USAREUR Pam 30-60-1 1973 Identification Guide, Part One Weapons and Equipment, East European Communist Armies, Volume II, Artillery

USAREUR Pame 30-60-1
HEADQUARTERS
UNITED STATES ARMY, EUROPE
AND SEVENTH ARMY
APO New York 09403
USAREUR PAM 15 January 1973

No. 30-60-1
IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
PART ONE
WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
EAST EUROPEAN COMMUNIST ARMIES
VOLUME II
ARTILLERY
HEADQUARTERS
UNITED STATES ARMY, EUROPE and SEVENTH ARMY
APO New York 09403
USAREUR Pamphlet 30-60-1, current as of 1 October 1972, is published

for information. (AEAGB-PDN, Heie Mil 8195)
FOR THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF:
OFFICIAL: R.C. CONROY

1* ~Major General, GS
7 .Chief of Staff
NOT USED
USAREUR Pam 30-60-1
FOREWORD
The purpose of this guide is to present the essential tactical,

technical and recognition data on weapons and equipment presently
employed in the armies and security forces of the Communist countries
of Eastern Europe.
Every effort has been made to make this guide comprehensive,

within the limits of an unclassified publication. Any discrepancies
noted or any information on new or modified weapons or equipment
should be forwarded to this headquarters for inclusion in future
change sheets.
Part One of this guide supersedes the weapons and armored vehicles
sections of the Identification Guide (Ordnance Equipment) Warsaw Pact
Countries, USAREUR Pam 30-60-1, Seventh Revised Edition, 31 July 1968;
and it also replaces the same section that appeared in the rescinded
(6 Oct 69) Identification Handbook, Yugoslav Army Weapons and Equip-
ment, USAREUR Pam 30-60-5, 31 March 1965.
Part Two of this guide (to be published at a future date) will
replace the truck and tractor sections of the above mentioned pub-
lications and of the Identification Guide (Engineer Equipment) Warsaw
Pact Countries, USAREUR Pam 30-60-8, Fifth Edition, 27 February 1970.
Part Three of this guide (also to be published at a future date)
will cover all other equipment, thus completing the replacement of
the older guides mentioned.
The date of information for Part One, Volume Two of the new guide
is October 1972.
HAROLD R. AARON
Brigadier General, GS
Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
INTRODUCTION volume one
METRIC ABBREVIATIONS
CONVERSION TABLES
SIGNIFICANT TECHNICAL WORDS
DEFINITIONS
NOTE ON NOMENCLATURE AND MODEL DESIGNATIONS
AMMUNITION
INFRARED DEVICES
SMALL ARMS
Soviet Pistols and Machine Pistols
Czechoslovak Pistols and Machine Pistols
Hungarian and Polish Pistols and Machine Pistols
Yugoslav Pistols
Soviet and Polish Submachineguns
Czechoslovak and Romanian Submachineguns
Yugoslav Submachineguns
Bolt Action Rifles and Carbines
Semiautomatic Rifles and Carbines
Sniper Rifles
Kalashnikov Assault Rifles
Czechoslovak and German Assault Rifles
Soviet Light Machineguns
Czechoslovak and Yugoslav Light Machineguns
General-Purpose Machi neguns
Soviet and Czechoslovak Medium Machineguns
12.7mm and 14.5mm Heavy Machineguns
GRENADES
Soviet Hand Grenades
Czechoslovak, Hungarian and Yugoslav Hand Grenades
Polish and Yugoslav Rifle Grenades
Smoke Grenades
PYROTECHNICS
Signal Pistols, Hand Launchers, Illuminating Rockets and
Related Ammunition
RECOILLESS ANTITANK WEAPONS
Antitank Grenade Launchers
Antitank Rocket Launchers
Soviet Recoilless Guns
Czechoslovak Recoilless Guns
Yugoslav Recoilless Guns and Rifles
ANTITANK GUIDED MISSILES
Antitank Guided Missiles AT-1 "SNAPPER" and AT-2 "SWATTER"
Antitank Guided Missile AT-3 "SAGGER"
MORTARS
50mm, 60mm and 81mm Mortars
82mm Mortars
107m and 120mm Mortars
160mm and 240mm Mortars
VOLUME II
ARTILLERY
FIELD AND COAST ARTILLERY CANNON ................. .......................... 9
........................ 11
Fi re Control...................
45mm and 57mm Antitank Guns..... ...................
. ......
................ .......... 27
21
76mm Field and Mountain Guns.... ...................
85mm Field Guns ................ ................ .......... 33

100mm Field Guns ...............
........... .. . .
................ ..........
....
39. .
105mm Howitzers ................ ................................... 51

l22mm Howitzers................ .......................... ".57
122mm Field Guns ............... ................ .......... 65
130mm Field and Coastal Guns....
152mm Howitzers ................ ..... . ..... . . . .".... . "
152mm Gun-Howitzers.............
155mm Howlitzers and Guns........
203mm Howitzers and Gun-Howitzers.
.............
................ ..........
. . . . ..
97 . ..
FIELD ARTILLERY ROCKET LAUNCHERS.... ......................... 103

Towed Multiround Rocket Launchers. .................... ... 105
Truck-Mounted 122mm Multiround Rocket Launchers........... ... 113
Truck-Mounted 130mm Multiround Rocket Launchers........... .. 119
Truck-Mounted 132mm and 140mm Multiround Rocket Launchers... ...125
Truck-Mounted 200mm and 250mm Multiround Rocket Launchers... ... 131
Truck and Tractor-Mounted 240mm Multiround Rocket Launchers. ...137
SURFACE-TO-SURFACE FREE ROCKETS AND GUIDED MISSILES......... *...143
Surface-to-Surface Free Rockets Over Ground .............. ..145

Surface-to-Surface Guided Ballistic Missiles ............. "..159
Surface-to-Surface Guided Cruise Missiles................. .. 165
AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY MACHINEGUNS AND CANNON ............... .. 173
Fire Control .......................................... ... 174
Rifle Caliber Antiaircraft Machineguns................... .. 177
12.7mm Antiaircraft Machineguns........................:. *...181
14.5mm Antiaircraft Heavy Machineguns.................... .. .185

20mm Automatic Antiaircraft Guns ........................ . 191 "
23mm and 30mm Automatic Antiaircraft Guns ................ ... 197

37mm and 57mm Automatic Antiaircraft Guns ................ ... 203
40mm Automatic Antiaircraft Guns ........................ ... 211
85mm and 88mm Antiaircraft Guns......................... ... 215
90mm and 94mm Antiaircraft Guns......................... ... 221
100mm and 130mm Antiaircraft Guns....................... .... 225
SURFACE-TO-AIR GUIDED MISSILES ................................. 231
Surface-To-Air Guided Missile SA-2 "GUIDELINE"..................233
Surface-To-Air Guided Missile SA-3 "GOA".......................241
Surface-To-Air Guided Missile SA-4 "GANEF". ................... 243
Surface-To-Air Guided Missile SA-6 "GAINFUL"................247
Surface-To-Air Guided Missile SA-7 "GRAIL".....................248
VOLUME III
ARMORED VEHICLES: TANKS AND SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY
ARMORED VEHICLES, GENERAL

General
Uniforms for Tank Crews
Navigation Equipment
Fire Control Equipment
Training
Crew Duties
Tank-Mounted Engineer Equipment
Water Jet Systems
Tank Guns
Other Armored Vehicle Cannon (Except Antiaircraft)
Antiaircraft Guns on Self-Propelled Mounts
Tank Machineguns
TANKS
New Tanks
Light Tanks
Medium Tanks T-34 and T-44 Series
Medium Tanks T-54 and T-55 Series
Medium Tanks T-62 Series
Medium Tanks M4 and M47 Series
Heavy Tanks JS Series
Heavy Tanks T-10 Series
ASSAULT GUNS AND SELF-PROPELLED CANNON
Airborne Assault Guns
Light and Medium Assault Guns
Heavy Assault Guns
Yugoslav Self-Propelled Cannon
Super-Heavy Self-Propelled Cannon
SELF-PROPELLED ANTIAIRCRAFT AUTOMATIC WEAPONS
Wheeled Self-Propelled Antiaircraft Automatic Weapons
Half-Track Self-Propelled Antiaircraft Automatic Weapons
Tracked Self-Propelled Antiaircraft Automatic Weapons
VOLUME IV
ARMORED VEHICLES
(SCOUT CARS, APC'S AND TANK RECOVERY VEHICLES)
ARMORED RECONNAISSANCE VEHICLES
Soviet and East German Armored Cars and Water Cannon
Yugoslav Armored Cars
Soviet Amphibious Wheeled Reconnaissance Vehicles
Hungarian Amphibious Wheeled Reconnaissance Vehicles
ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIERS. AND INFANTRY COMBAT VEHICLES
Soviet Non-Amphibious Wheeled Armored Personnel Carriers
Soviet Amphibious Wheeled Armored Personnel Carriers
Czechoslovak Amphibious Wheeled Armored Personnel Carriers
Half-Track Armored Personnel Carriers
Soviet and Czechoslovak Amphibious Tracked Armored Personnel
Carriers
Yugoslav and Chinese Communist Amphibious Tracked Armored
Personnel Carriers
Infantry Combat Vehicles
TANK RECOVERY VEHICLES
Medium Tank Recovery Vehicles T-34 Chassis
Medium Tank Recovery Vehicles T-54 and T-55 Chassis
Medium Tank Recovery Vehicles M4 Chassis
Heavy Tank Recovery Vehicles JS Chassis
NOT USED
Lb AMD c(DA67
A12VIIL T31Y
tAmmbfi
NOT USED
Surveyor's rod
Theodolite
Orientation surveyor's compass
AAX
Tripod
Carying cse
.Pivot
Illuminating equipm ent
Reconnaissance theodolite RT.--2

Periscopic artillery compass PAB-2
(aiming circle)
Bm r ' t i~L
/;;-
::-
B*
Brcomne'teecpAS
Illuminating equipment
Stereoscopic rangefinder DS-a,9

Radar meterological station RMS-1
Topographic survey vehicle GAZ-69TM

Artillery reconnaissance radar SNAR-2
Artillery and mortar position locating radar ARSOM

Equilibrators (balancing gwar)
Shield v Cradle housing recoil m,
Breech ring G
Cradle -OV Metal wheels with solid rubber tires
TYPICAL FIELD GUN

Bottom
carriage
Right trail
BarrelI
TYPICAL HEAVY GUN
Rtecuperal
buffer)
Trunnions
Top carriage g
Wheels raised
carriage clear of ground
Firing pl
122 mm CANNON
Calibers
GUN
Length of tubs 46.3 calibers
one caliber
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HOWITZER
Length of tube 22.7 calibers

_multi-baffle
(or multi-slotted)
MUZZLE BRAKES
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double baffle as on 76 mp divisional gun M1942
multi-baffle as on 152 mi gun howitzer M1937
18
HORIZONTAL SLIDING WEDGE
BREECHRING OPERATING LEVER
BREECHBLOCK
OPERATING VERTICAL SLIDING WEDGE

INTERRUPTED SCREW LEVER
OPERATING LEVER
BREECHRING
BREECHRING BREECHBLOCK I BREECHBLOCK

BREECHBLOCK
CARRIER
BREECH MECHANISM
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45 mm antitank gun M1942
57 mm antitank gun M1943 (ZIS-2)
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57 mm auxiliary-propelled antitank gun Ch-26

45mm AND 57mm ANTITANK GUNS
45mm antitank gun M1942

57mm antitank gun M1943 (ZIS-2)
57mm auxiliary-propelled antitank gun Ch-26
The 45mm antitank gun M1942, which was based on the earlier
M1932 and M1937 models, was introduced during World War II as a
stopgap weapon pending the mass production of the newly developed
57mm antitank gun. Although the 45mm gun has long since been
replaced in the armies of the Warsaw Pact countries and Yugoslavia,
it is still found in certain security forces and militia units.
The M1942 is basically the same gun as the M1937, but it has a
longer tube and a strengthened breechring to enable it to fire a
more powerful APHE round. The wheels are plain or slotted disc
instead of the earlier wire spoke type. The recoil system has a
hydraulic buffer and a spring recuperator. The breechblock is of
the semiautomatic vertical sliding wedge variety.
The 57mm antitank gun M1943 (ZIS-2) has the same tube and
recoil system as the earlier M1941, but is mounted on the improved
carriage of the 76mm divisional gun M1942 (ZIS-3). It can be
distinguished from the 76mm gun by the long thin tube and the
absence of a muzzle brake. The recoil system has a hydraulic buffer
and a hydropneumatic recuperator. The breechblock is of the semi-
automatic vertical sliding wedge type. The original shield has
often been replaced by one with a wavy top, especially for those
guns which have infrared night sighting equipment. The M1943 is also
found in Communist China where it is known as the Type 55.
The 57mm auxiliary-propelled gun Ch-26 is a shortened version

of the Ch-51M gun mounted on the ASU-57 airborne assault gun. It is
notably shorter than the M1943 and is fitted with a double baffle
muzzle brake. The ballistic performance, nevertheless, is almost
identical. The Ch-26 has a hydraulic buffer and a spring
recuperator. The breechblock is of the semiautomatic vertical
sliding wedge type. It should be noted that the.57mm auxiliary-
propelled gun differs from the 85mm SD-44 in that the engine is on
the right side of the shield and the trail wheel is in front of the
spades in the auxiliary travel position. Infrared night sighting
equipment is standard.
The ammunition for the various 57mm antitank guns and the guns
on the ASU-57 is interchangeable, but not with that of the various
57mm antiaircraft guns.
Ml 942 M1943 Ch-26*
Caliber mm 45 57 57
Length of tube in cals 68 73 66
Length of tube overall mm 3087 4160 4070
Weight in firing position kg 570 1150 1250
Weight in travel position kg 570 1150 1250
Length in travel position mm 4885 6795 6112
Width in travel position mm 1634 1700 1800
Height in travel position mm 1200 1370 1220
Track mm 1400 1400 1400
Clearance mm 254 315 225
Tire size mm 6.50x20
Height of axis of bore 00 701 875 740
Elevation +25 +25 +15
Depression -8 -5 -5
Traverse 60 56 56
Rate of fire rpm 25-30 25 12
Projectile weight: HE kg 2.1 2.8 2.8
APH E kg 1.4 3.1 3.1
HVAP kg 0.9 1.8 1.8
Muzzle velocity: HE m/s 343 706 685
APHE m/s 820 990 970
HVAP m/s 1070 1270 1240
Maximum range m 4400 8400 6700**
Pointblank range: APHE m 1000 1150 1100
2m high target HVAP m 1250 1200
Armor penetration: APHE mm 61 106 106
00 /500m HVAP mm 66 140 140
Crew 6 7 5
Unit of fire rds 200 200 120
*The Ch-26 has an auxiliary propulsion unit consisting of one M-72

two-cylinder 14 HP gasoline engine. It is capable of a top speed of
40 km/h. The fuel supply is kept in the hollow trails.
**limited by carriage elevation
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76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZIS-3)
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76 mm mountain gun M1966

76mm FIELD AND MOUNTAIN GUNS
76mm divisional gun M1942 (ZIS-3)

76mm mountain gun M1966
76mm mountain gun M-48 (B-l)
76mm mountain gun M-48 (B-1AI-I)
76mm mountain gun M-48 (B-1A2)
76mm mountain gun M-48 (B-2)
The 76mm divisional gun M1942 (ZIS-3) is the last of a long line
of Russian and Soviet 76mm field guns which was originally introduced
at the turn of the century. These guns, in turn, formed the basis on
which the main armament of the KV-1 heavy, the T-34 (76) medium, and
the PT-76 light amphibious tanks was developed. All of these pieces
used the same basic fixed ammunition.
The M1942 has been replaced in most line units, but is still
encountered in security and militia forces and in a training role.
Using the same carriage as the 57mm antitank gun M1943 (ZIS-2), it
can be recognized by the shorter tube and the double-baffle muzzle
brake. The recoil system located both above and below the tube
features a hydraulic buffer and a hydropneumatic recuperator. The
breechblock is of the semiautomatic vertical sliding wedge type.
Minor differences may be encountered in certain M1942's depending
on the year of manufacture. The gun is known in Communist China as
the Type 54.
The 76mm mountain guns have an equally long history in the
Russian and Soviet armies. The 76mm mountain gun M1966 is the latest
model, replacing the pre-World War II M1938. The mountain guns fire
fixed ammunition which is related to the field and tank ammunition,
but is not interchangeable. The guns themselves can be towed either
by motor vehicle or animals, or can be broken down into several
loads for pack animals.
The Yugoslav 76mm mountain gun M-48, also known as the "Tito
gun", is one of several artillery pieces produced in Yugoslavia.
Although primarily designed as a mountain gun, the M-48 also serves
as a light field piece. There are four variants, the B-1, the
B-IAI-I, the B-1A2, and the B-2. The B-1 has pneumatic tires and
can be towed either by a motor vehicle at speeds up to 60 km/h or
by animals in tandem, or broken down into eight pack loads. The
B-1A2 has light alloy wheels with solid rubber tires, and minor
suspension modifications. Its towing speed is only 30 km/h. The
B-IAl-I has the pneumatic tires and wheels of the B-1, plus some
of the suspension features of the B-1A2. It is strictly a field
piece and is not suitable for either tandem animal towing or pack
transport. The B-2 is a new variant about which little is known.
All models of the M-48 gun have the same semiautomatic sliding wedge
breechblock, hydraulic recoil system, folding split trails, and
multi-baffle muzzle brake. The ammunition is based on that of the
Soviet 76mmn regimental gun M1927, but is semifixed instead of fixed.
M1942 M-48 (B-1)
Caliber mm 76.2 76.2

Length of tube in cals 42 15.6
Length of tube overall mm 3455 1178*
Weight in firing position kg 1116 720
Weight in travel position kg 1116 720**
Length in travel position mm 6095 2420
Width in travel position mm 1645 1460
Height in travel position mm 1375 1220
Track mm 1400 1300
Clearance mm 360 180
Tire size 6.50x20 6.00x16
Height of axis of bore 0 ° mm 900 730
Elevation 0 +37 +45
Depression 0 -5 -15
Traverse 0 54 50
Rate of fire rpm 15-20 25
Projectile weight: HE kg 6.2 6.2
APHE kg 6.5 ---
HVAP kg 3.1 ---
HEAT kg 4.0 5.1
Muzzle velocity: HE m/s 680 398
APHE m/s 655 ---
HVAP m/s 965
HEAT m/s 325
Maximum range m 13290 8750
Pointblank range: APHE m 820 ---
2m high target HVAP m 1000 ---
HEAT m 500 450
Armor penetration: APHE mm 69 ---
00 /500m HVAP mm 92 ---
0° /any range HEAT mm 120 100
Crew 7 6
Unit of fire rds 140 70
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76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZIS-3)
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76 mm mountain gun M-48 (B-1)
76 mm mountain gun M-48 (B-lA2)

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76 mm mountain gun M-48 (B-i)

85 mm auxiliary-propelled field gun SD-44
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85 mm divisional gun D-44
85 mm field gun M52
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85mm FIELD GUNS
85mm divisional gun D-44

85mm divisional gun D-44-N
85mm auxiliary-propelled field gun SD-44
85mm field gun M52
85mm gield gun M52/55
The Soviet 85mm field guns are all adaptations of the main
armament of the T-34(85) tank to a towed carriage. They are
ballistically identical to the tank and assault guns and the 85mm
antiaircraft gun M1939 (KS-12) from which they were ultimately
developed. Like the armored vehicle guns, the 85mm field pieces have
a hydraulic recoil buffer and a hydropneumatic recuperator. The
breechblock is of the semiautomatic vertical sliding wedge type. In
contrast to most 85mm armored vehicle guns the field pieces have a
double-baffle muzzle brake.
The 85mm D-44, developed toward the end of World War II,
replaced the 76mm divisional guns in the immediate postwar period.
The auxiliary-propelled SD-44 was used as the regimental antitank
gun in many armies until replaced by other weapons. However, both
guns are still used in many Warsaw Pact countries both as field
pieces and specialized antitank weapons. Other countries too have
received these weapons. Care must be taken to distinguish these
Soviet 85mm guns from the various 100mm guns and from both the 85mm
and 100mm Czechoslovak field guns. The Soviet guns in 85mm caliber
all have tubular trails. The D-44 is also found in Communist China
where it is known as the Type 56.
In contrast to the smaller 57mm auxiliary-propelled antitank
gun the larger SD-44 has its propulsion engine mounted on the left
trail, while the right trail carries the ready ammunition. The trail
wheel (used for steering) is behind the spades in the travel position.
A further recognition feature of the SD-44 is the presence of the
two-part folded rammer staff on either side of the front of the
shield.
The Czechoslovak 85mm field gun M52, and its slightly modified
version the M52/55, fire the same ammunition as the Soviet guns, but
they differ in appearance and design details. Within the Warsaw Pact
the only country to use this gun outside of Czechoslovakia is East
Germany. Recently the Austrian Army has ,acquired a large number of
the M52 guns for home defense antitank roles. Like the Soviet gun
the M52 has a hydraulic recoil buffer and a hydropneumatic
recuperator. The breechblock is also of the semiautomatic vertical
sliding wedge type. Care must be taken to distinguish the M52 from
the very similar appearing Czechoslovak 100mm field gun M53.
All of these 85mm guns may come equipped with infrared night
sighting equipment. When so modified the D-44 is then known as the
D-44-N.
D-44 SD-44* M52 (M52/55)

Caliber mm 85 85 85
Length of tube in cals 52 52 56.2
Weight in firing position kg 1725 2250 2095 (2111)
Weight in travel position kg 1725 2250 2130 (2168)
Track mm 1434 1434 1630
Tire size 6.50x20 6.25x20 8.25x20
Height of axis of bore 0 ° mm 825 825 1135
Elevation o +35 +35 +38
Depression o -7 -7 -6
Traverse ° 54 54 60
Rate of fire rpm 15-20 10-15 20
APHE kg 9.3 9.3 9.3
VAP kg 5.0 5.0 5.0
APH E m/s 792 792 820
HVAP m/s 1030 1030 1070
Maximum range m 15650 15650 16160
Pointblank range: APHE m 950 950 925
2m high target HVAP m 1150 1150 1150
00 /1000m .HVAP mm 130 130 115
Crew 8 7 7
*The SD-44 has an auxiliary-propulsion unit consisting of one 14 HP
two-cylinder M-72 gasoline engine. It is capable of a top speed of
25 Km/h and can climb a 25° slope. The fuel supply is stored in the
:hollow trails.
85 mm divisional gun 0-44
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85 mm divisional gun 0-44-N
85 mm auxiliary-propelled field gun SD-44

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100 mm field gun M1944(BS-3)
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100mm FIELD GUNS
100mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)

100mm field gun M1955
100mm antitank gun T-12
100mm field gun M53
The 100mm field gun M1944 (BS-3) is a dual-purpose field and
antitank weapon which made its appearance towards the end of World
War II. Developed originally from a Soviet naval gun, the M1944
fires the same ammunition as do the other 100mm rifled guns mounted
on field and antiaircraft carriages, tanks and self-propelled mounts.
It can be distinguished from other 100mm field guns by the dual
tires on the carriage wheels. Although it resembles the Czechoslovak
M53, it is lower in silhouette. The recoil system has a hydraulic
buffer and a hydropneumatic recuperator. The breechblock is of the
semiautomatic vertical sliding wedge type. A number of Warsaw Pact
and non-Warsaw Pact armies have employed this gun in the past
decades.
The Czechoslovak 100mm field gun M53 was a national development

designed to fire the same ammunition as the Soviet 100mm rifled guns.
It can be distinguished from the Soviet M1944 by the single tires on
the carriage wheels and the different shield. Care, however, must be
taken to distinguish the M53 from the very similar appearing
Czechoslovak 85mm M52 which has a wavy top shield. The recoil system
of the M53 is similar to that of the 1944, but the breechblock has a
horizontal sliding wedge.
Both the M1944 and the M53 are often equipped with a large-
diameter infrared searchlight and an infrared night-sighting device.
The model used on the Czechoslovak gun is the APN-3-5. The M1944 has
been superseded largely by the newer M1955 and T-12 guns, but the
M53 is still used in the Czechoslovak Army, although not elsewhere.
M1 944 M53
Caliber mm 100 100
Length of tube .overall mm 6069 6735
Weight in travel position kg 3650 4420
Track mm 1800 1980
Tire size 6.50x20 11.00x22
Elevation ° +45 +42
Depression 0 -5 -6
Traverse ° 58 60
Rate of fire rpm 8-10 8-10
APHE kg 15.9 15.9
HEAT kg 12.2 12.2
APHE m/s 1000 955
HEAT m/s 900 995
Pointblank range: APHE m 1080 1230
2m high target HEAT m 1000 1070
Armor penetration: APHE mm 185 170
00/1000 m-any rg HEAT mm 380 380
Crew 6 6
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100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)
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100 mm antitank gun T-12

100mm FIELD GUNS (cont)
The rifled 100mm field gun M1955 was the first of two very
similar appearing post-World War II antitank guns to be used by
the Soviet Army. Although it fires the same ammunition as do the
other 100mm rifled guns, the piece is lighter in weight than either
the Soviet M1944 or the Czechoslovak M53. For all practical purposes
the M1955 is a 100mm tank gun placed on a field carriage and provided
with a multi-perforated muzzle brake. Care must be taken to
distinguish the M1955 from both the 85mm D-44 and the 100mm T-12.
The D-44 has tubular trails, a somewhat differently shaped shield,
and recoil cylinders located on the top of the breechring. It also
has a double-baffle muzzle brake. The T-12 is most easily recognized
by the smaller-size muzzle brake.
The smoothbore 100mm antitank gun T-12 is the newest Soviet
100mm gun. It fires fin-stabilized, non-rotating projectiles
resembling those of the 115mm gun of the T-62 tank. Due to its
limited maximum carriage elevation the T-12 can be used as a normal
field piece only under limited circumstances. Although it closely
resembles the M1955 it can be distinguished by the larger breechring,
the somewhat differently shaped shield and the smaller-diameter
muzzle brake.
Like earlier weapons both the M1955 and the T-12 are frequently
fitted with infrared night sighting equipment.
M1955 T-12
Caliber mm 100 100

Length of tube in cals 56 63
Length of tube overall mm 6126 8484
Track mm 1200 1585
Tire size 6.50x20 6.50x20
Elevation ° +20 +20
Depression o -10 -10
Traverse ° 27 27
Rate of fire rpm 7 10
Projectile weight: HE kg 15.7 ---
APHE kg 15.9 ---
APDS kg 5.5
HEAT kg 12.2 9.5
Muzzle velocity: HE m/s 900 ---
APHE m/s 1000 ---
APDS m/s 1500
HEAT m/s 900 900
Pointblank range: APHE m 1080 ---
2m high target APDS m
HEAT m 1000 1000
Armor penetration: APHE mm 185 ---
00 /1000m APDS mm
0° /any range HEAT mm 380
Crew 6 6
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105 mm howitzer M2A1
105 mm howitzer M18/49
105 mm howitzer M-56

105mm HOWITZERS
105mm howitzer M2A1

105mm howitzer M18
105mm howitzer M18M
105mm howitzer M18/40
105mm howitzer M-56
Three different 105mm howitzers are employed by the Yugoslav

Army. One is a United States model, the second a German World
War II model, and the third a Yugoslav-produced weapon. In addition
a variant of the German howitzer has been produced in Czechoslovakia.
The United States 105mm howitzer M2A1 was the standard light
field howitzer of the United States Army during World War II. It
is still used in some US artillery units and is known as the M102.
The M2Al has a split-trail carriage (box section) with pneumatic
tires. The piece has a hand-operated horizontal sliding wedge
breechblock and a hydropneumatic recoil system. It fires semifixed
ammunition. The same basic artillery piece is also mounted on the
M7 and M7B1 self-propelled carriages which are also used in the
Yugoslav army.
The German 105mm howitzers M18 series, which are used by the
Yugoslav Army, are all basically the same piece, but differ in
detail. All have hand-operated horizontal sliding wedge breechblocks,
hydraulic recoil buffers, and hydropneumatic recuperators. The M18
and M18M employ a box-section,split-trail carriage with either
pressed alloy disc wheels or spoked wheels fitted with solid rubber
tires. The M18M has a double-baffle muzzle brake permitting firing
of ammunition with a greater maximum range than that of the M18. The
M18/40, which was the standard German light field howitzer during
the latter part of the war, consists of the tube, cradle, and recoil
system of the M18 mounted on a modified tubular section split-trail
carriage of the German 75mm antitank gun M40. An improved double-
baffle muzzle brake and somewhat larger wheels were also fitted. The
result was a lighter piece with the range performance of the M18M.
It formed the basis of the two postwar models. The ammunition for
these German howitzers was of the separate-loading case type in
contrast to the semifixed rounds of the United States cannon.
The Czechoslovak-produced 105mm howitzer M18/49 is essentially

a German M18/40, although the wheels differ. It was once used in
line units, but today is found only in the training role.
The Yugoslav-designed 105mm howitzer M-56 in many ways resembles
the German M18/40, however, it fires semifixed ammunition of United
States pattern rather than the separate loading case-type of the
German howitzers. The HEAT round, however, is fixed. The M-56 has
a horizontal sliding wedge breechblock, a hydraulic recoil buffer, a
hydropneumatic recuperator, and is fitted with a multi-baffle muzzle
brake. It is mounted on a tubular section split-trail carriage
fitted with a large slanting shield. The normal carriage has pressed
alloy disc wheels fitted with solid rubber tires, but some pieces
have appeared with the wheels and pneumatic tires of the United
States M2A1 howitzer.
M2A1 M18 M18/40 M-56

Caliber mm 105 104.9 104.9 105
Length of tube in cals 24.5 28 28 27.9
Length of tube overall mm 2574 2941 3308 3480
Weight in firing position kg 1920 1985 1800 2060
Weight in travel position kg 2261 1985 1800 2100
Length in travel position mm 5991 6100 6150 6170
Width in travel position mm 2146 1977 2110 2150
Height in travel position mm 1575 1880 1830 1560
Track mm 1985 1562 1800 1800
Clearance mm 356 368 300 335
Tire size 9.00x20
Height of axis of bore 0 ° mm 1300 1181 1280 1130
a
Elevation +66.2 +42 +42 +68
Depression -4.5 -5 -5 -12
Traverse 46 56 56 52
Rate of fire rpm 8 6-8 6-8 16
Projectile weight: HE kg 15.0 14.8 14.8 15.0
HEAT kg 13.6 1---
13.3
Muzzle velocity: HE m/s 473 470 540 570
HEAT m/s 381 395
Maximum range m 11155 10675 12325 13000
Pointblank range: HEAT m 500 ---
2m high target
Armor penetration: HEAT mm 102 100
0°/any range
Crew 8 6
Unit of fire rds 100 100 100 100
3?
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SLEI ASSEMBLY
LEFT AUXILIARY SHIELD
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105 mm howitzer M2A1

105 mm howitzer M18
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122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)
122 mm howitzer 0-30

122mm HOWITZERS
122mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)

122mm howitzer D-30
The 122mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) was introduced into the Soviet
Army shortly before World War II to replace the obsolescent World
War I models. After the war the M1938 became the standard divisional
howitzer of the other Warsaw Pact armies and was introduced into the
Yugoslav Army. It also was sold to armies in other parts of the
world. The M1938 is mounted on a box-section, split-trail carriage
fitted with a shield. The recoil system consists of a hydraulic
buffer above the tube, and a hydropneumatic recuperator below it.
The breechblock is a hinged screw type. Care must be taken to
distinguish the M1938 from the 152mm howitzer M1943 (0-1) which uses
the same basic carriage. The larger weapon can be recognized by the
thicker tube and the presence of a large double-baffle muzzle brake.
In recent years modified disc wheels have been fitted to the

122mm howitzers in the Bulgarian Army, but the sponge rubber filled
tires of the Soviet howitzers have been retained. On the other hand
the East German forces have developed a new wheel with a pneumatic
tire for higher towing speed. The East German modification results
in a reduction of the overall height of the piece in travel position
to 1735mm and of the height of the axis of the bore at 0 degrees
elevation to 1185mm. In Communist China the M1938 is known as the
Type 54.
The 122mm howitzer D0-30 is a more modern weapon introduced in

the early 1960s. It has a three-trail carriage which permits all-
around traverse. The weapon is towed muzzle first by a large
lunette which was originally fixed to the muzzle brake, but now is
placed just behind it. When the D-30 is placed in firing position
the crew lowers the central firing jack, the wheels are raised off
the ground, and the two outer trails are spread 120 degrees each
into firing position. Other distinctive features are the small
shield, the conspicious recoil system entirely above the tube, and
the multibaffle muzzle brake. In contrast to the earlier howitzer
the D-30 has a semiautomatic vertical sliding wedge breechblock.
Both howitzers fire variable-charge, case-type, separate-loading

ammunition. Although some of the projectiles are interchangeable,
the cases differ in length, thus providing the D-30 with a larger
maximum propelling charge. Of great significance is the provision
of a special non-rotating, fin-stabilized HEAT projectile for the
D-30.
M1938 D-30
Caliber mm 121.92 121.92
Length of tube in cals 22.7 35.5
Track mm 1600 1850
Clearance mm 330 325-345
Tire size 11.80x35 9.00x20
Elevation 0 +63.5 +70
Depression 0 -3 -7
Traverse 0 49 360
HEAT kg 13.3 14.1
HEAT m/s 335 740
Pointblank range: HEAT m 630 800
2m high target
Armor penetration: HEAT mm 200 460
0° /any range
Crew 8 7
;j
122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) with Bulgarian wheels
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122 mm corps gun M1931/37 (A-19)
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122 mm field gun 0-74
122mm FIELD GUNS
122mm corps gun M1931/37 (A-19)
122mm field gun D-74
The 122mm corps gun M1931/37 (A-19) was developed just prior to
World War II by placing the tube and recoil system of the M1931 gun
on an improved carriage which permitted greater tube elevation. The
new carriage can be identified by the backward slant of the small
shield and of the large equilibrators. Both carriages have box-
section split trails, and in travel position the tube is withdrawn
from battery. Originally spoked wheels with hard rubber tires were
employed, but since World War II dual disc wheels with sponge-rubber
filled tires became standard. The recoil system for both guns is
located below the tube and consists of a hydraulic buffer and a
hydropneumatic recuperator. The breechblock is of the hinged-screw
type. Since the same carriage is used for the 152mm gun-howitzer
M1937 (ML-20) care must be taken to distinguish the M1931/37. This
can be done by noting the long, thin tube without muzzle brake in
the case of the 122mm gun.
A slightly modified version of this gun, the M1931/44(A-195) was
mounted on the early JSU-122 assault guns. Later JSU-122's were
armed with a variant of the 122mm tank gun which had been developed
from the field piece. The M1931/37 is rarely encountered today,
having been replaced by more modern and powerful guns.
Replacement of the 122mm corps gun began in the early 1950s
with the introduction of the 122mm field gun D-74 and the 130mm
field gun M-46. The D-74, which was first displayed in public in
Moscow on 1 May 1955, is a lighter and more powerful gun than the
M1931/37 and has a greater rate of fire. Its carriage is identical
to that of the 152mm gun-howitzer D-20, however the D-74 can be
distinguished by the thinner tube and smaller muzzle brake. In
contrast to the earlier models, the D-74 remains in battery when in
the travel position. Also it has its recoil system above the tube
and uses a semiautomatic vertical sliding wedge breechblock. A
distinctive feature of this carriage is the presence of a circular
firing jack which allows shifting of the (gnthrough a 360-degree
arc without changing the firing position.
The ammunition for both 122mm guns is of the variable-charge,

case-type, designed for separate loading. It is not interchangeable
due to the different projectile design and the larger bottlenecked
case of the D-74.
M1931/37 D-74
Caliber mm 121.92 121.92

Length of tube in cals 46.3 47
Track mm 1900 2030
Tire size 12.50x20 12.00x20
Height of axis of bore 00 mm 1437 1668
Elevation 0 +65 +45
Depression 0 -2 -5
Traverse o 58 58
APHE kg 25.0 25.0
APHE m/s 800 885
2m high target
0°/1O00m
Crew 8 10
122 mm corps gun
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130 mm coastal gun SM-4-1

130mm FIELD AND COASTAL GUNS
130mm field gun M-46

130mm coastal gun SM-4-1
During the early 1950s the 130mm field gun M-46 was introduced
as one of the replacements for the older 122mm corns gun. Although
heavier than the corps gun, the M-46 has a greater range, armor
penetration, and fires a much heavier shell. This field piece,
which was first shown in public on 1 May 1954, is the largest field
gun (in contrast to howitzers) normally found in the Soviet ground
forces.
Although the M-46 bears superficial resemblance to many other

Soviet field pieces, the combination of features is distinctive. It
has a manually-operated horizontal sliding wedge breechblock and
fires case-type, variable-charge, separate-loading ammunition. The
recoil system has a hydraulic buffer and a hydropneumatic recuperator.
When in travel position the tube is withdrawn from battery. Large
sponge-filled rubber tires are used on the carriage. The M-46 is
found in the East German Army as well as in the Soviet forces, and
has been exported to a number of non-Communist countries.
The 130mm coastal gun SM-4-1 is a mobile piece designed after

World War II on the basis of a German 150mm model. It is basically
a 130mm naval gun placed on a mobile land carriage permitting 360
degree traverse. Normally it is emnloyed in batteries with radar
fire control. Although the SM-4-1 resembles a large-caliber
antiaircraft gun, it can be distinguished by its large shield and
unique muzzle brake.
The ammunition for the various 130mm guns (field, coastal and
antiaircraft) is not interchangeable.
M-46 SM-4-1
Caliber mm 130 130

Length of tube in cals 55 55*
Weight in travel position kg 8450
Track mm 2060
Tire size 13.50x380 10.50x20
0
Elevation +45 +45
0
Depression -2.5 -5
0
Traverse 50 360
APH E kg 33.6 33.6
APHE m/s 930 1050
Pointblank range: APHE m 1170
2m high target
0/1000m
Crew 9
Unit of fire rds
*referred to as the 130/58 in the Soviet Navy, which includes the

muzzle brake in the length formula
130
fied m gu M-4
73/
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130 mm coastal gun SM-4-1
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152 mm howitzer M1943 (-1)
152 mm howitzer M18/46
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152mm HOWITZERS
152mm howitzer M1938 (M-10)

152mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)
Shortly before the outbreak of World War II,the Soviet Army

received a new 152mm howitzer designed to replace the older pre-
World War I models still in use. The new M1938 was mounted on a
rather heavy box-section,split-trail carriage which was similar to
that of the 107mm corps gun M1940 (M-60),which came into service
slightly later. The M1938 proved to be a fine piece ballistically,
but the heavy carriage was a tactical handicap. As a resultin 1943
the tube was mounted on a new carriage. The M1938 recoil system
consisted of a hydraulic buffer and a hydropneumatic recunerator,
both located below the tube. In common with other Soviet medium-
caliber field pieces of the day the M1938 had a hinged screw-type
breechblock.
The new carriage chosen for the 1952mm howitzer was that of the
122mm howitzer M1938 (M-30). It was strengthenedand the tube of
the 152mm howitzer was fitted with a large double-baffle muzzle
brake. The resulting combination was dubbed the 152mm howitzer M1943
(D-1). The change resulted in a saving of 550 kg weight in the firing
position and the elimination of the limber. Today the M1943 is still
standard, although the older M1938 is found in the Romanian Army.
The 152mm howitzer M18/46 is a German World War II 150mm heavy

field howitzer (15 cm sFH 18) modified to fire Soviet 152mm howitzer
ammunition. At the end of the war large numbers of these German
weapons were found in Czechoslovakia and when the Czechoslovak Army
decided to standardize their equipment on Soviet ammunition the
German pieces were modified. The M18/46 has a hydraulic recoil
buffer, a hydropneumatic recuperator, and a manually-operated
horizontal sliding wedge breechblock. Although no longer used in
line units, the M18/46 is still held in war reserve and training
units.
The ammunition for all of these 152mm howitzers is identical.

It is of the variable-charge, case-type, separate-loading design.
M1938 M1943 M18/46
Caliber mm 152.4 152.4 152.4
Length of tube in cals 24.5 24.5 29
Weight in travel position kg 4550 3640 6304
Track mm 1655 1800
Tire size 1180x35
0
Elevation +65 +63.5 +45
0
Depression -1 -3 0
0
Traverse 50 35 60
Rate of fire rpm 4 3-4 4
SemiAP* kg 51.1 51.1 51.1
SemiAP m/s 432 432 432
Maximum range m 12400 12400 12400
Pointblank range: SemiAP m 510 510 510
2m high target
Armor penetration: SemiAP mm 82 82 82
00 /500m
Crew 7
Unit of fire rds 60
*Naval projectile with larger HE burster than in normal APHE.

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152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)

152 mm gun-howitzer M1937 (ML-20)
152 mm gun-howitzer D-20

152mm GUN-HOWITZERS
152mm gun-howitzer M1937 (ML-30)

152mm gun-howitzer D-20
The Soviet 152mm gun-howitzer M1937 (ML-20) was the principal

cannon used for counter battery, long-range interdiction and
destruction fires during World War II. The weapon is the last of a
long line of improved versions of a basic piece of French design
which was introduced into the Imperial Russian Army in 1910.
Following some minor carriage improvements in 1930, the Soviets
placed the 152mm tube on the new carriage of the 122mm corps gun
M1931, which resulted in the new designation of 152mm gun M1910/34.
Some of these weapons continued in use until the 1960s. They can
be distinguished from the later M1937 by the forward slope of the
shield and the equilibrators. The primary practical difference is
the limitation of the maximum elevation of the M1910/34 to 45
degrees.
The M1937 resulted from carriage improvements which gave the

piece a greater maximum elevation. These improvements were also
incorporated in the 122mm corps gun carriage. A further version of
the M1937 is the main armament of the JSU-152, the 152mm gun
M1937/43 (ML-20S). All of these weapons have hydraulic recoil
buffers, hydropneumatic recuperators, and hinged screw-type
breechblocks.
The M1937 is still used in many countries, but has been replaced
in first-line Soviet units by the improved post-World War II, 152mm
gun-howitzer D-20. This weapon, which was first displayed in public
in Moscow on 1 May 1955, is a lighter and more powerful piece than
the M1937. Its carriage and recoil system are identical to those
of the 122mm field gun D-74, however the D-20 can be distinguished by
the thicker tube and the much larger size double-baffle muzzle brake.
Both pieces fire similar, but not interchangeable case-type,

variable-charge, separate-loading ammunition.
M1 937 D-20
Caliber mm 152.4 152.4

Track mm 1900 2030
Tire size 12.50x20 12.00x20
Elevation 0 +65 +63
Depression 0 -2 -5
Traverse 0 58 58
APHE kg 48.8 48.8
APHE m/s 600 700
2m high target
00/10 00m
Crew 9 10
towed by AT-S

7 N
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152 mm gun-howitzer 0-20

155 mm howitzer M1
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155 mm gun M2
155mm HOWITZERS AND GUNS
155mm howitzer M1
155mm howitzer M-65
155mm gun M2
The Yugoslav Army uses United States towed 155mm howitzers and
guns of World War II vintage. In addition it also produces a copy of
the United States 155mm howitzer. This weapon, known as the M-65, is
almost identical in appearance, but is lighter in weight.
The 155mm howitzer M1 has a box-section, split-trail carriage
equipped with pneumatic tires. The recoil system is hydropneumatic,
and the breechblock uses the interrupted screw system. In firing
position the weapon rests on a firing jack giving it three-point
suspension. The distinctive appearance of this weapon makes it easy
to distinguish from other artillery pieces used in Yugoslavia.
The 155mm gun M2 is mounted on the same carriage as is the
United States 203mm (8 inch) howitzer M2, which is also found in the
Yugoslav Army. At the front of the carriage a bogie is provided
which can be lowered for travelling or raised to rest the carriage
on the ground when the piece is emplaced for firing. In travel
the carriage is placed on a heavy limber, or it can be towed semi-
trailed. When emplaced, removable spades are installed on the rear
of the box-section split trail. Like the other 155mm weapons, the
M2 has an interrupted screw-type breech and a hydropneumatic recoil
system.
All of these 155mm cannon use bag-type, variable-charge,
separate-loading ammunition.
Howitzer Gun
Ml* M2**
Caliber mm 155 155

Length of tube in cals 24.5 45.3
Weight in travel position kq 5766 13665
Track mm 2144 1890
Tire size 14.00x20 11.00x20
Elevation 0 +63 +63.3
Depression 0 -2 -1.8
Traverse 0 48.7 60
Projectile weight: HE kg 41 43.4
AP kg --- 45.4
AP m/s --- 854
Maximum range: HE m 14948 22005
Pointblank range: AP m ---
2m high target
Armor penetration: AP mm
00/1 000m
Crew 10 13
Unit of fire rds 60
*on carriage MIAl

**on carriage Ml
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203 mm howitzer M2
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203mm HOWITZERS AND GUN-HOWITZERS
203mm howitzer M2
203mm howitzer M1931 (B-4)
203mm howitzer M1931 (M)
203mm gun-howitzer M1955
The United States eight inch (203mm) howitzer M2 is the largest

caliber artillery piece employed in the Yugoslav Army. The carriage
for this cannon is the same as that used by the United States 155mm
-gunM2,which is also found in Yugoslavia, The recoil system and
breechblock are also of the same type as those used for the 155mm
gun. The ammunition is of the bag-type, variable-charge, separate-
loading variety.
The Soviet 203mm howitzer M1931 (B-4) is a rather old weapon

which was the most widely used heavy artillery piece of the Soviet
Army during World War II. Along with the less common 152mm gun
M1935 (BR-2) and the 280mm howitzer M1939 (BR-5), it used a common
full-track (but not self-propelled) carriage in firing position and
for short moves. For longer moves the tube was removed and
transported on a separate four-wheel tube transporter. The original
203mm howitzer M1931 was only 22 calibers long, but later models
were increased to 25 calibers. The weapon has a hydraulic recoil
buffer, a hydropneumatic recuperator, and a screw-type breechblock.
The ammunition is of the bag-type, variable-charge, separate-loading
variety.
After World War II the Soviets modified the M1931,replacing the

tracked carriage with a large four-wheeled carriage which permits
long moves without the use of a tube transporter. In firing position
the wheels are raised,and the weapon rests on a firing platform. The
modified howitzer, however, continues to use the box trail of the
older model.
The 203mm gun-howitzer M1955 is the largest of Soviet post-

World War II artillery pieces on towed mounts. Light in weight,
and mobile for its caliber, the M1955 combines the advantages of both
a gun and a howitzer. In addition to firing conventional high-
explosive and concrete-piercing projectiles, the M1955 may have the
capability for firing rounds with nuclear warheads. The M1955 has a
carriage with box-section split trails and large dual tires filled
with sponge rubber. In transport the tube is withdrawn from battery.
The piece has a screw-type breechblock and is fitted with a large
multi-perforated muzzle brake. The ammunition is of the bag-type,
variable-charge, separate-loading variety. The normal prime mover is
the AT-T heavy tracked artillery tractor.
M2* M1931 M1955
Caliber mm 203.2 203.2 203.2

Length of tube in cals 25.3 25 40
**
Weight in travel position kg 14528
Length in travel position mm 10972 11151*** 10485
Width in travel position mm 2539 2710 *** 2996
Height in travel position mm 2743 2500*** 2621
Track mm 1890 1893*** 2195
Clearance mm 318 330*** 400
Tire size 11.00x20
Height of axis of bore 0° mm 2380 1920 1990
Depression 0 -2 0 -2
Traverse 0 60 8 44
Rate of fire rpm 1 0.5
Projectile weight: HE kg 90.8 98.8 102
Maximum range: HE m 16918 18025 29250
Crew 13
Unit of fire rds
*on carriage M1 and limber M5

**in normal travel configuration--Type 2 transporter
tube transporter with tube 10620 kg
carriage without tube w/trail limber 13290 kg
in short move configuration w/trail limber 19000 kg
*** in short move configuration
k:BE DLM
EQUILIRATORASSEMBLIES
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~
3mf ~
I:
,-
140 mm rocket launcher (16-round) RPU-14
104
TOWED MULTIROUND ROCKET LAUNCHERS
107mm rocket launcher (12-round) Type 63

128mm rocket launcher (32-round) M-63
140mm rocket launcher (8-round) WP-8
140mm rocket launcher (16-round) RPU-14
Four different towed multiround rocket launchers are employed
by the East European Communist armies. The smallest caliber weapon
is the Chinese Communist 107mm Type 63 which is used by the Albanian
Army. This weapon, which has been encountered in South Vietnam,
can be towed, broken down into packloads, or mounted on vehicles as
it has been in Albania. The rocket is spin stabilized.
The next largest weapon is the Yugoslav 128mm M-63, which is a
slightly modified version of the Czechoslovak 130mm M51 placed on a
split-trail towed carriage. This rocket too is spin stabilized.
The two towed 140mm rocket launchers were both designed for
employment with airborne troops. They both fire the same spin-
stabilized rockets as do the Soviet BM-14 truck-mounted launchers.
The 8-round WP-8 is a Polish development which is used solely in that
country. The 16-round RPU-14 has appeared only with Soviet troops.
105
107mm 128mm 140mm 140mm
Type 63 M-63 WP-8 RPU-14
Launcher
Number of rounds 12 32 8 16
Weight in firing position kg 602* 1395 370 1200
Weight in travel position kg
Width in travel position mm 1651* 1634 1634 1800
Height in travel position mm 921 1278 1200 1600
Track mm 1400 1450
Tire size 5.00x16 8.25x20 6.50x20
Elevation: maximum +57 +48 +45 +45
minimum -3 0 0 0
Traverse 32 30 30 30
Time to reload mi n 3 3 2 4
Crew 3-5 5 5
Rocket
Caliber mm 106.7 128 140 140
Length mm 837 800 1085 1085
Weigh t kg 19 23 39.6 39.6
Maximum velocity m/s 385 420 400 400
Maximum range m 8050 9600 9810 9810
Unit of fire rds
* With wheeled carriage. Pack version without wheels weighs 281 kg.
106
ii~ig,*
'"-~ ~_"~~
# ft
107 mm rocket launcher (12-round) Type 63
107
128 mm rocket launcher (32-round) M-63
Oi
"" « < 4
108
140 mm rocket launcher (8-round) WP-8
109
110
111
122 mm rocket launcher (40-round) BM-21
122nn rocket launcher (40-round) M1972
4 -4
- - - I
t 1 '
112
TRUCK-MOUNTED 122mm MULTIROUND ROCKET LAUNCHERS
122mm rocket launcher (40-round) BM-21

122mm rocket launcher (40-round) M1972
The BM-21, which first appeared on the 7 November 1964 parade
in Moscow, is the most modern truck-mounted multiround rocket
launcher used in the Warsaw Pact armies. Although the rocket is
smaller in caliber than any of the post-World War II models
previously in use, the warhead weight is the same as that of the 140mm
rocket, and the range of both the short and long rockets exceeds that
of the 140mm and 240mm models. A further advantage is that the BM-21
launcher fires more rockets than any 140mm or 240mm launcher previously
in use.
Although having a slow spin, the 122mm rockets are primarily fin-
stabilized. In addition to the short and long rockets, there is a
combination of the short rocket with an additional rocket motor, thus
giving a projectile with a range almost as great as that of the long
rocket.
The BM-21 can be distinguished easily from other multiround

rocket launchers by the use of the Ural-375 truck and the 40-round
launching apparatus. It is also the only known Soviet launcher
without blast shields on the driver's cab.
During the parade following the SHIELD-72 maneuvers the Czecho-
slovak Army displayed a new version of the 122mm 40-round rocket
launcher mounted on a modified Tatra 813 (8x8) truck. Although
the basic launcher is almost identical with that of the Soviet
BM-21, the transport vehicle is entirely different. Notable are
the armored cab and the provision for carrying an additional
40 rockets. Although this combination is heavier and larger than
the Soviet BM-21 mounted on the Ural-375 truck, it is much more
mobile and permits a greater degree of tactical flexibility due to
the additional rocket supply on the launch vehicle.
113
BM-21 M1972
Vehicle
Weight w/launcher and 40 rkts kg 11500 14000
Wheelbase mm 3500+1 400 1400+2400+1400
Length mm 7350 7760
Width mm 2690 2500
Height in travel position nfn
mm 2850 2700
Clearance mm 41.0 400
Tire size 14.00x 20 15.00x21
Engine model ZIL-37 5 T930
Horsepower 175 270
Cylinders V-8 V-12
Fuel gasoli ne Diesel
Cooling water air
Speed km/h 75 75
Cruising range km 405 1000
Trench mm 875 1600
Step mm 650 600
o
Slope 30 35
a
Tilt
Ford 1000 1400
Launcher
Number of rounds 40 40
Weight kg 3500 3500
Elevation: maximum +50 +50
minimum 0 0
Traverse 240 240
Time to reload mi n 10 5
Crew 6 6
Rocket
Cali ber mmn 122 122
Length: long rocket mml 3226 3226
short rocket mm 1905 1905
Weight: long rocket ka 775 77.5
short rocket kg 45.8 45.8
Maximum velocity (short) m/s 450 450
Maximum range: long rocket m 20500 20500
short rocket m 11000 11000
114
115
4~x
i~~l~~4
Tp
116
4
VU
~( ~8~~R
I.~k, ,:,,i
%- -,jarp~ppas~
- iP
117
jgI
*4
130 mm rocket launcher (32-round) M51 on Praga V3S
130 mm rocket launcher (32-round) M51 on ZIL-151
118
TRUCK-MOUNTED 130mm MULTIROUND ROCKET LAUNCHERS
130mm rocket launcher (32-round) M51 on Praia V3S

130mm rocket launcher (32-round) M51 on ZIL-157
The Czechoslovak 130mm rocket launcher M51, sometimes known
as the RM-130, consists of four banks of eicht tubes each, mounted in
a boxlike frame. Normally the M51 is mounted on the Czechoslovak
Praga V3S (6x6) truck and is so used in the Czechoslovak and
Bulgarian armies. The Romanian Army used the Soviet ZIL-157 (6x6)
truck. Formerly it used the older ZIL-151 (6x6) truck. Regardless
of the truck mount, the launcher is fired from either the right or
left of the cab since there is no armor shieldina as provided on
most Soviet models.
The rocket is spin stabilized, and in recent years the maximum

ranee has been increased.
A very similar 32-round launcher is found on a towed solit--
trail carriage in the Yugoslav Army.
119
M51 M51
Praga ZIL-157
Vehicle
Weight w/launcher and 66 rkts kg 8900 8630
Wheelbase mm 3580+1120 3665+1120
Length mm 6910 6684
Width mm 2310 2315
Tire size 8.25x20 12.00x18
Engine model Tatra 912 ZIL-157
Horsepower 98 109
Cylinders 6 inline 6 inline
Fuel Diesel gasoline
Cooling ai r water
Speed km/h 62 65
Trench mm 690 720
Step mm 460 600
Slope 31 28
Ford mm 800 850
Launcher
Wei gh t kg 1680 1680
mi n
minimum 0 0
Traverse 240 240
Time to reload mi n 2 2
Crew 6 6
Rocket
Cali er rmm 130 130
Length mm 800 800
Weight kg 24.2 24.2
Maximum velocity m/s 410 410
120
130 mm rocket launcher (32-round) M51
121
;~Q~Bi
~"x~sb~~ I
'tea.
4?
130 mm rocket launcher (32-round) M51 on ZIL-151
122
II~"F~r~ ~ *
;~~"
~ ~
- ";
132 mm rocket launcher (16-round) BM-13-16
123
124
TRUCK-MOUNTED 132mm AND 140mm MULTIROUND ROCKET LAUNCHERS
132mm rocket launcher (16-round) BM-13-16

The BM-13-16 is the only World War II multi round rocket launcher
which is still encountered today. Its use, however, is confined to
training. During World War II,it was mounted on a variety of trucks,
although the United States Lend-Lease models were preferred. Postwar
BM-13-16's are usually found on the Soviet ZIL-151. It should be
noted that this launcher uses rails instead of frames or tubes which
have become common for postwar launchers. The rockets are fin
stabilized. Total firing time for all of the rockets on the BM-13-16
is between 7 and 10 seconds.
In the early 1950s the Soviet Army introduced a number of new

multiround rocket launchers. One of these was the BM-14-16, which
was first displayed in public in Moscow in 1953. An improved launcher,
the BM-14-17, mounted on a lighter truck (GAZ-63A) showed up in the
7 November 1959 parade. It has been issued to both Soviet and Polish
units as has been the BM-14-16. It should be noted that the BM-14-17
launching apparatus is rotated 90 degrees during travel.
All Soviet 140mm rockets are spin stabilized and are launched from
tube-type launchers. Both of the truck-mounted launchers fire the
same rockets as are used in the Soviet and Polish towed models. Single
140mm ground-mount launchers have been employed in South Vietnam.
125
BM-13-16 BM-14-16 BM-14-17
ZIL-151 ZIL-151 GAZ-63A
Vehicle
Weight w/launcher and rkts 6432 8200* 5323*
Wheelbase 3665+1220 3665+1220 3300
Length 7500 6920 5410
Width 2300 2300 1935
Height in travel position 3190 2650, 2245
Clearance 265 265 270
Tire size 8.25x20 8.25x20 10.00x18
Engine model ZIL-121 ZIL-121 GAZ-51
Horsepower 92 92 70
Cylinders 6 6 6
Fuel gasoline aasoline gasoline
Cooling water water water
Speed km/h 60 60 65
Cruising range km 600 600 650
Trench mm 690 690 550
Step mm 460 460 460
Slope 0
28 28 28
Ford mm 800 800 800
Launcher
Number of rockets 16 17
Weight kg 3200 680
o
Elevation: maximum +45 +50 +50
minimum +15 0 0
Traverse 20 140 180
Time to reload mi n 5-10 3-4 1.5-2
Crew 6 7 6
Rocket
Caliber mm 132 140 140
Length mm 1473 1085 1085
Weigh t kg 42.5 39.6 39.6
Maximum velocity m/s 350 400 400
Maximum range m 9000 9810 9810
Unit of fire rds 80
*with crew, average weight 75 kg per man
126
IT)i

127
128
r~

in travel position
(69
An
.1x
in firing position
129
k
200 mm rocket launcher (4-round) BMD-20
130
TRUCK-MOUNTED 200mm AND 250mm MULTIROUND ROCKET LAUNCHERS
200mm rocket launcher (4-round) BMD-20

In the middle of the 1950s the Soviet Army introduced two

multiround rocket launchers which fired rockets of considerably
greater range than those of the other models then in use. The
smaller caliber launcher was the 200mm BMD-20, which was rather
widely encountered for a number of years, but today is rarely seen.
Originally the ZIL-151 (6x6) truck was used, but it was later
replaced by the improved ZIL-157. The finned 200mm rockets had
a slow spin imparted to them by the guide rails of the launching
frames.
The larger weapons system, the BM-25, was the largest

multiround rocket launcher system used by the Soviet forces, and
had the greatest range. Only the wartime BM-31-12 exceeded it in
caliber. The system also had the distinction of probably using a
storable liquid propellant and of being mounted on the larger
KrAZ-214 (6x6) truck in place of the smaller ZIL's used for
other systems. The BM-25 has not been encountered frequently and
probably is now obsolescent.
131
BMD-20 on BM-25 on
ZIL-151 KrAZ-21 4
Vehicle
Wei ghit w/l auncher and rkts kq 8700 18145
Wheelbase mm 3665+1220 4600+1400
Length mm 7200 9815
Tire size 8.25x20 15.00x20
Engine model ZIL-121 YaMZ-206B
Horsepower 92 205
Cylinders 6 6
Fuel gasol ine diesel
Cooling water water
Speed km/h 60 55
Trench mm 690 960
Step mm 460 800
0
Slope 28 30
0
Tilt
Ford MT) 800 1000
Launcher
Weight 2700 2720
minimum +9 0
Traverse 20
Time to reload mi n 6-10
Crew 6
Rocket
Caliber mm 200 250
Length mm 3110 5822
Weight kg 91.4 455
Maximum velocity m/s
Maximum range m 20000 30000+
Unit of fire rds
132
-, SK Ps
nW-A fro"
Ii
133
in travel position
134
Aln ?
~A(r ~i
in travel position
in travel position
135
VR
240 mm rocket launcher (12-round) BM-24T
136
TRUCK AND TRACTOR-MOUNTED 240mm MULTIROUND ROCKET LAUNCHERS

240mm rocket launcher (12-round) BM-24T
The BM-24 was introduced in the early 1950s to replace the
World War II 300mm rocket launcher BM-31-12 which had insufficient
range. Although the first launchers were mounted on the ZIL-151
(6x6) truck, the currently used models are mounted on the improved
ZIL-157. This launcher is used in the East German Army as well as
in the Soviet Forces, and has been exported to the Middle East.
The BM-24T on the AT-S medium-tracked artillery tractor differs
from the truck-mounted launcher in that it uses tubes in place of
frames for launching. It is the only currently used multiround rocket
launcher mounted on a full-tracked vehicle. It is found only with
Soviet troops, primarily in tank divisions.
All 240mm rockets are spin stabilized. There are two models
almost identical in length, one with a short rocket motor giving a
range of 6575 m, the second with a longer motor (and smaller warhead)
resulting in a range of 10200 m.
137
BM-24 on BM-24T on
ZIL-157 AT-S
Vehicle
Weight w/launcher & 12 rockets kg 8230* 15240
Wheelbase/track on ground mm 3665+1120 3070
Length mm 6705 5870
Tire size 12.00x18
Track width mm 425
Engine model ZIL-157 V-54-T
Horsepower 109 250
Cylinders 6 V-12
Fuel gasoline Diesel
Cooling water water
Speed km/h 65 35
Ground pressure kg/cm 0.58
Trench mm 720 1450
Step mm
a
600 600
Slope a
28 28
Tilt
Ford 850 1000
Launcher
Weight kg 3200 2720
minimum 0 0
omin
Traverse 140 210
Time to reload mi n 3-4 3-4
Crew
Rocket
C iTTber mm 240 240
Length: long model mm 1290 1290
short model mm 1225 1225
Weight: long model kg 109 109
short model kg 112 112
Maximum velocity m/s 465 465
Maximurn range: long model m 10200 10200
short model m 6575 6575
*8680 kg with crew
138
&
4
1'3
a ~ ~~~.~ ~"; fk~
139
140
I-^
Pi
240 mm rocket launcher (12-round) BM-24T
141
NOT USED
142
MG3 QC 40 sMG3f 000
G3 QOQG3 4
AD
6MOD D C]D Od
143
-A J
-p
xt
FROG-7
SURFACE-TO-SURFACE FREE ROCKETS OVER GROUND
Free rocket over ground FROG-i

Free rocket over ground FROG-2
The FROG-i and FROG-2 were the earliest of the Soviet large free
rockets. FROG-1 can be distinguished by its large, bulbous nose and
by the large transporter-launch vehicle based on the JS heavy tank
chassis. FROG-2 is a smaller rocket, also with a bulbous nose, but
transported by and launched from a light-tracked vehicle derived from
the PT-76 tank chassis. Both FROG-i and FROG-2 are considered
obsolete today and are no longer in first line units.
FROG-3, FROG-4, and FROG-5 are three variants of a single rocket,
which are transported on and launched from the same basic light-
tracked chassis derived from the PT-76 tank. This chassis can be
distinguished from that of the FROG-2 transport-launch vehicle by the
presence of track support rollers. The rockets are identical,
differing only in the size and shape of the warheads. Although still
encountered in many Warsaw Pact armies, this series of FROG's is in the
process of being replaced by FROG-7 which is carried on and launched
from a wheeled vehicle.
FROG-6 is a dummy rocket used for training purposes. It is
transported on a specially modified ZIL-157 (6x6) truck chassis.
FROG-7 is the latest in the free rocket series. In addition to
improvements in the rocket which give it greater range, a new
transport-launch vehicle using a wheeled chassis has been developed
based on the ZIL-135 (8x8) truck. It incorporates a number of im-
provements in rocket handling such as an on-board crane. A very
similar vehicle is also used with the FROG-7 system to transport the
reserve rockets. The earlier FROG's used semitrailers towed by
ZIL-157V tractor trucks, and needed crane trucks for reloading of the
transport-I aunch vehicles.
145
FROG-1 FROG-2 FROG-3 FROG-7
Vehicle
Weight w/rocket t 36.5 14.2 14.2 20
Wheelbase mm 2415+1500+2415
Length mm 10700 9400 10550 10750
Width mm 3200 3180 3180 2800
Height mm 3322 3050 3050 3660
Track mm 2400 2740 2740 2300
Clearance mm 460 370 370 580
Track width mm 650 360 360 ---
Tire size 16.00x20

Ground contact mm 4625 4080 4080
Engine model V-2 IS V-6 V-6 ZIL-375 (2x)
Horsepower 520 240 240 180
Cylinders V-12 6 inline 6 inline V-8
Fuel Diesel Diesel Diesel gasoline
Cooling water water water water
Speed km/h 37 44 44 65
Cruising range km 150 260 260 500
Fuel capacity 1 520 250 250 768
Fuel consumption 1/100km 350 96 96 160
Ground pressure kg/cm2 0.67 0.48 0.48
Trench mm 2500 2800 2800 2630
Step mm 1000 1100 1100 685
Slope 30 30 30 30
Tilt
Ford mm 1300 1000 1000 580
Crew 5 5 5 4
Rocket
Weight 3175 2450 2266 2300
Length 10200 9400 10550 9100
Diameter: warhead 840 580 535 550
motor 610 305 400 550
Weight of warhead 1180 545 454 450
Range 32000 19000 35000 60000
146
FROG-7 being prepared for firing
147
FROG3-7
148
FROG-7 resupply vehicle
FROG-7 being transferred to launcher
150
FROG-1
FROG-2
r4
FROG-3"
FROG-4
't l t
FROG-5
FROG-5 being transferred from resupply semitrailer
FROG-5
155
4
4
rV
FROG-5 being transferred to launcher
156
NOT USED
157
t
SCUD A on JS chassis
SCUD B on JS chassis
158
SURFACE-TO-SURFACE GUIDED BALLISTIC MISSILES
Surface-to-surface guided missile SS-lb "SCUD A" on JS chassis

Surface-to-surface guided missile SS-lc "SCUD B" on JS chassis
Surface-to-surface guided missile SS-lc "SCUD B" on MAZ-543
Surface-to-surface guided missiles SS-1 "SCUD" are single-stage,
short-range, ballistic missiles using storeable liquid propellants.
They were transported originally on a heavy-tracked vehicle based on
the JS heavy-tank chassis. This vehicle serves also as an erector
and launcher for the missiles. The longer range "SCUD B" can be
distinguished by the one meter greater length of the missile and the
presence of two air bottles on the side of the superstructure in
place of the single bottle used for the "SCUD A" missile.
In recent years the "SCUD B" missile has appeared on a new
transporter-erector-launcher based on the MAZ-543 (8x8) truck. The
introduction of this new powerful cross-country wheeled vehicle gives
this missile system greater road mobility, reduces the number of
support vehicles required, and still preserves a great choice in
selecting off-road firing positions. The same basic chassis also has
been used for the transporter-erector-launcher for the "SCALEBOARD"
surface-to-surface guided missile.
"SCUD" missiles are used by all armies of the Warsaw Pact.
159
1: fl
/
Pt 2
4,
SCUD A being erected
160
SCUD B being erected
161
SCUD B on MAZ-543
162
SCUD B on MAZ-543
163
f a, 3
SSC-1a "SHADDOCK" cruise missile

SURFACE-TO-SURFACE GUIDED CRUISE MISSILES
Surface-to-surface guided missile SSC-la "SHADDOCK"

Surface-to-surface guided missile SSC-1b "SHADDOCK"
Surface-to-surface guided missile SSC-2a "SALISH"
Surface-to-surface guided missile SSC-2b "SAMLET"
Two basic surface-to-surface cruise missiles are used in the

Warsaw Pact forces. Both have field and coastal defense versions.
The "SHADDOCK" missile is transported in and launched from a

long cylindrical container mounted on an eight-wheel vehicle of
distinctive appearance. For launching, the crew .lowers the four
hydraulic stabilization jacks, removes the hemispherical end covers
to the top-mounted tables, clamps down the blast shields over the
windows, and elevates the container to the proper launch angle.
The SSC-lb coastal defense version can be distinguished by
the longer driver's cab on the transport-launch vehicle.
The two versions of the SSC-2 were developed from the Soviet
"KENNEL" air-to-surface anti-shipping missile. They resemble a
small jet fighter in appearance and are transported on one-axle
semitrailers. The field missile SSC-2a "SALISH" is launched from
its transport semitrailer which is towed by a KrAZ-214 tractor truck.
The SSC-2b "SAMLET" coastal missile transport semitrailer is towed
by a ZIL-157V tractor truck and is not used for launching. The
missile must be removed from the transport semitrailer and placed
on a large rail-type launcher for firing.
The "SAMLET" coastal defense missile is the most commonly
encountered cruise missile, and has been identified in East Germany
and Poland.
165
SSC-1b "SHADDOCK" coastal missile
166
SSC-2a "SALISH" cruise missile
y. t
SSC-2a "SALISH"
SSC-2b "SAM LET"
being transferred to launcher
"SAMLET" on launcher
"SAMLET"D at launch
170
"SAMLET" on launcher
171
NOT USED
172
QAU3kbDYJEE
GaWk4ThU;J°3Y
i1a~a 6UJ
c
173
:d~;
re
~ j
~9~
I
- i
fire control radar SON-9
D-49 rangefinder
Antiaircraft fire control director PUAZO-6
174
i
C,,r
At
SP-15 P-12
Air defense early warning site with P-12 and P-15 radars
7.62 mm general-purpose machinegun PKS on AA MOUNT
7.62 mm general-purpose machinegun M59 on AA mount
176
RIFLE CALIBER ANTIAIRCRAFT MACHINEGUNS
7.62mm Maxim machinegun M1910 (SPM) on M1931 mount

7.62mm Goryunov machinegun M1943 (SG)
7.62mm modified Goryunov machinegun M1943 (SG-43M)
7.62mm modernized Goryunov machinegun M1943 (SGM)
7.62mm modernized Goryunov machinegun M1943 for armored personnel
carriers (SGMB)
7.62mm general-purpose machinegun Kalashnikov (PK/PKS)
7.62mm general-purpose machinegun M59/M59L
7.9mm light machinegun M26
7.9mm general-purpose machinegun MG34
7.9mm general-purpose machinegun M-53
7.9mm machinegun M37
Virtually all of the rifle caliber machineguns used by the East

European Communist armies are equipped with special mounts which
allow them to be used as antiaircraft machineguns. Normally the
tripods of both the general-purpose and the medium machineguns are
readily convertible to the antiaircraft model.
177
7.62 mm Maxim machinegun
M1910 (SPM) on AA mount
7.62 mm Goryunov machinegun M1943 (SG) on AA mount
7.9 mm general-purpose machinegun M-53 on AA

mount
178
NOT USED
179
A
12.7 mimheavy machinegun M1938/46 (DShiK) on AA mount
RECOL;:V 4 LINQER
rA- N (3 1Hi
b/
xPNO L INK
R'I.
Quad 12.7 mm AA heavy machinegun M53
180
12.7mm ANTIAIRCRAFT HEAVY MACHINEGUNS
12.7mm Degtyarev heavy machinegun M1938 (DShK)

12.7mm Degtyarev heavy machinegun M1938/46 (DShKM)
Quad 12.7mm antiaircraft heavy machinegun M53
During World War II the M1938 heavy machinegun was employed in

an antiaircraft role on its extended tripod mount, on a special twin
antiaircraft mount, on small warships, and mounted on the roofs of
heavy tanks and assault guns. After the war the improved M1938/46
was similarly used. Currently within the Warsaw Pact the 12.7mm
machinegun is used primarily in an antiaircraft role mounted on
the cupola of medium tanks. It is standard on the T-54 series, and
is found on some T-55 and T-62 models as well. Sometimes it is also
used on armored personnel carriers and amphibious scout cars. The
ground mount tripod is still used in Southeast Asia.
Czechoslovakia developed a multiple mount for the M1938/46

which consists of four DShKM machineguns with four ammunition drums
(holding belts) placed on a lighttowedtwo-wheel carriage. This
combination, known as the M53, was used for a number of years in the
Czechoslovak forces, but more recently has appeared in both Cuba and
the Middle.East.
In addition to these weapons the United States caliber .50

M2 HB machinegun is also used in Yugoslav Army on tanks and other
armored vehicles in the antiaircraft role.
181
Single Quad
DShKM M53
Caliber 12.7 12.7
Length of barrel 967* 967*
Length of machinegun
w/muzzle brake 1588 1588
Weight in firing position 131.5** 628
Weight in travel position 131.5** 2830
Length in travel position 2328 2900
Width in travel position 708 1570
Height in travel position 755** 1780
Track 1500
Clearance
Tire size 5.00x16
Height of axis of bore 00
Elevation +80*** +90
Depression -70*** -7
Traverse 360*** 360
Rate of fire per barrel
cyclic rpm 540-600 540-600
practical rpm 80 80
Feed 50-rd belt 50-rd belt in drum
Projectile weight: API g 49.5 49.5
Muzzle velocity: API m/s 840 840
Maximum range: horizontal m 6500 6500
vertical m 5600 5600
Effective AA range m 1000 1000
Pointblank range: API m 833 833
2m high target
Armor penetration: API mm 20 20
0/500m
Crew 2 6
*w/o muzzle brake
**w/o shield or ammunition
***on antiaircraft mounts
182
Quad 12.1 mm AA heavy machinegun M53
w.
183
14.5 mm AA heavy machinegun ZPU-1
14.5 mm AA heavy machinegun ZPU-2 (late model)
184
14.5mm ANTIAIRCRAFT HEAVY MACHINEGUNS
14.5mm antiaircraft heavy machinegun ZPU-1

14.5mm antiaircraft heavy machinegun ZPU-2 (early model)
14.5mm antiaircraft heavy machinegun ZPU-2 (late model)
14.5mm antiaircraft heavy machinegun ZPU-4
The single and multiple mounts of the ZPU series all use the
basic 14.5mm Vladimirov (KPV) heavy machinegun which is also found
mounted in various armored vehicles in both the ground and
antiaircraft roles.
The ZPU-l is a single towed weapon which is now obsolete in the

Soviet Army. The light two-wheeled carriage is somewhat similar to
the late model ZPU-2, although the tires are smaller. The single
ammunition box is to the right of the quick-change barrel. Although
not used in the Warsaw Pact countries todaythe ZPU-1 has been
identified in Southeast Asia and in the Middle East.
The twin ZPU-2 has appeared on two different two-wheeled

carriages. The earlier model has larger fenders and a double tubular
tow bar. In firing position the crew removes the wheels, and the
weapon rests on a three-point platform. The later model, which is
lighter in weight, has smaller fenders, a lighter single tow bar, and
a lowe'r silhouette. When in firing position the wheels are raised,
but not removed. A very similar carriage is used for the twin 23mm
automatic antiaircraft gun ZU-23, although the ammunition boxes,
barrels and flashhiders are distinctly different. The ZPU-2 is no
longer found in first line Soviet units, although it is still used
as a close-in defense weapon for certain airfields. It is used by
some Warsaw Pact armies and by security elements such as the East
German Workers' militia. The Chinese Communist-produced ZPU-2 is
referred to as the Type 58, the individual KPV machineguns as the
Type 56.
The quad ZPU-4 uses a four-wheel carriage similar to that once

used by the obsolete 25mm automatic antiaircraft gun M1940. In
firing position the weapon is lowered onto firing jacks. The
Z.PU-4 is still used widely within the Warsaw Pact, although in many
units it has been replaced by the newer and more powerful twin 23mm
automatic antiaircraft gun ZU-23.
185
Early Late
ZPU-1 ZPU-2 ZPU-2 ZPU-4
Caliber mm 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5

Length of barrel mm 1348 1348 1348 1348
Length of machinegun
w/fl ashh i der mm 2007 2007 2007 2007
Weight in firing position kg 413 639 621 1810
Weight in travel position kg 413 994 649 1810
Width in travel position mnl 1620 1920 1372 1859
Height in travel position nf 1340 1830 1097 2286
Track nmm 1384 1100 1641
Tire size 4.50x16 6.50x20 6.50x20 6.50x20
Height of axis of bore 0° mm 635 800 1020
Elevation 0
o
+88 +90 +85 +90
Depression 8 -3 -15 8.5
Traverse 360 360 360 360
Rate of fire per barrel
cyclic rpm 600 600 600 600
practical rpm 150 150 150 150
Feed
Projectile weight: API g 64.4 64.4 64.4 64.4
Muzzle velocity: API m/s 1000 1000 1000 1000
Maximum range: horizontal m 8000 8000 8000 8000
vertical m 5000 5000 5000 5000
Effective AA range m 1400 1400 1400 1400
Pointblank range: API m
2m high target
Armor penetration: API mm 32 32 32 32
00 /500m
Crew 4 5 5 5
Unit of fire rds 1200 2400 2400 4800
,186
14.5 mm AA heavy machinegun ZPU-2 (early model)
187
a~3
hi'T
4 is~~
lart
14.5 mm AA heavy machinegun ZPU-2 (late model)
188
it
189
f OMPtUOX FOX 3
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TPU '4U~4
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N; PO
PeAN ,4
20 mm automatic AA gun M38V 20 mm automatic AA gun M38
Triple 20 mm automatic AA gun M55
190
20mm AUTOMATIC ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS
20mm automatic antiaircraft gun M30

20mm automatic antiaircraft gun M38V
20mm automatic antiaircraft gun M-55
A great variety of 20mm automatic antiaircraft guns are used in
Yugoslavia, but the standard weapon is a Swiss-design gun produced
under license in Yugoslavia. However, a large number of German
World War II 20mm weapons are still in use.
The German weapons are all of the M30 and M38 series which are
ballistically identical. Some are C/30 single and twin naval guns,
which today are primarily found in coastal defense and home defense
roles. In addition there are the single M30 and M38 and the quad
M38V which are mounted on mobile carriages. These weapons may all
be found with or without shields. All of the German 20mm guns are
recoil operated and are horizontally fed by 20-round magazines. The
mobile guns are transported on special two-wheel trailers and placed
on three firing jacks in firing position. The naval-type weapons
are placed on pedestal mounts which have limited mobility.
The 20mm automatic gun M-55 consists of three Hispano-Suiza HSS

804 guns on the HSS 630-3 towed carriage. The M-55 is also used
aboard warships replacing the German 20mm guns. The ammunition,
however, is not interchangeable with that of the German weapons.
191
M30 M38 M38V M-55
Caliber mm 20 20 20 20
Length of tube in cals 65 65 65 70
Length of tube overall mm 1300* 1300* 1300* 1955.8
Weight in firing position kg 450** 420** 1514 1171
Weight in travel position kg 770** 750** 2212 1089
Width in travel position m- 1900 1810 2336 1270
Track mm 2030
Clearance mm 340
Tire size
Height of axis of bore 0° 740*** 760*** 1140***
Elevation +90 +90 +100 +83
Depression -12 -20 -10 -5
Traverse 360 360 360 360
Rate of fire per tube:
cyclic rpm 280 480 480 700-800
practical rpm 120 220 220
Feed (magazine) 20-rd 20-rd 20-rd 50-rd
Projectile weight: HE kg 0.119 0.119 0.119 0.122
AP kg 0.147 0.147 0.147 0.142
Muzzle velocity: HE m/s 900 900 900 880
AP m/s 830 830 830 840
Maximum range: horizontal m 4800 4800 4800 5700
vertical m 3700 3700 3700 4500
Effective AA range m 2200 2200 2200 1500
Pointblank range: AP m 815 815 815
2m high target
Armor penetration: AP mm 24 24 24 18
00 /500m
Crew 5 5 6 6
Unit of fire rds 800 800 3200 2400
*Without flashhider
**without shield
***on firing jacks
192
Naval twin 20 mm automatic AA gun on ground mount
Naval twin 20 mm automatic AA gun on ground mount
193
Triple 20 mm automatic AA gun M-55 towed by AR-51 jeep
194
NOT USED
195
ii
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~ia~r
23 mm automatic AA gun ZU-23
30 mm automatic AA gun M53
196
23mm AND 30mm AUTOMATIC ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS
23mm automatic antiaircraft gun ZU-23

The ZU-23 is the newest Soviet light towed automatic antiaircraft

gun which is replacing the older quad 14.5mm antiaircraft heavy
machinegun ZPU-4 in many Warsaw Pact armies. To date it has been
identified with the Soviet, Polish, and East German forces. In
addition it has been exported elsewhere and has been encountered in
Southeast Asia. The ZU-23 is a full-automatic, gas-operated weapon
which fires ammunition with the same cartridge case dimensions as
those used on the obsolete 23mm automatic aircraft gun VYa. The
tubes are of the quick-change type and the guns have vertical sliding
wedge breechblocks. Care must be taken to distinguish the ZU-23 from
the very similar appearing late model ZPU-2. The size and shape of
the ammunition boxes and the shape of the flashhiders are two ready
recognition features. The same basic 23mm automatic gun as used on
the ZU-23 is also found in a quad liquid-cooled version on the self-
propelled ZSU-23-4.
The Czechoslovak twin 30mm automatic antiaircraft gun M53 plays

the same role in that country as the 14.5mm and 23mm automatic
weapons do in other Warsaw Pact countries. The M53 features a quick
barrel change and is a gas-operated, full-automatic weapon. Its
ammunition is not interchangeable with that of the 30mm aircraft
guns. A modified version, the M53/59, is mounted on an armored truck.
197
ZU-23 M53
Caliber mm 23 30
Weight in firing position kg 950* 2000
Weight in travel position kg 950* 2100
Track mm 1670 1575
Tire size 6.00x16
Height of axis of bore 0° mm 620 860
Elevation +90 85
Depression -10 -10
0
Traverse 360 360
Rate of fire per tube:
cyclic rpm 800-1000 450-500
practical rpm 200 100
Feed 50-rd belt 10-rd clip
Projectile weight: HEI kg 0.19 0.45
API kg 0.189 0.45
Muzzle velocity: HEI m/s 970 1000
API m/s 970 1000
Pointblank range: API m 900
2m high target
Armor penetration: API mm 25 55
0/500m
Crew 5 4
Unit of fire rds 2400
*with ammunition
198
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199
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57 mm automatic AA gun S-60
--R
Czechoslovak 57 mm automatic AA gun

i
202
37mm AND 57mm AUTOMATIC ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS

37mm automatic antiaircraft gun M1939 (twin)
57mm automatic antiaircraft gun S-60
57mm automatic antiaircraft gun (Czechoslovak model)
The Soviet recoil-operated 37mm antiaircraft guns are based on a

Bofors design and closely resemble the 40mm guns used in both the
British and United States forces during World War II. Although the
single mount is the most common version, a twin mount was produced and
has been exported to Algeria. The Soviet Navy also employs a twin
water-cooled version closely resembling the multi-mount United
States 40mm guns used in World War II. The Soviet 37mm guns have
hydraulic recoil buffers and spring recuperators. The breechblocks
are of the rising block type. The field mobile weapon may be equipped
with a shield. There is no provision for radar fire control.
The 57mm S-60 gun is a recoil-operated weapon which has replaced

the earlier 37mm models in most Warsaw Pact units. It is a powerful
weapon, well suited to attack armored vehicles as well as low-flying
aircraft. In addition to on-carriage optical fire control, the S-60
also employs off-carriage fire control with the PUAZO-6/60 director
and the SON-9 or SON-9A radars. Originally the PUAZO-5 director and
SON-4 radar were used. Further improved director/radar combinations
have also become available in recent years.
Recognition features of the S-60 are the long, thin tube with
multi-perforated muzzle brake, distinctive gun shield which folds down
and the horizontal feed tray which holds the four-round clips. The
normal Soviet prime mover is the Ural-375 truck. A twin version, the
S-68, is mounted on the self-propelled ZSU-57-2, and twin and quad
versions are used by the Soviet Navy. It should be noted that the
ammunition for the 57mm antiaircraft guns is not interchangeable with
that used by the 57mm antitank and assault guns. This is due to the
different configuration and dimensions of the cartridge cases.
Both the 37mm gun M1939 and 57mm gun S-60 are used in Communist
China where they are known as the Type 55 and Type 59 respectively.
In addition to these weapons, a distinctive 57mm automatic gun was

produced in Czechoslovakia and is still used in some units in that
country. It can be distinguished by the absence of a muzzle brake,
the distinctive shield and the placinq of the recoil system both
above and below the tube.
203
M1939 S-60 Czech
Caliber mm 37 57 57
Weight in firing position kg 2100* 4500 5150
Weight in travel position kg 2100* 4660
Width in travel position mm 1937* 2054
Height in travel position mm 2105" 2370 2000
Track mm 1545 1935
Tire size 6.50x 20 34x7
Depression * -5 -4 -5
Traverse o 360 360 360
Rate of fire: cyclic rpm 160-1 80 105-120 160
practical rpm 80 70 80-90
Feed 5-rd clip 4-rd cl ip 3-rd clip
APH E kg 0.76 3.1 3.1
HVAP kg 0.62
APH E m/s 880 1000 1005
HVAP m/s 960 ---
Maximum range: horizontal m 9500 12000 12000

vertical m 6700 8800 8800
Effective AA range
off-carriage control m 6000 6000
on-carriage control m 3000 4000 4000
2m high target HVAP m
00 /500m HVAP mm
Crew 8 7 7
*without shield, shield weighs 100 kg
204
2
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205
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206
207
Czechoslovak 57 mm automatic AA gun
/
208
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57 mmn automatic AA gun S-80

40 mm automatic AA gun Mk 1
210
40mm AUTOMATIC ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS
40mm automatic antiaircraft gun Ml

40mm automatic antiaircraft gun Mk I
Before and during World War II a number of countries adopted and
produced the Swedish Bofors 40mm M1936 L/60 automatic antiaircraft gun.
Among these countries were the United States and Great Britain. All of
these Bofors 40mm guns are basically the same in design and fire the
same ammunition but differ in detail. All guns are air-cooled, full
and semiautomatic, recoil-operated weapons with a vertical feed. Firing
can be controlled manually or automatically.
The United States M1 gun has box section outriggers and the wheels
remain attached to the carriage in firing position, although they are
raised. The sight differs from the British models.
The British Mk I has tubular outriggers and the wheels are removed
in firing position. The British gun is also provided with a shield.
Three other British variants exist, differing in detail. Both British
and United States Bofors 40mm guns are standard in the Yugoslav Army.
211
M1 Mk I
Caliber mm 40 40
Length of tube overall mmn 2490 2490
Weight in firing position kg 2034
Track mm
Cl earance mm 359
Tire size 6.00x20
Height of axis of bore 00 mm
Elevation +90 +90
0
Depression -11* -10
0
Traverse 360 360
Rate of fire: cyclic rpm 120 120
practical rpm 60 60
Feed 4-rd clip 4-rd clip
AP kg 0.89 0.89
AP m/s 875 853
Maximum range: horizontal m 4753** 4755**
vertical m 4661**
Pointblank range: AP m
2m high target
Armor penetration: AP mm 44 44
00/500m
Crew
Unit of fire rds 200 200 "
jacks
jon
**limited by self-destruct of fuze
212
t
213
85 mm AA gun M1939 ( KS-12)
44
it
88 mm AA gun M36
214
85mm AND 88mm ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS
85mm antiaircraft gun M1939 (KS-12)

85mm antiaircraft gun M1944 (KS-12a)
88mm antiaircraft gun M18
The 85mm antiaircraft gun M1939 was introduced into the Soviet
Army just before World War II to replace the earlier 76mm weapons.
It uses a four-wheel carriage which may be fitted with a shield.
The gun has a semiautomatic vertical sliding wedge breechblock, a
hydraulic recoil buffer, and a hydropneumatic recuperator. It is
also fitted with a multi-baffle muzzle brake. Antiaircraft fire
control is provided by the PUAZO-6/12 director and the SON-9 or
SON-9A radar. Provision is also made for direct fire against ground
targets such as tanks. The ammunition is fixed, and with some
exceptions is interchangeable with that used by the 85mm field,
antitank, tank, and assault guns, all of which were developed from
the antiaircraft gun. The weapon is known in Communist China as
the Type 56.
In 1944 slight modifications were made to the piece, including

the fitting of "T" shaped muzzle brake. This gun was produced in
Czechoslovakia for some years and has found its way into some armies
of the Middle East. In the Warsaw Pact countries, however, the 85mm
guns have been largely replaced by the 100mm KS-19.
The German 88mm antiaircraft guns M18, M36, and M37 were the
mainstay of the German heavy antiaircraft artillery throughout
World War II and also served on all fronts as outstanding antitank
weapons. All three models have the same ballistic performance,
although they differ in tube construction, carriage design and
other details, resulting in different weights. Most guns in the
field forces were also fitted with large shields. All 88mm guns of
this series have semiautomatic horizontal sliding wedge breechblocks
and hydropneumatic recoil systems. They were used for a number of
years also by various Warsaw Pact armies, but today are found only
with the Yugoslav forces.
215
85mm 88mm
M1 939 M18
Caliber mm 85 88
Track mm 1800 1768/1829
Tire size 34x7 7.50x20
o
Elevation +82 +85
Depression -3 -3
0
Traverse 360 360
APH E kg 9.3 9.4
HVAP kg 5.0 7.5
APHE m/s 792 810
HVAP m/s 1030 935
Pointblank range:. APHE m 950 1000
2m high target HVAP m 1150 1100
Armor penetration: APH E mm 102 122
00/1000m HVAP mm 130 150
Crew 7 10
216
85 mm AA gun M1939 (KS-12)
217
ilk
A"
Czechoslovak 85 mm AA gun
218
Sa
88 mm AA gun M36
219
t
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90 mm AA gun M1AJ in travel position
94 mm AA gun MK-3 in travel position
220
90mm antiaircraft gun M1A1

94mm antiaircraft gun MK-3
The Yugoslav Army uses two Western heavy antiaircraft guns of

World War II origin, the United States 90mm M1AI and the British
3.7 in (94mm). The 90mm gun is very distinctive in travel since it
is supported by a single-axle, dual-wheeled bogie. In firing
position it rests on a pedestal steadied by outriggers with the bogie
removed. This type of carriage is not as handy for employment in
the antitank role as are the carriages of either the Soviet 85mm and
100mm guns or the German 88mm weapons. The 90mm M1A1 has a semi-
automatic vertical sliding wedge breechblock and a hydropneumatic
recoil system. The ammunition is of the fixed type, and with
exceptions it is interchangeable with that of the 90mm gun mounted
on the M36 tank destroyer (used in the Yugoslav Army), and will
chamber in the gun mounted on the United States M47 medium tank,
also used in Yugoslavia. On the other hand,the M47 tank gun
ammunition will not chamber in the other guns.
The British 94mm antiaircraft gun was acquired several years ago
by the Yugoslav forces to strengthen the then inadequate air defense
forces. Three different models of the gun exist, but they differ
only in details. The gun can be recognized by the large four wheel
carriage with the outriggers folded up in travel position. The
ammunition for this weapon is not interchangeable with any other gun
used in Yugoslavia.
221
90mm 94mm
MIAl Mk 3
Caliber mm 90 93.9
Length of tube mm 4728 4700
Track mm
Clearance mm 305
Tire size 10.00x22
Height of axis of bore 0 ° mm
Elevation 0 +80 +80
Depression 0 0 -5
Traverse 0 360 360
APHE kg 10.9 12.7
HVAP kg 7.63 ---
APHE m/s 854 792
HVAP m/s 1022 ---
Effective AA range m 9144
2m high target HVAP m 1211 ---
Armor penetration: APHE mm 147 117*
00/1000m HVAP mm 252 ---
Crew
at 914 m/300
222
d I-~p~i~,,I
;"6"a~,
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94 mm AA gun MK3 in travel position
90 mm AA gun MIA in firing position
223
100 mm AA gun KS-19
130 mm AA gun KS-30
224
100mm antiaircraft gun KS-19

130mm antiaircraft gun KS-30
The Soviet 100mm antiaircraft gun KS-19 was introduced in the

late 1940s as the replacement for the wartime 85mm guns. It found
use in all of the Warsaw Pact armies, and although it has been
largely replaced by surface-to-air guided missiles, the KS-19 is
still held in some Warsaw Pact units, and is employed in other
countries as well. The KS-19 has a semiautomatic horizontal sliding
wedge breechblock, a power rammer, an automatic fuze setter, and
is fitted with a long multi-baffle muzzle brake. The antiaircraft
fire control system includes a PUAZO-6/19 director and a SON-9 or
SON-9A fire control radar. Provision is also made for direct fire
against ground targets such as tanks. The ammunition is of the
fixed type and is interchangeable to a large extent with that of
other 100mm rifled tank and field guns. The Chinese Communists call
the gun the type 55.
The Soviet 130mm antiaircraft gun KS-30 appeared in the early

1950s. Closely resembling the United States wartime 120mm
antiaircraft gun, the KS-30 was used for the home defense forces of
the USSR and some other Warsaw Pact countries. Currently it is held
in war reserve since it has been replaced by surface-to-air guided
missiles. Recognition features are the heavy dual-tire carriage, a
firing platform which folds up to a 45 degree angle when the piece is
in travel, and the long clean tube without muzzle brake. The
breechblock is of the semiautomatic horizontal sliding wedge type, and
the piece is fitted with a power rammer and an automatic fuze setter.
Fire control is provided by the PUAZO-30 director and the SON-30
radar. The ammunition is of the fixed-charge, separated type. It is
not interchangeable with that of the 130mm field or coastal guns.
225
KS-19 KS-30
Caliber mm 100 130

Weight in firing position kg 24900
Track mm 2165 2388
Tire size
Height in axis of bore 0 ° mm 1682 2576
Elevation 0 +85 +80
Depression 0 -3 -5
Traverse 0 360 360
Rate of fire rpm 15 10-12
APHE kg 15.9 33.4
APHE m/s 1000 1050
2m high target
0 ° /1 O00m
Crew
Unit of fire rds 100
226
Ii
ff
100 mm AA gun KS-19
227
P
Si
100 mm AA gun KS-19
/4W 4
228
A
130 mm AA gun KS-30
229
130 mm AA gun KS-3D
aa
230
MG3 GaC 40 QOG3
CMOD D G O Od
231
"GUIDELINE" on launcher
"GUIDELINE" being transferred to launcher
232
SURFACE-TO-AIR GUIDED MISSILE SA-2 "GUIDELINE"
The SA-2 "GUIDELINE" is a two-stage guided missile designed for

the destruction of airborne targets. It is fired from single missile
launchers which are grouped in batteries of six along with the fire
control radar. The normal fire position consists of the six launchers
arranged in a star formation around the centrally-located radar.
The missile booster of the "GUIDELINE" has a solid propellant,

but the sustainer has liquid propellant. After being assembled the
ready missile is transported to the firing position on a special one-
axle semitrailer towed by a ZIL-157V tractor truck. There it is
loaded by hand on the launcher.
Since its initial appearance the missile and supporting equipment
have undergone a number of modifications which have increased their
reliability and effectiveness. The SA-2 system is found throughout
the Warsaw Pact and has been exported to many other countries.
233
"GUIDELINE" on resupply semitrailer
"GUIDELINE" launcher
234
"GUIDELINE" on launcher with fire control radar
"GUIDELINE" on resupply trailer towed by GT-T
235
S
r.
-a-
"GUIDELINE" launcher
4/
A 4
/
"it,
tsA~ ~4 ~.
4
4 4 ~
'4
A #4< *#4~& <2 A
At
4 4<
'4
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44
A
'GUIDELINE'; on resupply semitrailer entering firing position
236
"GUIDELINE" being prepared for transfer to launcher
237
"'GUIDELINE" on launcher. Resupply semitrailer in background
N
3s 3.',
"GUIDELINE" resupply semitrailer

SA-3 "GOA" on transporter-loader
240
SURFACE-TO-AIR GUIDED MISSILE SA-3 "GOA"
The SA-3 "GOA" is a two-stage, solid fuel, low-altitude surface-

to-air guided missile. The ready missiles are transported in tandem
on a modified ZIL-157 truck, which is also used to assist in loading
them onto the two launchers. The SA-3 system is found in many Warsaw
Pact countries and has been exported to the Middle East.
241
4
It
SA-4 5" GANEF" on launch vehicle
-ft I-
SURFACE-TO-AIR GUIDED MISSILE SA-4 "GANEF"
The SA-4 "GANEF" is a surface-to-air guided missile which very

closely resembles the British "BLOODHOUND." The individual missiles
are of the liquid-fuel cruise type with four solid-propellant wrap-
around boosters. They are transported and launched from a special
tracked vehicle with a 360-degree traverse launcher. The SA-4 system,
which is designed to accompany the troops in the field, also has its
fire-control equipment mounted on tracked vehicles.
243
t 'H
V
SA-4 S"GANEFUDon launch vehicle
it
244
t
/7 (P
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SA-4 "'GANEF" on launch vehicle
x
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245
SA-6 "GAINFUL-
N
. V " E .
246
SURFACE-TO-AIR GUIDED MISSILE SA-6 "GAINFUL"
The SA-6 "GAINFUL" is a new-type, low-altitude, surface-to-air

guided missile which was first displayed on 7 November 1967 in
Moscow. The missiles are carried and launched from a special tracked
vehicle which uses components of the ZSU-23-4 chassis. The launcher
is capable of considerable elevation and 360-degree traverse. The
"SA-6 system" was designed to supplement the "SA-4 system" in
defending the field army against air attack.
247
SURFACE-TO-AIR GUIDED MISSILE SA-7 "GRAIL"
The SA-7 "GRAIL" is a new-type, low-altitude, surface-to-

air guided missile bearing close external resemblance to the
United States Redeye. It is a shoulder-fired weapon used in
forward areas against low flying fixed and rotary wing aircraft.
SA-7 MISSILE COMPLETE WITH BATTERY AND FIRING MECHANISM INSTALLED
248
DISTRIBUTION
NO OF COPIES
1ST ARMD DIV - G2 250
1ST INF DIV - FT RILEY 250
1ST INF DIV - FWD - G2 001
2ND ACR - BDR-OPS 150
3RD ACR S2 008
3RD ARMD DIV - OB SEC 250
3RD INF DIV - G2 250
4TH CANADIAN MECH BAT GP 030
5TH USA ARTY GP 050
6TH USA DCSI 001
8TH INF DIV G2 250
8TH USA 004
10TH SF GP ABN FT DEVONS 015
14TH ACR S2 150
18TH MI BN - AEUTMI-GOP(OB) 002
20TH TAC FTR WG 001
32ND AADCOM G2 025
36TH ARTY GP S2 025
39TH USA SCTY AGCY BN 002
42ND ARTY GP 025
48TH TAC FTR WG-GLO 001
81ST TAC FTR WG-GLO 001
130TH ENGR BDE 002
210TH ARTY GP 008
212TH ARTY GP 025
417TH MI DET 001
430TH MI DET 006
453RD MI D(S) - FT HAMILTON 001
497TH RECON TECH GP 050
500TH MI GP - DMIG-OR 001
502ND ASA GP 001
507TH USASA GP - 53 003
514TH USA ARTY GP 050
549TH ENGR BN S2 006
1127TH USAF FLD ACTV GP 004
4230 MI DET USAR CEN 001
III CORPS INTEL SPT CEN 001
V CORPS G-2 010
V CORPS ARTY G2 050
VII CORPS G2 153
VII CORPS ARTY G2 050
ABERDEEN PROVING GND - STEAP-IN-F 050
ACSI USARD 001
AFCC (SUR) 001
AFAITC/TDINAL - LOWRY AFB 030
AFLC-MCORI WRIGHT-PAT AFB 001
D-1
NO OF COPIES
AFLC (XOOR) WRIGHT-PAT AFB 001
AFNORTH 001
AFWL - WFL KIRTLAND AFB 001
AIR UNIV LIB MAXWELL AFB 001
AMER EMBASSY APO 09080 005
AMPHIB FCS ATL FLT 001
ARMED FCS STAFF COLLEGE 001
ASD-ASFS WRIGHT-PAT AFB 003
CANADIAN FCS HO DIP/DCSI OTTAWA 002
CANADIAN FCS HQ GEN INTEL OTTAWA 350
CARMISH-MAAG-J2 005
CDA - INTEL SPT BR 001
CINCONAD-CINT-L 001
DET 4 FTD PAC OFF 001
DIA-DS-4C 265
DIA LN DET BOX 97 034
DMAAC 001
FLT AIR INTEL SPT CEN 001
FLT MARINE FRC ATLANTIC 001
FTD-NIIR WRIGHT-PAT AFB 006
HQ TAG - 480TH RTG (LSDD) 040
HQ SAMSO/SMFA 001
JFK CTR FOR MIL ASSISTANCE 002
JFK CTR FOR SP WARFARE 002
JNT REFUGEE OPN CEN 001
JNT US MAAG GREECE 001
MACDILL AFB - RC-JA-DA 002
OASI COMB MIL INTG CEN 002
OIC STRAT ANAL SPT GP JOHNS HOPKINS U 001
PICATINNY ARSENAL 001
SAC 544TH AEROSPACE R TECH WG 004
SAMSO (DAA-OL NO 1) 002
SENIOR US NAT REP NAV SOUTH 001
SF DET ABN EUR 015
SHAPE USNMR 001
SHAPE USNMR - SURVEY SEC 001
USA AIR DEF CEN - FT BLISS 001
USA ALASKA 001
USA ALASKA G2 002
USA ARMOR CEN - FT KNOX 001
USA ARTY AND MISSILE CEN - FT SILL 014
USA BERLIN AND USCOB 025
USA CA SCH - FT GORDON 001
USA CC & SCH - FT MCCLELLAN 001
USA CDC 001
USA CDC - ARMOR AGCY 005
D-2
NO OF COPIES
USA CDC - ARTY AGCY 005
USA CDC - CA AGCY 001
USA CDC - CBR AGCY 001
USA CDC - CBT SVC SPT GP 001
USA CDC - CBT SYSTEMS GP 001
USA CDC - ENGR AGCY 001
USA CDC - INCSCFD-TS 004
USA CDC - INF AGCY 005
USA CDC - MAINT AGCY 001
USA CDC - MP AGCY 001
USA CDC - SP WF CEN 001
USA CDC - SUPPLY AGCY 001
USACGSC - FT LEAVENWORTH 014
USAEAF CEN EUR - US DOC OFF 001
USA ELE CENTAG 002
USA ELE CENTAG - ENG DIV 005
USA ELE LAND SOUTHEAST 006
USA ELE LIVE OAK 001
USA ELECT PROV GND 001
USA ENGR SCH - MINE WARFARE DIV 010
USA ESTC 128
USA FRANKFORD ARSENAL 005
USAIV & SCH - FT HUACHUCA 001
USAIC & SCH - CCU - FT HUACHUCA 002
USA INF CEN FT BENNING 001
USA INTELCOM - ICPO-I 002
USA JAPAN - G2 001
USA LN GP NORTHAG/BAOR 150
USAMC STIT - EUR 001
USA MISSILE COMD REDSTONE ARSENAL 005
USA MUNITIONS COMD 001
USAREUR & 7A CSTC 001
USAREUR & 7A DCSOPS 005
USAREUR & 7A ODCSI - AEAGB-C(GO)LN 002
USAREUR & 7A COLL DIV 001
USAREUR & 7A ODCSI - IDHS-FMA 001
USAREUR & 7A ODCSI - LNO 007
USAREUR & 7A PDN DIV 030
USAREUR & 7A TC & CAS 050
USAREUR & 7A TNG CTR - AETTG-SC 006
USAREUR LNO TO CCFFA 015
USARPAC G2 007
USASA FLD STA AUGSBURG 010
USA SCTY EVAL GP (LNO) 020
USA SETAF 001
USA SP SCTY DET 001
D-3
NO OF COPIES
USASAFS AUGSBURG OPS 012
USA TANK AUTOMOTIVE COMD 001
USA WAR COLLEGE 001
USA II CT 006
USCONARC DCSI 001
USDAO - AMER EMB - US DOC CON OFF 001
USDAO - AMAN JORDAN 002
USDAO - APO 09159 001
USDAO - APO 09170 001
USDAO - APO 09223 005
USDAO - APO 09285 005
USDAO - APO 09672 002
USDAO - APO 09794 005
USDAO - BOX 36 FPO 09540 0011
USDAO - BELGRADE 005
USDAO - BUCHAREST 005
USDAO - BUDAPEST 005
USDAO - HELSINKI 001
USDAO - LISBON 005
USDAO - MOSCOW 005
USDAO - PRAGUE 007
USDAO - SOFIA 001
USDAO - STOCKHOLM 005
USDAO - WARSAW 005
USEUCOM 003
USEUCOM ELEC INTEL CEN 001
USMAC THAILAND 001
USMACV - J2 001
USMLM 020
USNAVEUR 001
USN EOD FAC 001
USN MED RSCH LAB 001
USN WPNS EVAL FAC 001
USN WPNS LAB 001
USN WAR COLLEGE 001
USPACAF & PFIHS & DS 004
USPACOM 001
USPAC FLT NAVY NO 128 002
WATERVLIET ARSENAL 001
TOTAL 3730
D-4

USAREUR Pam 30-60-1 1973 Identification Guide, Part One Weapons and Equipment, East European Communist Armies, Volume II, Artillery

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USAREUR Pam 30-60-1 1973 Identification Guide, Part One Weapons and Equipment, East European Communist Armies, Volume II, Artillery

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USAREUR Pame 30-60-1

USAREUR PAM 15 January 1973

USAREUR Pamphlet 30-60-1, current as of 1 October 1972, is published

OFFICIAL: R.C. CONROY

The purpose of this guide is to present the essential tactical,

Every effort has been made to make this guide comprehensive,

85mm Field Guns ................ ................ .......... 33

105mm Howitzers ................ ................................... 51

FIELD ARTILLERY ROCKET LAUNCHERS.... ......................... 103

Surface-to-Surface Free Rockets Over Ground .............. ..145

14.5mm Antiaircraft Heavy Machineguns.................... .. .185

23mm and 30mm Automatic Antiaircraft Guns ................ ... 197

ARMORED VEHICLES, GENERAL

Reconnaissance theodolite RT.--2

Stereoscopic rangefinder DS-a,9

Topographic survey vehicle GAZ-69TM

Artillery and mortar position locating radar ARSOM

TYPICAL FIELD GUN

TYPICAL HEAVY GUN

Length of tubs 46.3 calibers

Length of tube 22.7 calibers

double baffle as on 76 mp divisional gun M1942

multi-baffle as on 152 mi gun howitzer M1937

BREECHRING OPERATING LEVER

OPERATING VERTICAL SLIDING WEDGE

BREECHRING BREECHBLOCK I BREECHBLOCK

45 mm antitank gun M1942

57 mm antitank gun M1943 (ZIS-2)

57 mm auxiliary-propelled antitank gun Ch-26

45mm antitank gun M1942

The 57mm auxiliary-propelled gun Ch-26 is a shortened version

*The Ch-26 has an auxiliary propulsion unit consisting of one M-72

57 mm antitank gun M1943 (ZIS-2)

with wavy shield and mount for infrared searchlight

57 mm auxiliary-propelled antitank gun Ch-26

57 mm antitank gun M1943 (ZIS-2)

57 mm antitank gun M1943 (ZIS-2)

57mm auxiliary-propelled antitank gun Ch-26 t .

76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZIS-3)

76 mm mountain gun M-48 (B-1)

76 mm mountain gun M1966

76mm divisional gun M1942 (ZIS-3)

Caliber mm 76.2 76.2

76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZIS-3)

76 mm mountain gun M-48 (B-1)

76 mm mountain gun M-48 (B-lA2)

76 mm mountain gun M-48 (B-i)

85 mm divisional gun D-44

85 mm field gun M52

85mm divisional gun D-44

D-44 SD-44* M52 (M52/55)

85 mm divisional gun 0-44-N

85 mm auxiliary-propelled field gun SD-44

Details of propulsion system

field gun SD-44

100 mm field gun M1944(BS-3)

100 mm field gun M-53

100mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)

The Czechoslovak 100mm field gun M53 was a national development