0 1 Reinforced Concrete EC2 Definitions and Details p1-5
0 1 Reinforced Concrete EC2 Definitions and Details p1-5
0 1 Reinforced Concrete EC2 Definitions and Details p1-5
Min Area of Steel Reinforcement should not be less than 0.00016 fck2/3bd or 0.0013bd (mm2)
Max φ & spacing of bars –see Table 5.6 –ISE Manual for the design of concrete building structures to
EC 2
(add 1 bar φ to clear spacing to give bar spacing)
Design Ultimate Load, F = 1.35×Dead Load+ 1.5× Imposed Load (kN) (the Factored Load) EC 0
(F = 1.35×Gk+ 1.5×Qk)
Design Ultimate Moment, MEd = FL/8, FL/4, FL/6, (kNm) (Design value of the applied internal bending moment)
1
Definitions and Details
Singly Reinforced Beam – shown above. Steel resists Tension, Concrete resists Compression
Hanger Bars – typically 2 H12 or 2H16, Links HANG from them. Links – Min φ = 8 mm
Deflection – is controlled by ensuring that the span depth ratio does not exceed allowable limits.
Cracking may be controlled by limiting the φ & spacing of rebars (0.3mm is usual)
Lever Arm, z – the distance between the centres of the compression and tension zones of the stress block.
Lever Arm Factor, z/d – the ratio of lever arm to effective depth, must be between 0.82 ≤ z/d ≤ 0.95
2
Definitions and Details
Where BM is greatest:
Cracks are caused by Bending Stress in the tension zone
Where SF is greatest:
Cracks are caused by Diagonal Tension / Diagonal Compression due to complementary shears
Link spacing = s
3
Definitions and Details
Shear design must show that the applied shear stress on the beam is less than its shear resistance
(shear capacity), which is the method used by Concise Eurocode 2 (Concrete Centre publication).
The Design Shear Stress vEd, @ ULS is given by: vEd = VEd/bw0.9d (= VEd/bwz)
VEd is the Design value of the applied shear force on the section,
bw is the Breadth,
d is the Effective Depth of the beam, (z is assumed to be 0.9d)
If the value of vRd,max for θ = 45o < vEd, then the capacity of the concrete is exceeded and the
section size or the concrete design strength must be increased.
Shear Reinforcement
The characteristic yield strength of the shear reinforcement fywk = 500 N/mm2 - H Bars
The ratio of cross sectional area of shear reinforcement to link spacing, Asw/s ≥ vEd bw / fywd cotθ
where Asw = Area of Shear Steel, in mm2, & Link Spacing = s, where max s = 0.75d mm,
fywd = fywk /γ s = design yield strength of the shear reinforcement = 500/1.15 = 435
N/mm2
Asw/s ratios are found from standard rebar tables
If the angle is between 21.8o & 45o, then cotθ is calculated from θ = 0.5 sin-1[vEd /0.20 fck(1 -
fck/250)]
and Asw/s is given by: Asw/s ≥ vEd bw/435cotθ mm2/mm
The minimum link spacing is 75mm and the maximum link spacing is 0.75d
4
Definitions and Details
Beam Deflection (& concrete cracking) checks must be carried out at the Serviceability Limit State, to
control deflection & concrete cracking under service (ie working) loading.
The empirical approach adopted limits the deflection to span/250 (compare with steel & timber).
The actual span to depth ratio L/d is calculated and is then compared to the allowable span to depth ratio.
A basic span to depth ratio is determined and is modified by a series of factors to give
F2 = 1.0 generally (A factor to account for brittle partitions in association with long spans)
F3 = a factor to account for the service stress in tensile reinforcement = 310/σ s but upper limit of F3 = 1.5
Where service stress, σ s = 435 × (Gk + 0.3×Qk /1.35×Gk + 1.5×Qk) × (As req / As prov) N/mm2
As req is the area of tension reinforcement required at the section considered for the ultimate limit state.
As prov is the area of reinforcement actually provided.
5
Definitions and Details