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Vibration and damping of composite sandwich box column with

viscoelastic/electrorheological fluid core and performance comparison

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DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.12.023

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Materials and Design xxx (2009) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials and Design

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matdes

Vibration and damping of composite sandwich box column with

viscoelastic/electrorheological fluid core and performance comparison
K. Ramkumar, N. Ganesan *
Machine Design Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamilnadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, vibration and damping of composite sandwich box column containing viscoelastic layer
Received 30 September 2008 (VEL) or electrorheological fluid (ER) core with constraining layer and their performance comparison is
Accepted 24 December 2008 carried out. The finite element based modal strain energy method is used for predicting the modal loss
Available online xxxx
factor and frequency of laminated composite box columns with integral viscoelastic/ER fluid layers.
Effects of core thickness, orientation of the fiber in the base plate and constraining layer, applied voltage
Keywords: and stacking sequence on the vibration behavior of composite sandwich box column for clamped-free
Viscoelastic
boundary condition are studied in the paper. The performance comparison of vicsoelastic layer damping
Electrorheological
Sandwich box column
and ER layer damping is also investigated.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction characteristics of cylindrical shells with constrained damping

treatment using the finite element method. The above authors
Box sections are of immense importance in the design of ad- are considered the base and constrained plate are made of mild
vanced high performance aeronautical/aerospace vehicles and in steel.
general these sections are used as load bearing members in vari- Some new numerical methods like differential quadrature, dis-
ous industries as structural part and other applications. When crete singular convolutions and meshless methods are being
used in a vibratory environment, the structures can receive trans- increasingly used nowadays for investigating the characteristics
mitted vibratory energy which can cause high vibratory stresses of engineering structures which are used in the dynamics area.
and environmental fatigue of the materials. This will cause unde- Typical examples are as follows.
sirable effects on the structure. Most efficient way of controlling The active damping of structural vibration of a simply sup-
excessive vibration and environmental fatigue is to introducing ported beam by using a piezoelectric, collocated sensor/actuator
damping into structures. In order to improve their damping char- pair has been investigated by Pietrzakowski [5]. The control con-
acteristics, it is common practice to apply surface treatments in cept is based on the velocity feedback. Civalek [6], compared the
the form of viscoelastic or electrorheological fluid or magneto- methods of differential quadrature (DQ) and harmonic differen-
rheological layers to structures. One such treatment is the well- tial quadrature for buckling, bending, and free vibration analysis
known constrained layer damping. In recent past good amount of thin isotropic plates and columns. Nayfeh [7], investigated the
of research has been done on the sandwich structures for analyz- damping of flexural vibration in the plane of lamination of
ing vibration behavior with viscoelastic core. Ahmed [1] investi- elastic–viscoelastic sandwich beams. He has also analyzed with
gated the static and dynamic properties of sandwich structures the numerical example of sandwich box beam and concluded
with honeycomb core by finite element method. Nabi and Gane- that a pair of constraining layers can produce high damping in
san [2] studied the vibration characteristics of sandwich plate both the directions normal to and parallel to the plane of
based on a modified Ahmed approach. Johnson [3] briefly re- lamination.
viewed the techniques employed for designed in passive damping Fiber-reinforced composites are being increasingly used as
for vibration control. The investigation also discussed how visco- alternatives for conventional materials primarily because of their
elastic materials and design methods for passive damping were high specific strength, specific stiffness and tailorable properties.
tested and characterized. In a related work, Ramesh and Ganesan Advanced composite materials not only have high stiffness but
[4] studied three theories used to analyse vibration and damping also have greater damping capacity compared with metals and
metal-matrix composites. In polymeric composites, the fiber con-
tributes to the stiffness and the damping is enhanced owing to
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +91 44 22574656. the internal friction within the constituents and interfacial slip
E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Ganesan). at the fiber/matrix interfaces. However, the damping capacity of

0261-3069/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2008.12.023

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2 K. Ramkumar, N. Ganesan / Materials and Design xxx (2009) xxx–xxx

composite laminates can be increased many times by incorporat-

ing viscoelastic damping layers between the laminae of the base
composite. In connection with this, damping analysis of lami-
nated composite beam and plate is studied with viscoelastic layer
by authors [8,9]. Yim et al. [10] studied the damping behavior of a
0° laminated sandwich composite cantilever beam inserted with a
viscoelastic layer.
With the advancement of technology in ER materials, the
applicability of controllable fluids (ER) to such members has
been increased significantly due to their merits such as variable
stiffness and damping properties. ER fluids have great potential
in applications for intelligent materials and structures. Many
studies regarding the control of structural vibration have so far
been devoted to the use of electrorheological (ER) fluids. The
use of an ER fluid for the vibration analysis of a sandwich plate
with a constrained layer and electrorheological fluid core has
been investigated by Yeh and Chen [11]. Yeh and Chen [12] also
investigated the dynamic stability problems of a sandwich plate
with a constraining layer and an electrorheological (ER) fluid Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the laminated composite box section and its section
core subjected to an axial dynamic force. In their study, the rect- view.
angular plate is covered in an ER fluid core and a constraining
layer to improve the stability of the system and discussed the ef-
fects of the natural frequencies, static buckling loads, and loss
factors on the dynamic stability behavior of the sandwich plate.
The more detail investigations of the ER material in the struc-
tural vibration can be traced to Yalcintas and Coulter [13,14]
and Yalcintas and Dai [15]. They studied the vibration problem
of a sandwich beam with an ER fluid core and discussed the ef-
fects of the thickness and loss factor on the vibrations were also
presented. Recently, the finite element dynamic analysis of an
orthotropic rectangular sandwich plate with orthotropic base
plate and constraining layer and an electrorheological fluid core
is analyzed by Yeh et al. [16]. Narayana et al. [17] studied the
free vibration and damping characteristics of sandwich skew
plates consisting of composite stiff layers with viscoelastic or
electrorheological fluid core, using finite element method. In
Fig. 2. Basic configuration for viscoelastic/ER damping (constrained treatment).
their study, the vibration behavior of these core materials is crit-
ically compared.
Even though there are a lot of papers dealing with the vibra-
The base plate and constrained layer are assumed to be ortho-
tion and damping analysis of sandwich structures with viscoelas-
tropic and is designated as the layer 1 and layer 3, respectively.
tic or ER, only a few papers [18,19] focus on the effect on the
Layer 2 is damping layer (VEL/ER) and the properties of the ER
damping characteristics of sandwich box column. Recently,
layer can be changed by applying different electric fields.
Ramkumar et al. have investigated the damping characteristics
This analysis assumes the following:
of isotropic sandwich box column with ER core as damping layer.
Very recently, Vibration and damping of hollow isotropic sand-
(1) The interface of the base structure and damping material is
wich box column containing viscoelastic layer (VEL) or electro-
no slip.
rheological (ER) or magneto-rheological (MR) fluid core with
(2) The shear deformation in the base and constraining layer is
constraining layer and its comparison performance is analyzed
negligible.
by Ramkumar et al. [20]. The analysis of dynamic characteristics
(3) The longitudinal direct stresses in the VEL/ER are negligible.
of composite sandwich box column with different types of core
(4) The plane cross-sections in each layer remain plane after
and their performance comparison are not presented in the above
deformation.
work and moreover not found in the open literature. Hence in the
present study, the vibration and damping analysis of composite
The rectangular plate element is used to model the struc-
sandwich box column containing ER or VEL core with constrained
ture in the present case. The in-plane displacements assumed
layer and their performance comparison has been investigated
are
and presented.
u ¼ a1 þ a3 x þ a5 y þ a7 xy
ð1Þ
2. Problem formulation
v ¼ a2 þ a4 x þ a6 y þ a8 xy
where u, v are the displacemets in x and y-directions, respectively.
Modeling details of a composite sandwich box column with a The bending displacement assumed is
constraining layer and damping material core is demonstrated in
Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows the configuration of a rectangular multilayer w ¼ a9 þ a10 x þ a11 y þ a12 x2 þ a13 xy þ a14 x3 þ a15 y2 þ a16 y3
composite sandwich plate element, where tbl, tvel/er and tconl denote þ a17 xy2 þ a18 x2 y þ a19 x3 y þ a20 xy3 ð2Þ
the thickness of the base structure, VEL/ER core, constraining layer,
respectively. The strain vector is given by

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8 9 8 9 2 3 2 3
>
< ex >
= jx >
< >
= ex ex0
6e 7 6 7
feg ¼ ey þ z jy ¼ ½Bfag ð3Þ 4 y 5 ¼ ½T4 ey0 5 ð10Þ
:c >
> ; >
: >
xy jxy ; cxy
2
cx0 y0
2

Where middle surface strains are Where it can be observed that strains do transform with the
8 9 8 9 same transformation as stresses if the tensor definition of shear
@u
>
< ex > < @x >
= > = strain is used (which is equivalent to dividing the engineering
@v
ey ¼ @y ð4Þ shear strain by two). The transformation matrix ½T used in the
: >
> > >
exy ; : @u
@y
þ @@xv
; above equation is presented in Appendix 1. However, if the simple
matrix ½R is introduced, then the engineering strain vectors
middle surface curvatures are
2 3 2 3
ex ex
8 9 6 7 6 7
8 9 6 ey 7 6 7
> jx > >
> > @2 w
4 5 ¼ ½R4 ey 5 ð11Þ
< @x2 >
2
< = = cxy
@ w
jy ¼  @y2 ð5Þ cxy 2
>
: > > > 2 3
jxy ; : @2 w >
>
2
; ex0 2 0 3
ex
@x@y 6 7
6 ey0 7 ¼ ½R6 e
4 y0 5
7
ð12Þ
4 5
Now the coefficient vector fag can be obtained in terms of nodal cx0 y0
displacements as 2
ex0 y0
can be used instead of the tensor strain vectors in the strain trans-
fue g ¼ ½Nfag; fag ¼ ½N1 fue g ð6Þ
formation as well as in stress–strain transformations. The ½R matrix
where is presented in Appendix 1.The stress–strain relation of orthotropic
 T lamina whose principal material axes are aligned with the natural
fue g ¼ u1 ; v 1 ; w1 ; ð@w=@yÞ1 ; ð@w=@xÞ1    ð@w=@xÞ4 ð7Þ body axes is given as
Substituting Eq. (6) in (7), the strain vector can be written as 2 3 2 3 2 32 3
rx rx0 D11 D12 0 ex0
6 7 6 0 7 6 76 e 0 7
feg ¼ ½B½N1 fue g ð8Þ 4 ry 5 ¼ 4 ry 5 ¼ 4 D12 D22 0 54 y 5 ð13Þ
sxy sx0 y0 0 0 D66 cx0 y0
In addition, a change in the material property matrix [D] is done
to accommodate the change in the properties of composite materi- The Eq. (13) can be written after abbreviating as
als with fiber orientation. The following section will explain the 2 3 2 3
transformations needed for the [D] matrix when the material axis
rx0 ex0
6 0 7 6 7
does not coincide with the structural axis. 4 ry 5 ¼ ½D4 ey0 5 ð14Þ
sx0 y0 ex0 y0
2.1. Stress–strain relations for composite lamina of arbitrary
Now the stress–strain relation when the orthotropic material
orientation
coordinate axes is oriented at some angle with the body axes is
2 2 3
Fig. 3 shows, coordinate systems of geometric axes and princi- rx 3 2 0 3
rx ex
pal material axes. A method of transforming stress–strain relations 6 7 6 0 7 6 7
4 ry 5 ¼ ½T4 ry 5 ¼ ½T½D½R½T ½R 4 ey 7
1 1 6
5 ð15Þ
from principal material coordinates to those in the body coordi-
nates when both the coordinates do not coincide in a problem is sxy sx0 y0 cxy
studied in this section.
However, ½R½T1 ½R1 can be shown to be ½TT where the super-
The transformation equations for expressing stresses in x  y
script denotes the matrix transpose. Then if the abbreviation given
coordinate system in terms of stresses in x0  y0 coordinate system
below is used
are given as, [21]
2 3 2 3  ¼ ½T½D½TT
rx rx0 ½D ð16Þ
6 7 6 7
4 ry 5 ¼ ½T4 ry0 5 ð9Þ
the stress–strain relation in x  y coordinates is
sxy sx0 y0
2 3 2 3 2 32 3
Similarly, the strain transformation equations are
rx ex  11
D  12
D  16
D ex
6 7 6 7 6  22  26 76 ey 7
4 ry 5 ¼ ½D 4 ey 5 ¼ 4 D12 D D 54 5 ð17Þ
sxy exy  16
D  26
D  66
D cxy

in which the transformed reduced stiffnessDij are obtained by the

expressions which are presented in Appendix 1. The strain energy
in the plate is given by
Z
P¼ frgTk feg dv ð18Þ
v

where frgk is
8 9 2 3 88 9 8 99
< rx >
> = D11 D12 D16 >
<>< ex >= < jx >
> =>
=
ry ¼ 6 4 D12 D22
7
D26 5 ey þ z jy ð19Þ
> > >
:>:c > > >>
:
sxy ;k D16 D26 D66 k xy
; :
jxy ;;
Fig. 3. Positive rotations of principal material axes from x  y axes.

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Table 1
Validation of frequencies and loss factors for sandwich box column with VEL.

Mode Sai kumar [18] Present

tcl = 4 mm tcl = 6 mm tcl = 4 mm tcl = 6 mm
Freq. (Hz) Loss factor 102 Freq. (Hz) Loss factor 102 Freq. (Hz) Loss factor 102 Freq. (Hz) Loss factor 102
1 274 0.222 269 0.236 273.85 0.2223 269.138 0.2361
2 274 0.222 269 0.236 273.86 0.2225 269.152 0.2364
3 308 0.651 303 0.682 308.44 0.6511 303.210 0.6817
4 461 4.043 454 4.215 460.47 4.0433 453.682 4.2147
5 480 3.927 473 4.092 479.99 3.9269 472.985 4.0922

2 3
ex 9
8
>
> >
>
B11 B12 B16
> > 6 7
ey >
>
>
>
>
>
>
> ½Bij  ¼ 4 B12 B22 B26 5 ð26Þ
>
< >
=
cxy B16 B26 B66

fe g ¼ ¼ ½B fue g ð20Þ
>
>
> jx >>
> 2 3
>
> >
> D12 D12 D16
> >
> jy >
>
: >
; 6 7
jxy ½Dij  ¼ 4 D12 D22 D26 5 ð27Þ
frgk ¼ ½D fe g ð21Þ D16 D26 D66
X
N
Substituting Eqs. (20) and (21) in (19) to get strain energy in ½Aij  ¼ ½Dij k ðzk  zk1 Þ ð28Þ
this form k¼1
Z 1X N
1 ½Bij  ¼ ½Dij k ðz2k  z2k1 Þ ð29Þ
P¼ fe gT ½D fe g dA ð22Þ 2 k¼1
2 A

Substituting Eqs. (20) and (6) in (22), the stiffness matrix of the ele- 1X N
½Dij  ¼ ½Dij k ðz3k  z3k1 Þ ð30Þ
ment is given by 3 k¼1
Z
½K ¼ ½NT ½B T ½D ½B  dA½N1 ð23Þ where i and j = 1, 2,and 6, N is number of layers and k corresponds
A to the kth layer of the laminate. z is the thickness from the middle
The elasticity matric ½D is given by surface of the composite plate. Where ½Aij  ¼ ½Dp is the constitutive
  composite in plane plate matrix. ½Bij  are called coupling constitu-
½Aij  ½Bij  tive composite plate matrix. The presence of the ½Bij  implies cou-
½D ¼ ð24Þ
½Bij  ½Dij  pling between bending and extension of a laminate. In the
present study, the coupling constitutive matrix assumed is zero.
Where
2 3 ½Dij  ¼ ½Db  is the constitutive composite bending plate matrix. The
A11 A12 A16 kinetic energy in the plate is given by
6 7 8 9T 8 9
½Aij  ¼ 4 A12 A22 A26 5 ð25Þ
Z <> u_ >
= < u_ >
> =
A16 A26 A66 1
T¼ v_ ½P v_ dA ð31Þ
2 : _ >
A > ; : _ >
> ;
w w
Table 2 _ v_ and w
where u; _ are the time derivatives of displacement functions
Comparisons of natural frequency and loss factor.
and are written in terms of nodal displacements as:
Mode Yeh et al. [16] Present 8 9
no.
Natural frequencies Loss Natural frequencies Loss < u_ >
> =
(Hz) factor (Hz) factor v_ _ ¼ ½G½N1 fu_ e g
¼ ½Gfag ð32Þ
: _ >
> ;
1 58.69 0.201 57.01 0.206 w
2 113.75 0.211 111.22 0.211
Substituting Eq. (32) in (31), mass matrix of the element is
Z
½M ¼ ½NT ½GT ½P½GdA½N1 ð33Þ
Table 3 A
Material Properties of Composites, [22].

Composites Ex (GPa) Ey (GPa) Gxy (GPa) mxy q (kg/m3) 2.2. Constrained viscoelastic/ER rectangular plate element (Ahmed’s
Glass/epoxy 38.6 8.3 4.14 0.26 1810 approach)
Boron/epoxy 204.0 18.3 5.5 0.23 2000
Kevlar/epoxy 76.0 5.5 2.3 0.34 1460 In the present study, the formulation presented in the work of
Graphite/epoxy 184.5 10.9 7.3 0.28 1600
Nabi and Ganesan [2] has been extended to characterize the vibra-

Table 4
Material properties of composites including composite material damping, Lin et al. [23].

Composites Ex (GPa) Ey (GPa) Gxy (GPa) Wx Wy Wxy Nxy q (kg/m3)

Glass/epoxy 37.78 10.90 4.91 0.0087 0.0505 0.0691 0.30 1870
Graphite/epoxy 172.7 7.20 3.76 0.0045 0.0422 0.0705 0.30 1550

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a 450
b
Glass/Epoxy 20 Glass/Epoxy
Boron/Epoxy Boron/Epoxy
400
Kevlar/Epoxy Kevlar/Epoxy
Graphite/Epoxy Graphite/Epoxy
natural frequency (Hz)

loss factor x 10 2
350 15

300
10

250

5
200
o
alpha=90
o
alpha=90
150 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
mode number mode number

c 450 d
Glass/Epoxy
20 Glass/Epoxy
Boron/Epoxy
400 Boron/Epoxy
Kevlar/Epoxy
Kevlar/Epoxy
Graphite/Epoxy
natural frequency (Hz)

Graphite/Epoxy
loss factor x 10 2

350 15
F

300
10

250 F C

5
200
alpha=90o o
C alpha=90
150 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
mode number mode number

e 450 f
Glass/Epoxy Glass/Epoxy
Boron/Epoxy 20
Boron/Epoxy
400 Kevlar/Epoxy Kevlar/Epoxy
Graphite/Epoxy Graphite/Epoxy
natural frequency (Hz)

loss factor x 10 2

350 15
F

300
10

250 F C

5
200
o
alpha=90o C alpha=90
150 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
mode number mode number

Fig. 4. Variation of natural frequency and loss factor with respect to mode numbers for the column with VEL core thickness (a,b) 0.004 m, (c,d) 0.006 m and (e,f) 0.008 m.

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a 450 b
mode1
20
mode2
400
mode3
mode4
350 15
natural frequency (Hz)

mode1

2
loss factor x 10
mode2
300
mode3 10
mode4
250

5
200

150 0
glass/epoxy glass/epoxy
100
0 20 40 60 80
0 20 40 60 80
fiber angle fiber angle

c d
700 mode1
20 mode1
mode2
mode2
mode3
600 mode3
mode4
mode4
natural frequency (Hz)

15
loss factor x 10 2

500

10
400

300 5

200
0
boron/epoxy boron/epoxy
100
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
fiber angle fiber angle
e 500
f
mode1
450 20 mode2
mode3
400 mode4
natural frequency (Hz)

15
loss factor x 10 2

350

300
10

250
mode1
mode2
200 5
mode3
mode4
150
0
100 kevlar/epoxy kevlar/epoxy
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
fiber angle fiber angle

Fig. 5. The variation of the first four modal loss factors and frequencies with the fiber orientation. (a,b) glass/epoxy, (c,d) boron/epoxy, (e,f) Kevlar/epoxy, and (g,h) graphite/
epoxy.

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g 700
h mode1
F 20
mode2
600 mode3
mode4
15
natural frequency (Hz)

loss factor x 10 2
500 C

10 F
400

mode1
mode2
300 5
mode3
mode4
C

200
0
graphite/epoxy graphite/epoxy
100
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
fiber angle fiber angle

Fig. 5 (continued)

tion and damping behavior of the sandwich structure. The dis- where [P] is the mass property matrix and is given by
placements at any point in the sandwich plate may be given as 2 3
M
ux ¼ u0 þ zw v y ¼ v 0 þ z/ wz ¼ w0 ð34Þ 6
M
7
6 7
6 7 M ¼ qcl t cl þ 2qbl tbl ;
where u0, v0, w0 are the components of the displacement of the mid- ½P ¼ 6 I 7 ð42Þ
6 7 I ¼ 16 q t 3 þ 1 q t t 2
dle surface of the core in the x, y and z-directions, respectively and w, 6 7 3 cl cl 2 bl bl cl
4 I 5
/ are the rotations of normal in the x  z and y  z planes, respec-
M
tively. The relations for the displacement u, v, and w and rotations
/ and w within the element in terms nodal displacements are the
where q = density of material, t = thickness of plate, m = Poisson’s ra-
same as those reported in reference [2]. Hence the details are not
tio of the material. All the subscripts with bl represent the proper-
presented here. The strain vector is given by
     ties of base plate material and subscript cl represents the
@u0 @ v 0 @u0 @ v 0 @w @/ @w @/ properties of damping core layer. In the present study, the modal
feg ¼ þ þ c c
@x @y @y @x @x @y @y @x xz yz strain energy concept is used to estimate the VEL and ER damping
)T loss factors. The deformations of each element expressed in the lo-
@2w @2w @2w
 2  2 2 ¼ ½Bfue g ð35Þ cal coordinates can be transformed into the loading coordinates
@x @y @x@y using the following transformation relationship:
where shear strains in the core cxz and cyz are given by fug ¼ ½k½u0 
     
t @w t @w where ½k is the transformation matrix. The primed notations are
cxz ¼ 1 þ bl w þ cyz ¼ 1 þ bl / þ ð36Þ
tcl @x t cl @y used to denote the deformations in the local coordinates. The global
stiffness and mass matrix can be expressed as
and shear in the base plate and constrained plate is neglected. The
stiffness matrix is given by ½K g  ¼ ½kT ½K e ½k
Z ð43Þ
½K ¼ ½BT ½D ½B dA ð37Þ ½M g  ¼ ½kT ½M e ½k
A

Here stiffness property matrix [D]* is given by 2.3. Modal strain energy method
2 3
½DP 
6 7 An approximate expression for modal loss factor from eigen-
 6 ½DN  7
½D ¼ 6 7 ð38Þ value analysis of a structure with complex stiffness, Johnson et
4 ½DS  5
al. [3], is discussed in the following section. The free vibration
½Db  equation of motion for finite element problem is given by
 2
t bl þ t cl
½DN  ¼ ½Dbl   ð39Þ € þ Kx ¼ 0
Mx ð44Þ
2

2 Where the K is the stiffness matrix and is complex if the
  Ecl  t cl  1 þ ttbl
G 0 cl structure contains damping materials such as VEL or ER. Eq. (44)
½DS  ¼ G¼ ð40Þ
0 G 2ð1 þ mcl Þ is converted to eigenvalue problem by assuming a solution of the
form
Both [Dp] and [Db] are the conventional [D] matrix in-terms for

in-plane and bending displacements. The mass matrix is given by X ¼ /ðrÞ ei-r t ð45Þ
Z ðrÞ
½M ¼ ½NT ½P½N dA ð41Þ Where - and / 
are the rth complex eigenvalue and eigen-
r
A vector which will be given as

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8 K. Ramkumar, N. Ganesan / Materials and Design xxx (2009) xxx–xxx

/ðrÞ ¼ /ðRÞ þ i/ðIÞ

ðrÞ ðrÞ
ð46Þ K ¼ KR þ KI ð50Þ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The following will be obtained from Eqs. (48), (49), and (38)
-r ¼ -r I þ igðrÞ ð47Þ
after dropping the mode index r
ðrÞ ðrÞ
where /R , /I , gð rÞ and -r are real. The term g(r) is the loss factor T T
/ KR / / KI /
for the rth mode. The eigenvalue problem Eqs. (44) and (45) -2 ð1 þ igÞ ¼ T þi T ð51Þ
become / M/ / M/
2 An approximate value for g can be calculated by approximating
K/ ¼ - M/ ð48Þ
the complex eigenvector /* by the real vector /, which is calcu-
Now if K were purely real, u*(r) and -r would be real and related lated by suppressing the imaginary part of the complex stiffness
using Rayleigh’s quotient formula as matrix. Making this approximation in Eq. (51) and equating real
T and imaginary parts we get,
½/ðrÞ K/ðrÞ 
-2r ¼ T
ð49Þ /T KR /
½/ðrÞ M/ðrÞ  -2 ¼ ð52Þ
/T M/
where the  superscript is dropped to denote a real quantity. If K is /T KI /
perturbed by dK, where dK is complex, -2r will likewise acquire an -2 g ¼ ð53Þ
/T M/
imaginary part, which may be written as ig -2 after Eq. (47). Then,
the perturbed stiffness matrix can be written as From Eqs. (52) and (53), the modal loss factor of the ith mode of the
structure is written as

a VEL b
450 mode1 VEL
20 mode2
mode3
400 mode4
natural frequency (Hz)

350 mode1 15
loss factor x 10 2

mode2 F
mode3
300
mode4 F
10
250 C

200 C
5

150

glass/epoxy with mat. damp glass/epoxy with mat. damp

100 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
fiber angle fiber angle

c 600 VEL d
F VEL
20 mode1
550
mode2
500 mode3
mode4
natural frequency (Hz)

450 C 15
2
loss factor x 10

400

350 10 F
300
mode1
250
mode2 5
200 mode3 C
mode4
150
0
100 graphite/epoxy with mat. damp
graphite/epoxy with mat. damp
0 20 40 60 80
0 20 40 60 80
fiber angle
fiber angle
Fig. 6. Effect of composite material damping on frequency and damping of box column. (a,b) glass/epoxy, and (c,d) graphite/epoxy.

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/Ti KI /i column are 0.750  0.150  0.004 m. The base and constraining
gi ¼ ð54Þ
plates are assumed to have same thickness, which is 0.004 m in
/Ti KR /i
this case. The base material is mild steel and the viscoelastic layer
where /Ti KI /i is the complex part of strain energy of the core asso- is PVC with complex modulus as 24  106 + i 84  105 N/m2, den-
ciated with the given mode and /Ti KR /i is the strain energy of the sity as 1200 Kg/m3, and Poisson’s ratio v = 0.34.
entire elastic system associated with a given mode. gi is the modal The effect of thickness of viscoelastic layer on frequency and
loss factor of the corresponding ith mode. loss factors is studied. The box column is clamped on one of its
edges. Table 1 shows a comparison and the results match
3. Validation identically.
Next, the solutions of natural frequencies and loss factors of a
Since the dynamic behavior of sandwich box section with simply supported composite sandwich plate with a viscoelastic
damping material cores and orthotropic facings is rarely investi- core are obtained and compared with the results of Yeh et al.
gated in literature, initially a sandwich column with isotropic fac- [16]. The material properties and geometrical parameters consid-
ings and viscoelastic core (PVC) as given in [18] is considered first ered are same as given in [16]. Table 2 shows a comparison and
for verification of the present code. Dimensions of the sandwich the results match reasonably.

a 850 b
800 glass/epoxy 8
glass/epoxy
graphite/epoxy graphite/epoxy
750 7
700
natural frequency (Hz)

6
650
loss factor x 102

600 5

550
4
500
450 3

400
2
350
1
300 0/90/VELcore/0/90 0/90/VELcore/0/90
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6
mode number mode number
12
c 950 d
900 glass/epoxy 11 glass/epoxy
graphite/epoxy graphite/epoxy
850 10
800
9
natural frequency (Hz)

750
700
loss factor x 102

8
650
7
600
550 6
500
5
450
400 4
350
3 +45/-45/VELcore/+45/-45
300 +45/-45/VELcore/+45/-45
250 2
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6
mode number mode number

Fig. 7. Effect of stacking sequence on the damping and frequency of sandwich box column: (a) cross-ply box column, and (b) angle-ply box column.

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4. Results and discussion modulus of the used ER fluid was given by Jia et al. [11] and can be
expressed as follows: G2a ¼ G0a þ G00a , where the shear storage mod-
A composite sandwich box column with damping layer core ulus G0a  15; 000E2 , the loss modulus G00a  6900, and E* is the elec-
(VEL or ER) and constrained layer is studied in this paper and also tric field in kV/mm. Density of ER fluid core is considered as
their performance comparison is investigated. Effects of core thick- qer = 1700 kg/m3. Studies are also carried out to analyse the influ-
ness, orientation of the fiber, applied voltage and stacking se- ence of composite material damping on the system damping. Two
quence on the fundamental frequencies and damping composite materials are considered to study the material damping
characteristics of composite sandwich box column are studied by whose material properties are listed in Table 4. The damping val-
using four-node elements. Numerical computations are carried ues along the longitudinal, Wx and transverse, Wy direction are
out for the clamped-free column with VEL or ER core having one also mentioned in Table 4.
facing layer and as well as column having two facing layers with
[0/90] and [+45/45] stacking sequences. The materials of the con- 4.1. Vibration response of viscoelastic layer damping
strained layer and the base plate considered are orthotropic. The
material properties of a unidirectional fiber reinforced composites 4.1.1. Effect of VEL core thickness
used throughout this paper are presented in Table 3. The thickness of the base and constraining plate are assumed to
The geometrical parameters of the sandwich box column are ta- be 0.004 m and thickness of the viscoelastic layer varies as 0.004,
ken to be: length of the column (L) = 0.750 m, width of the column 0.006 and 0.008 m. Figs. 4a–e summarizes the effect of viscoelastic
(b) = 0.150 m, the base and constraining plates are assumed to core thickness on the loss factor and frequency of composite sand-
have same thickness, which is 0.004 m. The viscoelastic layer is wich box column for different materials. This figure indicates that
PVC with complex modulus as 24  106 + i 84  105 N/m2, density there is a slight increase in loss factor and decrease in frequency
as 1200 Kg/m3, and Poisson’s ratio v = 0.34. In addition, the study is with an increasing thickness of VE layer, which is expected from
carried out by considering the ER damping layer with the complex Eq. (54) since the contribution of [KI] is increased.

a 360 ER b 0.65 ER
glass/epoxy with mat. damp
340 0.60 1Kv/mm
3Kv/mm
320 0.55 6Kv/mm
natural frequency (Hz)

1Kv/mm 0.50 glass/epoxy with mat. damp

2

300
loss factor x 10

3Kv/mm 0.45
280 6Kv/mm
0.40
260
0.35
240
0.30
220
0.25
200
0.20 o
180 fiber angle = 0
o fiber angle= 0
0.15
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6
mode number mode number

c 250
ER d 0.85
ER
1Kv/mm
1Kv/mm
240 3Kv/mm 0.80 3Kv/mm
6Kv/mm
230 6Kv/mm
glass/epoxy with mat. damp
natural frequency (Hz)

0.75
220
2
loss factor x 10

210 0.70

200
0.65
190

180 0.60

170 glass/epoxy with mat. damp

o 0.55 o
fiber angle= 90 fiber angle= 90
160
3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6
mode number mode number

Fig. 8. The effect of the electric voltage on the vibration response of the ER box column with different electric volt levels. (a,b) fiber angle at 0°, and (c,d) fiber angle at 90°.

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In addition, it can be seen from the results that the effect of 30° for higher modes and decreasing the frequency pattern as the
material property on the loss factor and frequency are more signif- fiber angle increases. But there is a continuous increase in the fre-
icant in lower modes than in the higher mode for graphite/epoxy. quency value as the fiber angle increases for lower modes.
Glass/epoxy predicts lower frequency values at lower modes and
not in higher modes. 4.1.3. Influence of composite material damping on overall system
damping
4.1.2. Effect of fiber orientation on vibration response Studies are carried out to find the influence of composite mate-
In order to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on vibration rial damping on overall system damping for the composite sand-
characteristics, four different facing materials are considered with wich box column with facings made of glass/epoxy and graphite/
thickness of the core kept constant as 0.004 m. The geometrical epoxy material and the core is PVC.
parameters considered here as the same as defined in Section 3 Fig. 6 shows the variation of frequency and modal loss
and the material properties are assumed as the same as defined factor with mode number for glass/epoxy and graphite/
in Table 3. The variation of the first four modal loss factors and epoxy box column including composite material damping. It has
frequencies with the fiber orientation are plotted in Fig. 5a–h. From been observed from Fig. 6 that there is a significant effect of
the curves, it can observed that the damping is more at 90° for high- composite material damping on loss factor and not much on
er modes and low at 0°. The frequency is more for all the material at frequency.

a 550
ER1 b ER
1.2
500 mode1 mode1
mode2 mode2
450 mode3 1.0 mode3
mode4 mode4
natural frequency (Hz)

400
2

0.8
loss factor x 10

350

300 0.6

250
0.4
200

150 0.2

100 graphite/epoxy with mat. damp. graphite/epoxy with mat. damp.

0.0
0 20 40 60 80
0 20 40 60 80
fiber angle
fiber angle

c ER d 0.85
350 mode1
0.80 ER
mode2
mode3 0.75
mode4 0.70 mode1
300
natural frequency (Hz)

0.65 mode2
0.60 mode3
loss factor x 102

250 0.55 mode4

0.50
0.45
200
0.40
0.35

150 0.30
0.25
0.20
glass/epoxy with mat. damp. glass/epoxy with mat. damp
100 0.15
0 20 40 60 80
0 20 40 60 80
fiber angle
fiber angle
Fig. 9. Effect of composite material damping on frequency and damping of box column. (a,b) graphite/epoxy, and (c,d) glass/epoxy.

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4.1.4. Influence of stacking sequence on vibration behavior of applied voltage that could be applied by the electric system used
The effects of stacking sequence of which the two edges are in the study. From Fig. 8, as the applied electric fields increase, the
clamped-free are studied on vibration behavior for box column. natural frequencies of the orthotropic sandwich box column be-
Antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-ply type box columns are con- come larger. In the case of the modal loss factor, it shows that the
sidered in this study. The box column has a stacking sequence 0/ larger electric field, the smaller modal loss factor which is similar
90/VEL/0/90 and +45/45/VEL/+45/45 is investigated to predict to the reference [16]. The ER fluid core is found to have a significant
the vibration characteristics. Fig. 7 shows the effect of stacking se- effect on the vibrational behaviors of the orthotropic sandwich box
quence on the damping and frequency of box column with mode column since the electric field will change the stiffness of the sand-
numbers. wich box column. It means, the modal dampings and the natural fre-
quencies of sandwich box column can be analyzed and improved by
4.2. Vibration response of ER layer damping varying electric fields. When an electric field is applied, the damping
of the system is more effective. Hence, the ER material can also be
4.2.1. Influence of electric voltage used to improve the stability of various mechanical devices.
The effect of the electric voltage on the vibration response of the
ER box column is presented in Fig. 8 for different electric volt levels. 4.2.2. Influence of composite material damping on overall system
Thickness of the core and faceplate kept constant as 0.004 m. The damping
study is carried out for glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy laminated Studies are also carried out to analyze the influence of compos-
facings and the influence of composite material damping is added ite material damping on overall system damping for the composite
on system damping. The 6 KV/mm electric volt is the highest level sandwich box column with facings made of glass/epoxy and graph-

a 800 1.2

glass/epoxy 1.1
glass/epoxy
700 graphite/epoxy graphite/epoxy
1.0
loss factor x 10 2

0.9
natural frequency (Hz)

600
0.8

0.7
500
0.6

0.5
400
0.4

0/90/ERcore/0/90 0.3
300
0/90/ERcore/0/90
0.2
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6
mode number mode number

b 800
0.70
glass/epoxy
0.65 glass/epoxy
graphite/epoxy
750 graphite/epoxy
0.60

0.55
700
natural frequency (Hz)

0.50
2

650
loss factor x 10

0.45

0.40
600
0.35
550 0.30

0.25
500
0.20
450 +45/-45/ERcore/+45/-45
+45/-45/ERcore/+45/-45 0.15

3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6

mode number mode number

Fig. 10. Effect of stacking sequence on the damping and frequency of sandwich box column: (a) cross-ply box column, and (b) angle-ply box column.

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a 400 b 25
ER layer damping(glass/epoxy)
ER layer damping(glass/epoxy) ER layer damping(graphite/epoxy)
ER layer damping(graphite/epoxy) VEL layer damping(glass/epoxy)
VEL layer damping(glass/epoxy) VEL layer damping(graphite/epoxy)
350 VEL layer damping(graphite/epoxy)
20
core thick = 0.004m
o
alpha = 90
natural frequency (Hz)

loss factor x 10 2
300 E.Field=1Kv/mm
15

250
10

200
core thick = 0.004m
5 o
alpha = 90
150 E.Field=1Kv/mm

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
mode number mode number

Fig. 11. Comparative study of VEL and ER damping of column on (a) frequency, and (b) loss factor.

ite/epoxy material and the core is ER fluid. Fig. 9 shows the varia- modal strain energy was used in all the numerical studies, as there
tion of frequency and modal loss factor with mode number for is a considerable saving in computer time when compared to the
glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy box column including composite complex eigenvalue method.
material damping. It also observed from Fig. 9 that there is a con- In the case of VEL damping, numerical results of example prob-
siderable effect of composite material damping on loss factor and lems are seen that natural frequencies of the composite sandwich
not much on frequency. box column decrease with increasing of thickness of core layer and
modal loss factors are increases. It is also shown that the stiffness
4.2.3. Influence of stacking sequence on vibration behavior and thickness of layers, boundary conditions, fiber orientation and
The influence of stacking sequence on vibration behavior of box type of composite material have significant influences on the nat-
column is studied. Antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-ply type box ural frequencies and modal loss factors of the composite sandwich
columns are considered in this study. The box column has a stack- box column.
ing sequence 0°/90°/ER/0°/90° and +45/45/ER/+45/45 is investi- According to the analytical results, it can be observed that the
gated to predict the vibration characteristics. Fig. 10 shows the electric field will increase the stiffness of the sandwich box col-
effect of stacking sequence on the damping and frequency of box umn. As the applied electric field increases, the natural frequency
column with mode numbers. The applied electric volt taken to be of the sandwich box column increases. Additionally, the increase
1 KV/mm. in thickness of the ER layer will decrease the frequencies of the
sandwich box column. On the other hand, the modal loss factor
4.3. Comparison of VEL and ER damping of the composite sandwich column plays an important role on
the stability of the damped structures. The property of the ER fluid
A composite sandwich box column is studied, in order to know is a function of the electric field, and will change the material prop-
the comparative performance of VEL and ER core layers and its erties when subjected to the different values of electric field.
damping characteristics on frequency behavior. Comparison of fre- Hence, the ER material can be used to improve the stability of var-
quencies and loss factors of sandwich box column containing VEL ious mechanical devices.
layer, and ER layer with constraining layer are shown in The effects of the sandwich structure with an ER and VEL core
Fig. 11a–b. Dimensions and geometrical parameters considered on the dynamic stability of orthotropic plates and shell are also
in this study are 0.750  0.150 m and keeping the thickness of base interesting topics to be studied.
and constrained layer is 0.004 m. From Fig. 11, it is observed that
the damping predicted by VEL is more compared to ER damping
Appendix I
and also shows that the vibration control capabilities of ER column
are more compared to VEL damping.  11 ¼ D11 cos4 h þ 2ðD12 þ 2D66 Þ sin2 h cos2 h þ D22 sin4 h
D
 12 ¼ ðD11 þ D22  4D66 Þ sin2 h cos2 h þ D12 ðsin4 h þ cos4 hÞ
D
5. Conclusions
 22 ¼ D11 sin4 h þ 2ðD12 þ 2D66 Þ sin2 h cos2 h þ D22 cos4 h
D
In this study, vibration and damping behavior of a composite
sandwich box column with VEL/ER fluid core and constrained layer  16 ¼ ðD11  D12  2D66 Þ sin h cos3 h þ ðD12  D22 þ 2D66 Þ sin3 h cos h
D
is investigated, and also studied the critical comparison of dynamic  26 ¼ ðD11  D12  2D66 Þ sin3 h cos h þ ðD12  D22 þ 2D66 Þ sin h cos3 h
D
characteristics of box column with different damping materials
such as VEL and ER. The finite element method presented here is  66 ¼ ðD11 þ D22  2D12  2D66 Þ sin2 h cos2 h þ D66 ðsin4 h þ cos4 hÞ
D
excellent for analyzing the dynamic behavior of box column. The

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14 K. Ramkumar, N. Ganesan / Materials and Design xxx (2009) xxx–xxx

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