Nouns:

Noun are divided into common nouns and proper nouns

Common Nouns : Words for people, animals, places or things
Words for People : actor, aunt, lawyer, judge, baby, man, baker, cook, dentist, doctor, giant (hindi : jayent (a very large
person: impressive(telling) in size or qualities), nurse, police officer, singer, soldier, teacher,
spaceman/astronaut/spacewoman, clown (A rude or vulgar fool; joker)
Words for animals : eagle, zebra, deer(hiran), bird, crocodile(magarmach), bear, cat, cow, dog, dolphin, duck, fish, goat,
goose(hans), hen, horse, mouse, parrot, shark, whale.
Words for Place : Beach, park, library, shop, airport, cave, church, farm, hill, hospital, hotel, house, island, mall, market,
mountain, playground, restaurant, school, seashore, stadium, supermarket, temple, zoo
Words for Things : basket, drum, bed, cake, blanket, bag, box, bread, can chair, cot cup, desk, door, kite, ladder(siddi), lamp,
picture, redio, television, train, truck, watch, window, gate
Exercise1: Underline the common nouns
There’s a little bird in the garden. Who is your teacher?
Don’t eat that rotten(Saada, Gaala huwa) apple. Kate has a lovely doll.
I like reading stories. My father is a doctor.
Every child has a dictionary. Rudy hates bananas.
The phone is ringing. Here’s a book for you.

Exercise2 : Here’s a mixed bag of words. Put each word under its correct heading.
swimmer, snail (deemi chaal), fire, engine, clown, letters, flag, river, barber, mountain, fox, hotel, parrot, granny, taxi,
gardener, camel
People: swimmer, clown, barber, gardener, granny(daadi) Animals: fox, parrot, camel
Places: mountain, river, hotel Things: letters, snail, flag, taxi, fire engine

Proper Nouns: Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or things. They always begin with a capital letter.

1) People Name : Ali baba, Harry Potter, Robin Hood. Your own name and the names of your friends are proper nouns too.
2) Name of Countries and their people are also proper nouns : America, American, Americans, India, Indian, Indians
3) Names of towns, cities, buildings and landmarks : Hong kong, Tokyo, Sydney, new delhi, Brooklyn bridge
4) Days of week and months : Sunday, Monday.. , January, February…
5) Name of mountains, rivers and lakes : The thames, mount everest, Niagara Falls, The dead sea, The Himalayas
Did you know: you often use the before names of oceans, rivers, seas and ranges of mountains. (Mount means
mountain(short form Mt.) e.g. Mount Everest)
6) Name of festivals, events, holidays : Christmas, Memorial day, mother’s day, new year’s day

Finally Remember :Nouns are Common Nouns [Words for People(actor, aunt), Words of animals(eagle, zebra), Words for
Place(Beach, park, lib), Words for things(basket, drum, watch, t.v., train)] and Proper Nouns [People Name(Ali baba, Harry
Potter), Name of Countries, towns, cities, buildings, landmarks, day of week, months, mountains, rivers, lakes)]

Singular Nouns: Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about one person, animal, place, or thing, use a singular
noun e.g. a ship, a women, a flower, an owl, a train, an airplane, a bicycle, a slide, a van, a photograph

Use of an : Use an before words beginning with vowels (a,e,I,o,u) e.g. an axe, an egg, an uncle, an ice cream, an orange
But some words don’t follow this rule e.g. A Uniform, A university
Use of a : Use a before words beginning with the other letters of the alphabet, called consonants. E.g. A bakset, A car, A hil, a
house, a zoo, a watch. But some words don’t follow this rule e.g. An heir, An honor, An hour

Plural Nouns: When you are talking about two or more people,animals, places, or things, use plural nouns. Most nouns are
made plural by adding -s at the end. E.g. birds, camels, stars, bats, mugs, fans, buses, glasses, watches, foxes.
1) Some plural nous don’t follow the s, es rule. The word changes form e.g. : mouse : mice(maaies); goose: geese, foot: feet.
2)Some pural nouns are same as singular : sheep:sheep; reindeer:reindeer, fish:fish ( you can use fishes as the plural of fish
when you are talking about diff. kinds of fish)
3)Some nouns are always plural : binoculars(durdarshi), goggles(tight fitting spectacles), jeans, spectacles : you can make these
plural nouns singular by using a pair of : a pair of binoculars/spectacles/goggles/jeans/shorts/pliers

Collective Nouns: Collective nouns are words for groups of people, animals or things. These are nouns for groups of people.
e.g A family, a crew, an orchestra, an audience, a gang, a group, a team, a class.
1) Many collective nouns can be used with a singular or plural verb.
For example: My family was happy to see me. OR My family were happy to see me.
2) But the following collective nouns always take a plural verb: cattle, people, the police

Collection:
Bunch: A grouping of a number of similar things : flowers, Grapes, Keys
Class: A set of persons or things [ Class fellow : saahepaati] : A class of pupils(students)
Deck: Deck of cards [ A pack of 52 playing cards]
Fleet: Group of aircraft/motor vehicles/steamships/warships
Flock: Group of Birds; Group of sheep or goats
Gaggle: A flock of geese
Gang: A Gang of robbers
Herd : A group of cattle, sheep or other domestic mammals
Litter: A litter of cubs[a young[baache] fox, bear, lion or other wild beast(paashu)] A group of mammal[Esthandari Animal Jo
aapne baacho ko dudh pilata hai]
Pod : A group of aquatic animals(jal/water mai rahene wala jantu] e.g. A pod of whales
Pack : Arrange in a container (pack the books into the boxes)
Pride: A group of lions; Satisfaction with your (or another's) achievements (e.g. he takes pride in his son's success)
Set : A group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used (a set of books"; "a set of golf clubs"; "a set of
teeth)
Swarm: A group of many things in the air or on the ground
Troupe: A company

Masculine and Feminine Nouns :

Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and male animals e.g bridegroom, rooster(murga), king, price, waiter
Feminine nouns are words for women and girls, and female animals. E.g bride, hen, lioness, queen, princess, waitress
Nouns like these are used for both males and females : accountants, artists, engineers, parents, singers, teachers, lawyers

Neuter Nouns: Words for things that are neither male nor female are called neuter nouns. E.g. bench, leaves, fire, mirror,
waterfall, cake, rock , sky wind, card, floor
PRONOUNS:
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.

Personal Pronouns: The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and
are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence.

My name is David. I am the youngest in the family. This is my father. He is a teacher. This is my mother. She is a lawyer. I have
a brother and two sisters. They are Peter, Sharon and Jenny. I have a dog. It is called Lucky. Lucky, you are a good dog.
Good morning, children! You may sit down now. My family and I live in a big city. We have an apartment.

The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns.These pronouns
are used as the object of the verb in a sentence.

First person: The person speaking is called the first person.

Second Person: The person spoken to is called the second person.
Third Person: The person spoken about is called the third person.

Subject Object
First person singular I me
Second person singular you you
Third person singular he him
she her
it it
First person plural we us
Second person plural you you
Third person plural they them

Reflexive Pronouns : myself(mere liye), yourself(tum apne aap ko), himself(kud ko), herself(kud ko), itself(kud ko),
ourselves(apne liye), yourselves(tum apne kud ki, plural), themselves(unki)

myself(kud): I made this cake myself.

yourself(tum kud): Be careful with the knife. You’ll cut yourself.
himself(wahe kud): Michael is looking at himself in the mirror.
herself(wahe kud): Susan has hurt herself.
itself(kud uska): Our cat washes itself after each meal.
ourselves(kud aapne): We organized the party all by ourselves.
yourselves(kud,plural): Come in, children, and find yourselves a seat.
Themselves(veh kud): Baby birds are too young to look after themselves.

Interrogative Pronouns: The words who, whom, whose, what, which are called interrogative pronouns. These pronouns are
used to ask questions.
(talking to : lecture; speech)
Who(kon): Who is he talking to? Who are those people?
Whom(jisko, objective case of who): Whom are you playing with? Whom is he talking to?
Which(jo, kon,konsa): Which of these bags is yours? Which do you prefer?
Whose(kiska, kiski,of which person): Whose is this umbrella? Whose are these gloves?
What(vahe): What is your dog’s name? What are you talking about? What is the time?

Demonstrative Pronouns : This(vaha), These(plural of this, ye), That(vahe), Those(way)

You use this and these when you point to things near you.
You use that and those when you point to things farther away.

This: This is my house. This is a hill. What is this?. Did you drop this? Hi, Jane! This is Michael!
These: These are donkeys
That: That is John’s house. That is a mountain. We can do better than that. No, that’s not mine. Hello, who is that
Those: Those are horses.