Tunnel Ventilation - The Actual State of PDF
Tunnel Ventilation - The Actual State of PDF
Tunnel Ventilation - The Actual State of PDF
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Design
à What has to be installed ? à Equipment and its layout
à Calculations
To a achieve a desired state under defined design conditions
à Subject to Guidelines and Standards
Operation
à How does it have to work ?
à Procedures
To a achieve a desired state, if possible, under any conditions
within an adequate time
à For road tunnel ventilation, often neglected / not clearly defined
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Normal operation
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Normal operation
Special case:
Fogging of windshields of vehicles entering a tunnel with bidirectional traffic
(under specific meteorological conditions) causing collisions !
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Normal operation
Ventilation systems require the highest installed power of all tunnel equipment,
but mostly lead only to minor energy consumption
à Tunnel operators
have to save costs
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Fire ventilation
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Fire ventilation
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Fire ventilation = Smoke Control
one-dimensional system
→ fast linear spread
Smoke control
= handling the longitudinal flow in the tunnel
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Tunnel categories
A: Vehicles and persons are supposed to be only on one side of fire location
B: Persons may be situated on both sides of fire location,
short tunnels and long tunnels with escape ways in short distances
C: Persons may be situated on both sides of fire location,
long tunnels without escape ways
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Time scales
Self-rescue is essential !
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Time scales
Self-rescue often takes place before ventilation is effective
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Time scales
ßà
Requirements in ventilation guidelines:
RABT (D), ASTRA (CH),… - no requirements (only stationary design)
RVS09.02.31 (A): Target condition to be achieved within 5 Min.
(2014) / within 10 Min. for transversal ventilation systems (!)
TP12/2011 (SK): Target condition to be achieved within 2 Min.
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Free flowing unidirectional traffic
Most important:
Traffic control to ensure that vehicles downstream can really leave the tunnel !
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‘Traditional’ Philosophy – Fast longitudinal ventilation
with fixed setting v > vcrit
(design value in most guidelines, e.g. NFPA 502, RABT, ASTRA etc.)
+ No backlayering
+ simple, cheap control
+ flow situation in most cases is the same as before outbreak of fire
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
‘Traditional’ Philosophy – Fast longitudinal ventilation
- High flow velocity may increase heat release rate and smoke production
E.g.
Metro Baku 1995 (> 300 fatalities)
Mont Blanc road tunnel 1999 (39 fatalities)
Gotthard road tunnel 2001 (11 fatalities)
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
‘Modern’ Philosophy:
Limiting flow velocity by controlled longitudinal ventilation
vTarget ≈ 1.5 - 2 m/s with closed-loop control (e.g. Austrian RVS for tunnels Kat. A)
+ Smoke stratification can be maintained
+ People trapped downstream in tenable conditions
- Backlayering may occur
- Complex control and instrumentation
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Limiting the flow velocity is especially important when applying
Fixed Fire Fighting Systems (Sprinklers, Water mist)
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Most important: Prevent smoke propagation to adjacent
non-incident tube by portals, open cross passages, ramps etc.
• Theory:
Anti-recirculation wall
(e.g. BD 78/99, Fig. 5.5)
Practice:
Constructional measures don’t work !
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Most important: Prevent smoke propagation to adjacent
non-incident tube by portals, open cross passages, ramps etc.
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Most important: Prevent smoke propagation to adjacent
non-incident tube by portals, open cross passages, ramps etc.
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Congested unidirectional traffic / Bi-directional traffic
à Longitudinal ventilation
with closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
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Longitudinal ventilation
with closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Longitudinal ventilation
with closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Longitudinal ventilation
with closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
Disadvantages:
- Smoke stratification only over a limited length even under ideal conditions
- under traffic conditions, smoke stratification is less likely
- Sooner or later tunnel will completely be filled with smoke up to one portal
- People must react quickly, trapped persons are endangered
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Longitudinal ventilation
with closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
à For tunnels with high risk (high traffic volume, congestions or bidirectional traffic),
longitudinal ventilation is allowed only in combination with
escape ways in short distances
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Very long tunnels with congested traffic / with bi-directional traffic
à Concentrated smoke extraction
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Concentrated smoke extraction
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Concentrated smoke extraction
Benefits:
• For people who are trapped in their cars
• For fire fighting
(benefit for structure, not for tunnel users)
• Ventilation for normal operation
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Concentrated smoke extraction
Disadvantages:
• Within extraction zone, tunnel is filled with smoke
(where most persons are supposed to be !)
• Massive increase of costs for
- Constructional measures (ducts, fan buildings, chimneys,…)
- Fans, dampers, auxiliary equipment
- Power supply
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Concentrated smoke extraction
Limit value:
approx. 2.5 m/s (controlled by ventilation) = 9 km/h vehicle speed
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Concentrated smoke extraction
à From the point of view of safety / costs per life saved,
the high costs of a concentrated extraction cannot be justified !
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Closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
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Closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
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Closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
tunnelventilation.Pro 09/2016
Closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
The State of the art:
Integrated Turn-Key System
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Closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
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Closed-loop control of longitudinal airflow
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Questions ?
à www.p-i.ch/books
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