1.2 PARTS OF SPEECH.

INTERJECTION

NOUN

PREPOSITION PARTS OF SPEECH

PRONOUN

CONJUNCTION

VERB

ADVERB

ADJECTIVE

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1.2.1 PART OF SPEECH: NOUNS.

PROPER NOUN
A proper noun is the special name of a

particular person, place, etc. A proper noun also begins Letter. with a Capital

COMMON NOUN
A common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.

ABSTRACT NOUN

NOUNS
Names of anything and everything seen and unseen.

An abstract noun is the name of something that we can only think of or feel but cannot see.

COLLECTIVE NOUN
A collective noun is the name of a number of persons or things taken or thought of as one.

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EXAMPLES OF NOUN.

EXAMPLES OF NOUNS

COMMON NOUN
Man Town Village Mountain River Girl Shop Lady University Woman City Sea Restaurant Country Bank State Ocean Lake

PROPER NOUN
Ah Liaw Ahmad Hassan Joel Ramesh Mani Megala Daud Kamal Nur Fadiyanah Bukit Tinggi Melaka National Park Sabah Lahad Datu Tebobon Malaysia Rex Cinema Restaurant Ali

ABSTRACT NOUN
Width Truth Bravery Newness Wisdom Length Death Growth Anger Childhood Motherhood Kingship Friendship Loss Sale Strength Beauty Thought

COLLECTIVE NOUN
(in bold letter) An army of soldiers. A band of musicians. A choir of singers. A drove of horses. A litter of cubs A nest of ants. A staff of employees. A pride of lions. An album of photographs. A book of notes.

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THE GENDER OF NOUNS. o Gender tells whether a person or an animal is a male or a female. o In the others words, gender also tells the sex of a person, animal, etc. o Gender also tells about things which have no sex. o Nouns have four genders.

MASCULINE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all males. Examples: Boy, man, father, brother, uncle, etc.

FEMININE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all females. Examples: Girl, woman, mother, sister, aunt, etc.

THE GENDER NOUNS

COMMON GENDER
The common gender is used where the noun can be both male and female. Examples: Cousin, friend, person, child, student, etc.

NEUTER GENDER
The neuter gender is used for things which have no life or sex or are not thought of as having life or sex. Examples: Tables, chair, pencil, book, house, bag, etc.

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NUMBER OF NOUNS.

NUMBER OF NOUNS

SINGULAR NUMBER
Shows only one person, animal, thing, or place. Example: A boy A dog A paper

PLURAL NUMBER
Shows more than one person, animal, thing, or place. We do not use a in the plural number. Example: Boys Dogs Papers

SPECIAL CASE
Some nouns have no singular number. They are used only in the plural. Example: Trousers, shorts, scissors, clothes, peoples, etc.
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THE PLURALS OF NOUNS ARE FORMED BY THE FOLLOWING WAYS

1) By adding s to the Singular (the

2) By adding es to nouns ending in a

general rule):

hissing sound, that is, ending in x, -sh, -s:

Singular
Ant Cupful Handful Thing Boy Picture Lay-by

Plural
Ants Cupfuls Handfuls Things Boys Pictures Lay-bys

Singular
Tax Watch Box Glass Virus Flash Six

Plural
Taxes Watches Boxes Glasses Viruses Flashes Sixes

3) By adding es to nouns ending in -o:

3) There are exception to this rule,

among which are the following:

Singular
Buffalo Hero Tomato Veto Volcano Mango Potato

Plural
Buffaloes Heroes Tomatoes Vetoes Volcanoes Mangoes Potatoes

Singular
Dynamo Bamboo Curio Lasso Piano Tattoo Two

Plural
Dynamos Bamboos Curios Lassos Pianos Tattoos Twos

4) By changing -y, after a consonant,

4) If the -y is after a vowel (a, e, I, o, u),

into ies,

we follow the ordinary rule and add s.

Singular
Army Baby Curry Lady Story Spy Glory

Plural
Armies Babies Curries Ladies Stories Spies Glories

Singular
Bay Day Delay Boy Joy Decoy Key

Plural
Bays Days Delays Boys Joys Decoys Keys

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5) By changing f or fe into ves.

5) There are exception to this rule:

Singular
Calf Life Wife Leaf Loaf Sheaf Half

Plural
Calves Lives Wives Leaves Loaves Sheaves Halves

Singular
Belief Dwarf Roof Turf Hoof Bluff Serf

Plural
Beliefs Dwarfs Roofs Turfs Hoofs Bluffs Serfs

6) By changing the inside vowel:

7) These words take -en -ren:

Singular
Axis Foot Fungus Cactus Emporium Crisis Tooth

Plural
Axes Feet Fungi Cacti Emporia Crises Teeth

Singular
Child Ox Brother

Plural
Children Oxen Brothers or Brethren (old use)

8) Some nouns have no plural forms:

9) Some nouns are used in the plural form only. Clothes Contents Shorts Trousers Thanks Pyjamas People Goods Statistics Pants Spectacles Scissors Compasses Gymnastics

Singular
Advice Deer Knowledge Series News Music Sheep

Plural
Advice Deer Knowledge Series News Music Sheep

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10) Some nouns are plural in form but are used in the singular.
Athletics Economics Ethics Mathematics News Politics

11) Compound Nouns (i.e. words formed by joining other words) add s.

Singular
Brother-in-law Looker-on Commander Lord Justice Father-in-law -in-chief Passer-by

Plural
Brothers-in-law Lookers-on Commanders Lords Justice Fathers-in-law -in-chief Passers-by

12) The following are foreign words:

Singular
Abacus Antithesis Bacillus Formula Genus Larva Oasis Radius Dictum Lacuna Maximum

Plural
Abaci Antitheses Bacilli Formulae Genera Larvae Oases Radii Data Lacunae (Lacunas) Maxima

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1.2.2 PART OF SPEECH : PRONOUNS.

PRONOUNS
Word used for or instead of a noun. It shows the person or thing without giving the name. A pronoun stands alone. It is not used with a Noun. An Adjective is used with a Noun.

Subject Pronouns Pronoun used BEFORE a verb. Example: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

Objective Pronouns Pronoun used AFTER a verb. Example: Me, you, him, her, it, us, them.

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KIND OF PRONOUNS.

KIND OF PRONOUNS

Personal Pronoun
Example: I, we, you, he, she, it, they.

Interrogative Pronoun
Example: Who? Which? What? Whose?

Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronoun

Example: Myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

Indefinite Pronoun
Example: One, any, each, some, all, none, nothing, anyone, something, somebody, etc.

Demonstrative Pronoun
Example: This, that, these, those, such, same, etc.

Distributive Pronoun
Example: Each, either, neither, etc.

Possessive Pronoun
Example: Mine, ours, yours, his, her, its, theirs.
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Relative Pronoun
Example: Who, which, that, what, whom, as, whoever, whichever, whatever, etc.

Personal Pronouns Stand For Three Persons

FIRST PERSON
The person or persons speaking. Example: I, we.

SECOND PERSON
The person or persons spoken to. Example: You.

THIRD PERSON
The person or persons or thing spoken about. Example: He, She, They, It.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal Pronouns Used as Subject of Verbs (Who? What?) (The Nominative Case)
SINGULAR PLURAL

Personal Pronouns Used as Objects of Verbs. (Who? What?) (The Nominative Case)
SINGULAR PLURAL

First Person: Second Person: Third Person:

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

I You He She It

We You They They They

First Person: Second Person: Third Person:

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Me You Him Her It

Us You Them Them Them

Example:

I made a cake. We saw a dog. You ran fast. He went out. She read a book. It made a noise. They sang songs.

Example:

Give me some money. You told us some lies. She gave you the book. I told him the story. Give her the pen. Give it some food. We told them everything.

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THE GENDER OF PRONOUNS.

MASCULINE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all males. Examples: He, him, himself.

FEMININE GENDER
The masculine gender is used for all females. Examples: She, her, herself.

THE GENDER PRONOUNS

COMMON GENDER
The common gender is used where the noun can be both male and female. Examples: I, me, myself, you, yourself, it (a child creature, etc.) itself. We, us,

NEUTER GENDER
The neuter gender is used for things which have no life or sex or are not thought of as having life or sex. Examples: It ( a thing), itself, they, (things), them, themselves.

ourselves, yourselves, they, (children, creatures, etc.) them, themselves.

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NUMBER OF PRONOUNS.

NUMBER OF PRONOUNS

SINGULAR NUMBER
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I You He She It Me Him Her Mine Yours His Hers Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself This That One Who Whose Whom o Which

PLURAL NUMBER
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o We You They They They Us Them Them Ours Yours Theirs Theirs Ourselves Yourselves Themselves Themselves Themselves These Those Ones Who Whose Whom o Which

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1.2.3 PART OF SPEECH : VERB.

VERB
A verb is a saying-word. The verb tells us what a person or thing does.

ONE WORD
Example: Maria eats every day. Joe reads every day. Daniel studies every day. Sasha plays every evening.

MORE THAN ONE WORD

Example: Tom is playing football. He was beaten by his father. She will go tomorrow. The money has been lost.

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AUXILIARY VERBS The words that helping a verbs.

VERB: TO BE
Present Tense (Time): now, every day, always, often, usually, etc.

VERB: TO HAVE
Present Tense (Time): now, every day, always, often, usually, etc.

SINGULAR
(one) I am You are He is She is It is

PLURAL
(more than one) We are You are They are They are They are

SINGULAR
(one) I have You have He has She has It has

PLURAL
(more than one) We have You have They have They have They have

Past Tense (Time): yesterday, last night, last month, last year, etc.

Past Tense (Time): yesterday, last night, last month, last year, etc.

SINGULAR
(one) I was You were he was she was it was

PLURAL
(more than one)

SINGULAR
(one) I had You had He had She had It had

PLURAL
(more than one) We had You had They had They had They had

We were You were They were They were They were Future Tense (Time): tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, etc.

Future Tense (Time): tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, etc.

SINGULAR
(one) I shall be You will be He will be She will be It will be

PLURAL
(more than one) We shall be You will be They will be They will be They will be

SINGULAR
(one) I shall have You will have He will have She will have It will have

PLURAL
(more than one) We shall have You will have They will have They will have They will have

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VERB

TRANSITIVE VERBS o The transitive verb is the verb which needs an object to make its meaning clear or complete. o The object is a noun or pronoun. So, we ask the question what? or whom? after the verb to find its object. o Example: 1. Tom played football. Verb: played Question: Played what? Answer: football football = object played = Transitive verb 2. I helped him. Verb: helped Question: helped who? Answer: him him = object helped = Transitive verb

INTRANSITIVE VERBS
o An Intransitive Verb does not need an object to complete its meaning or sense. o Example: 1. He comes every day. (no object) 2. She sings well. (no object) 3. You talk loudly. (no object) 4. He runs fast. (no object) o NOTE: The words, every day, well, loudly and fast do not answer the question, what? or whom? after the verb. They answer the question, when?" or how? They are therefore not nouns or objects. They are verbs.

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VERB

FINITE VERBS
o The finite verb is the Verb that changes with the person and number of the subject. o Every sentence must have a finite verb. o Example: 1. We go to school. (go = finite verb) He goes to school. 2. They come here every day. (come = finite verb) She comes here every day. 3. We do not tell lies. (do = finite verb) He does not tell lies. o

INFINITIVE VERBS
o The Infinitive verb is a verb that does not change with the person and the number of the subject. It also likes a noun because it names, that is, it names an action. But the infinitive can take an object. So, the infinitive can take an object. o Example:

1. He wants to eat rice. (to eat = infinitive) (to eat what? rice) (rice = object)

2. He likes to play football. (to play = infinitive) (to play what? football) (football = object)

3. They like to hear music. (to hear = infinitive) (to hear what? music) (music = object)
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1.2.4 PART OF SPEECH : ADJECTIVES.

ADJECTIVE A word which tells something more about

a noun, that is, about a thing or a person.

It also a describing-word. It is a word

added to a noun to tell us something more about that noun.

Example: Beautiful, good, poor, etc.

Adjective of Quality
Tells about the color, size, shape or condition of a noun is called an Adjective of Quality. It answers the question, what kind of?. Example: Black, round, small, hot, etc.

Adjective of Quality
Tells about how many or how much is called. Its shows the quantity or amount. Example: Five, many, some, much, little, etc.

Possessive Adjective
An adjective which shows that something belongs to a person of thing. Its shows ownership or possession. It answers the question, whose? Example: My, your, her, our, his, their, etc.

Interrogative Adjective
An adjective which asks a question. Usually comes before a noun. It tells something more about a noun. Example: Which, what, whose, etc.
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Demonstrative Adjective
Which point out a person or thing. It answers the question which? Example: This, these, that, those, etc.

1.2.5 PART OF SPEECH : ADVERB.

ADVERB
Word that adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It also means word that says something more about a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

EXAMPLE
o He came yesterday. o That is very beautiful. o The rain stopped quite sudden. (came = Verb) (yesterday = adverb) (beautiful = adjective) (very = adverb) (suddenly = adverb) (quite = adverb)

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Adverb of Place Adverb of Time

This shows when an action or something is done or happens. Example: He comes always. She is eating now. He told me then. This shows where an action or something is done or happens. Example: He is standing outside. She came in. They walked out.

Adverb of Manner
This shows how an action or something is done or happens. Example: He speaks softly. She walks quickly. He failed badly.

Adverb of Degree
This answers the questions, to what degree? or how much? Example: He read much. She shouts too now. I am very sorry.

Relative Adverb (when,where,how,why)

TYPE OF ADVERB

The words are not questions. Example: He read much. She shouts too now. I am very sorry.

Affirmative Adverb (Yes) and Adverb of Negation (No)

Example: Yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all means. No, not at all, by no means.

Interrogative Adverb (question)

Example: When? Where? How? Why? How much? How often?

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1.2.6 PART OF SPEECH : CONJUCTIONS.

A Conjunction Can Join Words

Example: I saw a man and a dog. She spoke and I laughed. He was hungry and thirsty. He speaks gently and softly. (joining two Nouns) (joining two Verbs) (joining two Adjectives) (joining two Adverbs)

CONJUNCTIONS
Words that joining words. Example: And, but, because, since, if, so, although, before, until, unless, therefore, or, yet, for, etc.

A Conjunction Can Phrases

Example: They started on the journey, full of hope and happy together. (Phrases: full of hope; happy together)

A Conjunction Can Sentences

Example: James is 1.8 metres tall and weighs 80 kilograms. (Sentences: James 1.8 metres tall; james weighs 80 kilograms)

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1. If both Subject are Singular, the verb which follows either or, neither nor must be in the Singular. Example:
a. Either his father or his mother is ill. (mother = Singular Subject, is = Singular Verb) b. Neither boy nor girl speaks English. (girl = Singular Subject, speaks = Singular Verb)

2. If both Subject are Plural, then the Conjunctions either or, neither nor must be in the Plural Verb. Example:
a. Either my friends or your friends have done it. (friends = Plural Subject, have = Plural verb) b. Neither his brothers nor his sisters are good . (sisters = Plural Subject, are = Plural verb)

Rules to Remember when Using Conjunctions The Verb must agree with the subject.

3. If one Subject is Singular and the other Plural, the Verb is in the Plural. Example:
a. Either he or they have it. (they = Plural, have = Plural) b. Neither she nor we are angry. (we = Plural, are = Plural)

3. If one Subject is Plural and the other Singular, the verb is in the Singular. Example:
a. Either they or he has it. (he = Singular, has = Singular) b. Neither we nor she is angry. (she = Singular, is = Singular)

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1.2.7 PART OF SPEECH : PREPOSITIONS.

PREPOSITIONS
Word which is used before a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. The same word may used as a Preposition, an adverb or a Conjunction. It also always governs the Noun or Pronoun; the Adverb modifies the Verb.

EXAMPLE
o His hat is on his head. o He walked past the door. o They were in the room. (on = Preposition) (head = Noun) (past = Preposition) (door = Noun) (in = Preposition) (room = Noun)

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PREPOSITIONS INDICATE

Direction
Joel went to town. Jerad walked towards me. Jamie came into our room.

Position
Rahimah sat on the chair. We live under one roof. The ticket is in my shirt pocket.

Time
You can meet me at tomorrow night. Sugi always comes home on time. I walk around the lake in morning.

By someone
The story was by Susila. This photo was taken by Lee. This candy was bought by Sudin.

By Something
Segran sent the letter by Pos Laju. Sheila went to Penang by bus. Philip contacted me by telephone.

With Something
Salmah cooked the Maggi with a bowl. Santha cut mango with a knife.

With Someone
Subri went to England with her sister. Jacob went to market with Jamal and

Quantity Of Something
I gave my wife a bouquet of roses on Valentines Day. I drink one glass of water.

Jaibon.

Of Something
He lives in a house of stone. We are short of money. This is a table of wood.

Like Someone
She sings like Ziana Zain. Ramesh Mutu behaves like a

gangster.

Like Something
The wrestler walks like a gorilla.

Sharizam runs like cheetah. Debora cry like the sound of the cat.
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SIMPLE PREPOSITION

COMPOUND PREPOSITION

-Word of only one syllable -at, down, by, from, for, in, like, of, off, on, per, to, up, with, plus, save, etc.

-Word of two or more syllable and is usually made up of two or more word or is formed by prefixing and suffixing. -about, above, across, after, against, among, despite, along, etc.

TYPES OF PREPOSITION
There are four types of preposition: simple, compound, participle, phrase.

PARTICIPLE PREPOSITION

PHRASE PREPOSITION

-A participle form used with the force of preposition rather than with the force of an adjective, gerund or a verbal noun -concerning, considering, providing, regarding, etc.

-A group of two words or more word -Because of according to, as to, by means of, in accordance with, together with, etc.

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1.2.8 PART OF SPEECH : PREPOSITIONS.

Hush! -Used to warn people to listen and not to make noise.

Oh! -Used to express surprise, wonder, anger, fear,

INTERJECTION -Used to express some sudden feeling -Usually written with Exclamation mark (!) -It is a sound or noise that people made when they are excited
-Also used to express some strong feeling

Alas! -used to express sorrow or regret.

Hurray! -Used to express joy or victory.

Another Interjection that usually used are: Hello!, Bah! Fie!, bravo!, Ha!, Pooh!.

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