37-Infracon 2017 R L Wankhade Track 4 PDF
37-Infracon 2017 R L Wankhade Track 4 PDF
37-Infracon 2017 R L Wankhade Track 4 PDF
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Rajan Wankhade
Government College of Engineering
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It is observed that moment resisting frames and building Natural rubber bearing isolators are comprised of the
structures fails if subjected to sever earthquake loading. Due alternating layers of rubber and metal shims. These layers are
to the shaking of ground the fixed bases are damaged greatly. placed together by means of the vulcanization process
Hence base isolation techniques are effectively used to through pressure and heat to make a composite bearing.
control the response of the structures in such situations. Metal shims add vertical stiffness to the bearings so as to
Springs are mostly used as base isolators in various structures. prevent the rocking response of an isolated structure. Metal
Further rubber bearings are also act as base isolators to act as shims also prevent rubber from bulging out under high axial
shock absorber. Natural rubber bearings, also known as compressive loads coming on bearing. Lateral stiffness of
laminated rubber bearings are manufactured of natural rubber bearings is controlled by the shear modulus of the elastic
or neoprene, a synthetic rubber material employed of its material. The bearings are kept between two thick end plates
toughness and durability. to facilitate the connection between the foundations and the
isolation mat. The natural rubber bearings have low damping
and are unable to handle service wind loads due to low
Barbat and Bozzo [1] studied seismic analysis of base stiffness. However, these natural rubber bearings are easy to
isolated buildings. Barbat et al [2] proposed effectiveness of install and manufacture. Their behaviour can also be easily
International Conference on
Innovations in Concrete for Infrastructure Challenges
Nagpur, India
October 6-7, 2017
modelled analyzed and hence easy to design for particular manufacture, analyze and design as that of natural rubber
loading. The effects of creep, stiffness deterioration over time bearings.
are small for these bearings because natural rubber and
neoprene are known to have a consistent shear modulus over
time. 2.2 High Damping Natural Rubber Bearings
The high damping natural rubber bearings are employed to
Hence in present work efforts are made to study the structural eliminate the need for supplementary damping devices. The
response of RC moment resisting frames. For this, three composition of HDRB is similar to that of the natural rubber
different rubber bearings; lead rubber bearing, low damping bearings except that elastomeric material is used in addition.
rubber bearing and high damping rubber bearing are used.
The increase in damping is achieved by adding fillers such as
Moment resisting concrete frames subjected to earthquake
loading are analysed to study its behaviour. carbon, oils and resins. The addition of such fillers increases
the damping to 20-30% of critical damping.
During extreme loads, the lead plug experiences the same 2.3 Sliding Devices
deformation as rubber and also generates heat or dissipates Sliding devices are employed to eliminate torsion effects in
kinetic energy by converting it into heat. Thus, hysteretic asymmetric structures because of frictional force utilized in
behaviour of the plug in the bearing helps to reduce the sliding devices is proportional to the axial force on a sliding
energy absorbed by the building. Thus, lead rubber bearings device due to weight. Therefore, the centre of gravity of a
exhibits desirable hysteretic damping characteristics, which building structure coincides with the centre of stiffness of the
enhance the structural response of the system. The amount of isolation system by eliminating torsion effects in asymmetric
dissipated energy is a function of maximum bearing structures. The sliding base isolation devices consists of pure
displacement. Lead rubber bearings are also easy to install,
International Conference on
Innovations in Concrete for Infrastructure Challenges
Nagpur, India
October 6-7, 2017
friction devices, resilient friction based devices and friction friction-base isolators. The friction developed between the
pendulums. Sliding devices are characterized by insensitivity plates is sufficient to provide resistance to service wind loads.
to the frequency content of the earthquake excitations and Under seismic loads, the damping capability of the rubber is
hence can be used for a verity of structures. relatively small, and the friction damping is the main energy
Sliding systems are simple to construct and have a dissipater. The manufacture of a resilient friction-base
theoretical appeal. A layer with a particular coefficient of isolator is a relatively simple task as the rubber cores are only
friction limits the acceleration to this value and the forces fitted but not bonded to the sliding rings.
which can be transmitted also be limited to the coefficient of
friction times the weight. 2.6 Friction Pendulum Bearings
Sliding devices provide the major requirements of a
Friction pendulum bearing consists of sliding device with
practical system if the coefficient of friction is high enough to
pendulum action. The schematic layout of a friction
resist movement under service loads. Sliding movement
pendulum bearing is shown in Figure 3. They consist of an
provides the flexibility. The force-displacement trace
articulated slider resting on a spherical concave chrome
provides a rectangular shape which is required to have the
surface. The slider as shown in figure is covered with a
optimum for equivalent viscous damping. A pure sliding
polished bearing material such as Teflon. The friction
system should have unbounded displacements, with an upper
coefficient between the surfaces of slider and spherical
limit equal to the maximum ground displacement for a
concave chrome surface is of the order of 0.1 at high velocity
coefficient of friction equals to zero. The system provides no
sliding and of the order of 0.05 at low velocities. A friction
restoring force and hence the isolated structure will displaced
pendulum system acts as a fuse and is activated when
to new position after an earthquake ends up and may continue
earthquake forces exceed the value of static friction.
to displace with aftershocks. The lack of restoring force may
be remedied by using sliding bearings in parallel with other
types which do have a restoring force. Also restoring force
may be remedied by using a shaped rather than flat sliding
surface.
3. Other types of isolators vertical load. This is attractive from structural design
perspective as the base shear on the structure is limited to the
Various types of isolation system have been developed in sliding force.
decades. The following are commonly used isolators.
Ball and Roller bearings
Springs Ball and roller bearing is the simplest isolation
There are proprietary devices based on steel springs and their device. A ball is compressible material, which deforms as it
most likely application is for machinery isolation. The main rolls providing some resistance to service loads and energy
disadvantage with springs is that most of them are flexible in dissipation.
both the vertical and the lateral directions. The vertical Solid ball and roller bearing constructed of steel or
flexibility of springs allows a pitching mode of response to alloys usually results in flattening of the contact surface
occur. Springs have little damping and will move excessively under time if they are subjected to a high stress. This appears
under service loads. to have restricted their use. Also they do not provide much
resistance to service loads and damping hence need to be
used in parallel with other isolation devices.
Figure 5. Rocking Isolation System 4. Performance of G+9 Building with different rubber
bearing
Resistance to service loads is provided by the weight of the
structure. Damping is to be added by using devices such as The performance analysis of RC moment resisting G+9
yielding bolts or steel cantilevers in such system. frame with different types of rubber isolators is studied in this
section.
Flat Slider Bearings
Flat sliding bearings provide an elastic-perfectly plastic A reinforced concrete building is located on a medium soil
hysteresis shape with no strain hardening after the applied with following parameters.
force exceeds the coefficient of friction times the applied Storey height: 3m
Size of beams: 0.3m x 0.5m
International Conference on
Innovations in Concrete for Infrastructure Challenges
Nagpur, India
October 6-7, 2017
Figure 11. First two mode shapes with isolation (LRB 745)
Figure9 First two mode shapes with isolation (LDRB 486) Figure 12 shows variation of frequency with different rubber
bearing isolators (G+9 RC Building). Figure 13 shows
variation of base shear with different rubber bearing isolators
(G+9 RC Building)
Figure 10. First two mode shapes with isolation (HDRB 544) Figure 12. Variation of frequency with different rubber
bearing isolators (G+9 RC Building)
International Conference on
Innovations in Concrete for Infrastructure Challenges
Nagpur, India
October 6-7, 2017