for unconfined concrete and it can be taken as 0.002.
SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL
Descending portion:
ρ
Aoxy sinα
s(bkx bky )
where;
First the confined concrete strength shall be calculated. For this purpose the
effective confining stress has to be determined.
σ2
Ao f ywk sin α
83,085
2.88 MPa
s bk 72 400
6.7 6.7
k1 6.2
σ 2e 0.17 1.540.17
k3fc=0.8523=19.5 MPa
Therefore,
A oxy
sinα 2 2 78.5sin90 0 2 78.5sin45 0 536 mm2
EXAMPLE
Therefore;
ρ
A oxy sinα
536
0.0093
s(bkx bky ) 72(400 400)
u850.0038.
ASCENDING PART:
0.5
2ε εc
2
σ c 29 c
MPa
0.0069 0.0069
29 0.85 29
σ c 29 εc 0.0069 29 320εc 0.0069 MPa
0.0069 0.0205
EXAMPLE
fcc = 29 MPa 30
fc = 23 MPa 25
20
Stress
15
10
5
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
coc = 0.0069
Strain
o = 0.002
EXAMPLE
30
25
20
Stress
15
10
5
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
Strain