GETHICS - there is a certain logic in analyzing  Our emotion that comes in terms of

Role of Reason and Emotion in oral Decision- situations of life what we feel serve as a triggering device
Making  In logical interpretation, we avoid to make us think
 In the corporate world, the fallacies or errors in thinking, wishful  What we think can also result in what we
appropriateness of one’s action can be actions, invalid claims, and misjudgment feel
decided via the organization’s vision- in determining rightful actions Reason and Impartiality as Minimum
mission together with its core values  In logical thinking, priority is right Requirements of Ethics
 In religion, what is right is judged based judgment and proper actions and not Impartiality – never takes personal stand since it
on the members’ code, creed, and based on mere intuitive knowledge and only pursues what is true and just
professed conduct. hypothetical or assumptive analysis - neither plays favorites nor caters to
 In legal matters, we can know the truth  Conclusion is achieved by analyzing some people’s needs by giving in to their
based on what the law and jurisprudence premises that are logically coherent and demands while denying others from enjoying the
say valid same because of personal preferences
 In culture, what is right is adjudged Emotion Vs Reason - tells us never to manipulate rules,
based on the good custom, beliefs, and  Traditional understanding emphasized power, and favor to achieve unjust advantage for
practices that members of the said that emotion is inferior to reason. ourselves and those whom we favor
culture claim as acceptable Emotion is said to be fleeting and can be - fair-mindedness or being objective
1. Feelings as Instinctive and Trained dangerous while reason is superior and - it rules against rendering decisions
Response to Moral Dilemmas reliable based on bias, prejudice, and self-serving
Feelings – it is an evidence of our being human  Conventional thinking states that interest
 If we don’t feel anything, our humanity is emotion must be controlled and tamed - it is a necessary element in any judicial
questionable while reason must be improved and system
 Emotion results in feeling and this perfected  One who is impartial is not biased, free
human ability to feel is wonderful Experience – tells us that feeling leads to from prejudice, and allows objectivity to
- gives color to our life thinking and thinking will further push us to rule at all times
- comes as a natural reaction to our reflect deeper on what to do and what not to do Mohism – promoted “impartial care”
encounter with ourselves, others, and anything Thinking – will trigger what we feel and this - emphasize that every person should
around us feeling can push us further to think equally care for everyone.
 Our emotions which lead to all kinds of  Emotion and thinking are interconnected - it is only when a person does not
feeling point to our humanity  Experience shows that emotion is discriminate on anyone that he/she becomes
 Emotion is an important aspect of our connected with thinking truly righteous.
humanity  Our feeling will usually trigger us to think - a benevolent person must promote
Reason – is the basis of decision-making and what we think will usually have an what is universally good for all and refrain from
impact to what we feel committing any societal evil action
Adam Smith (1723-1790) – “Impartial Spectator”
 - highlight how a person can objectively  When too much focus is given to person is already considered as
make a judgment on person’s behavior and the self, we fail to see objectively an ethical or moral person
actions what surrounds us Freedom of Will – this is the power which
- to be an “impartial spectator” is to  We lose our objectivity and human beings have in determining their actions
emphasize with the person who behaviors and become one sided towards ou according to the judgment of their reasons (St.
actions are subject to our judgment. personal concern Thomas Aquinas)
- we must imagine ourselves in the 2. Failure to go with our development - involves a choice or an option of
circumstance of the person whom we should Maturity – Our thinking and decision- whether to do or not to do a certain action
judge making capability grow side by side with Voluntariness – it is an act of consenting or
Scott Rae’s 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model our age accepting a certain action whether it is done
 It is necessary to execise careful thinking 3. Refusal to let go of our wrongful whole-heartedly, half-heatedly, or non-heartedly
when it comes to moral analysis, thinking and see things objectively – If a  The moral evaluation of an
evaluation, and decision-making person refuses to believe, no amount of action presupposes the
 Moral Choices (2018) – may guide an convincing effort can change her/his attribution of responsibility to a
individual to ask the right questions to mind human agent; thus, responsible
ethical deliberation  If we only base our decision on action must be undertaken
1. Gather the facts what we have experienced, our voluntarily
2. Determine the ethical issues decision can turn faulty because Cultural Relativism – refers to the understanding
3. Determine what virtues/ principles have our experience is often times or belief that everything should be judged only
a bearing on the case very limited according to one’s own respective culture.
4. List of alternatives Moral Courage and Will - Cultural relativist believes that there is
5. Compare the alternatives with the Will – important to make knowledge possible no superior or inferior culture; no culture is
virtues/ principles - this explains why we consider an action better than the other
6. Consider the consequences to be a human act - All cultures are unique with their own
7. Make a decision (including one’s Knowledge – is the first element of ethical strengths and weaknesses, benefits and
justification for the decision) practice (Aristotle) detriments
Impediments to Ethical Decision Making - provides a framework for deliberating
1. Egocentrism – every person generally about the most appropriate technique(s) by
focuses on her own thinking and feeling which the good can be attained Strengths Weaknesses
 Our experience is heavily  Knowledge is a requirement for It recognizes cultural It fails to accept that
influenced by how we think and considering an act to be a human and human differences not all beliefs and
feel and this thinking and feeling act, being knowledgeable or cultural or social
influence a lot of our decision- being aware of what is ethical or practices are equally
making moral is not a guarantee that the admirable
It promotes respect It leads to mediocrity,
and tolerance to moral indifference and determines language judge moral belief or Teleological Ethics – also known as
diversity or cultural- end of moral progress actions Consequentialism
sensitivity and It supports non- It makes the job of - derived from the Greek word telos
uniqueness judgmental attitude ethics as purely which means end
It produces a peaceful It promotes social that foster dialogue, descriptive (non- - the end result of the action is the sole
and harmonious anarchy because each cooperation and perspective),thus, determining factor of its morality
society despite mass culture claims and learning ineffective - the goodness of an act is based on the
migration and stands for “a true It allows one culture It rejects any end consequence (telos)
differences culture” solve its own cultural interference by one - an action is morally right if the
It rejects moral It upholds democracy, problems and grow culture in the morality consequences of that action are more favorable
absolutism, consensus and fairness naturally in morality of another than unfavorable
imperialism and to other ideologies Accepts other ethical It fails to determine Consequentalist normative theories – correct
superior ideologies theories that bring a other ethical theories moral conduct is determined solely by a cost-
It recognizes the It seems culture has good life that can bring a good benefit analysis of an action’s consequences
neutral sociality, the sole influence on life Consequentalist normative principles – require
conformity and human life an morality  Cultural Relativism is not that we first tally both the good and bad
interdependency absolute consequences of an action. Second we then
among peoples Non-tenability of Cultural Relativism in Ethics: determine whether the total good consequences
It strengthens personal It weakens social The Asian-Filipino Way outweigh the total bad consequences
responsibility: each is responsibility as if Globalization – opened and vastly exposed 3 Subdivisions of consequentialism emerge:
fully responsible for his humans cannot do cultural diversity, people have recognized 1. Ethical Egoism – an action is morally
own moral actions and anything to change cultural variations over time periods, between right if the consequences of that action
beliefs culture individuals, organizations, structures, countries are more favorable than unfavorable
It advocates true It leads to and continents only to the agent performing the action
multiculturalism and deterioration or - has allowed different people of diverse Two Types:
adjustments for corruption of moral cultures to constantly check and balance their a) Psychological egoism – assets
changing factors in values, institutions and beliefs and standards that action is good since the
society societies Culture – reflect the moral and ethical standards consequence of the action is
It promotes humility It promotes skepticism and beliefs that determine decision, actions and beneficial to the person who
and acceptance of and atheism interactions performs the act
limitation or  In the Filipino Culture, it is based - asserts that each
probability of things on “group-centeredness” or
It recognizes that It discourages common person does in fact pursue his or
“group-thinking” her own self-interest alone
language is not neutral language for unity and  “Conscience from the outside” b) Ethical egoism – is the radical
because culture common standards to
idea that the principle of self-
 interest accounts for all of one’s whether an action is morally right or Quantity of Please (Bentham)
moral obligations wrong 7 Variables of Pleasure of Calculus:
- a person ought to do Hedonistic utilitarianism – we tally the 1. Intensity
what really is in his or her best pleasure and pain which results from 2. Duration
interests, over the long run our actions 3. Certainty
- is a consequentalist - pleasurable consequences are 4. Propinquity
ethical theory that contends that the only factors that matter 5. Fecundity
we act morally when we act in a Ideal utilitarianism – involves tallying 6. Purity
way that promises our own bets any consequence that we intuitively 7. Extent
long-term interests recognize as good o bad John Stuart Mill – The end of moral action is not
2. Ethical Altruism – an action is morally Preference utilitarianism – involves merely one’s own happiness but the greatest
right if the consequences of that action tallying any consequence that fulfills amount of happiness for all
are more favorable than unfavorable to our preferences Quality of Pleasure
everyone except the agent b) Rule utilitarianism - is the ethical Quality – is important in terms of durability,
3. Utilitarianism – an action is morally right position that we should act so that the elegance, and longevity of anything important
if the consequences of that action are rule governing our actions produce the - the inherent value or worth of such
more favorable than unfavorable to greatest happiness for the most people product
everyone - a behavioral code or rule is Deontological Ethics and Rights Theories
Jeremy Bentham morally right id the consequences of Deontology – came from the Greek word “deon”
Utilitarianism – the only motives of human adopting that rule are more favorable which means “duty” or “responsibility”
actions are pleasure and pain, the former than unfavorable to everyone - view of the foundational nature of our
prompting us to perform an act, the latter  Man acts to gain pleasure or to avoid duty or obligation
compelling us to avoid an action pain - sometimes called non-consequentialist
- a utilitarian’s only motive of action is  Man is selfish and will not act unless to - these principles are obligatory,
pain and pleasure, “seek good and avoid pain” produce his own pleasure irrespective of the consequences that might
- the property of any act that produces Hedonism – philosophy on pleasure follow from our actions
pleasure or happiness “utility” - “Hedone” in Greek means “pleasure” Deontological theories – assert that the morality
Two Kinds: Aristippus – happiness is based on of an action depends on its intrinsic nature, its
a) Act utilitarianism – is the position that sensual pleasure which is a short term pleasure motives, or its rules or principles and not on its
an action is moral if it produces the Epicurus – happiness is based on rational consequences
greatest happiness for the most people pleasure Immanuel Kant – “Groundwork of the
- tally the consequences of each Felicific calculus – happiness calculator or Metaphysics of Morals”
action we perform and thereby counter - a person who fruitfully resists the
determine on a case by case basis - way of balancing the pros and cons of temptation of desire has willpower while the
an envisaged act
individual who gives in and acts to satisfy the 2. The Formula of the Law of Nature – act 4. Inalienable – I cannot hand over my
desire does not have willpower as if the maxim of your action were to rights to another person, such as by
Kantian ethics – giving more preference become through your will as a universal selling myself into slavery
on the performance of duty and intention of the law of nature without contradiction A. Legal Right – is a conditioned parameter
act rather than its consequences 3. The Respect for People Formulation or of human act
- desire often conflict The Principle of an End in Itself – act in - emanates from the rightness of
- if we are rational, then our will must such a way that you always treat act based on the legislated law
not be the slave of our desires by merely doing humanity, whether in your own person - are human rights that are
the request or command of our desires or in the person of any other, never derived from the moral law
Good will – is good in all circumstances simply as a means but always at the Rules of Human Conduct
and in that sense is an absolute good or same time as an end 1. Iron Rule – rule of power and
unconditioned good 4. The Formula on Autonomy or the force
2 main functions: Principle of Freedom (Freedom of Will - might makes right
1. Is to secure the individual’s own as Rational Agents) – so act that your 2. Silver Rule – the golden rule in a
happiness will can regard itself at the same time as negative form
2. To manifest a will that is good in itself making universal law through its maxim - what you do not wish
3 propositions about morality rooted on duty: 5. The Formula of the Kingdom of Ends – done to you, do not do to others
1. A human action is morally good, not so act as of you were through your 3. Golden Rule – al things
because it is done from immediate maxims a law-making member of a therefore whatsoever you would
inclination still less because it is done kingdom of ends that men should do unto you,
from self-interest but because it is done Different Kinds of Rights even so do you also unto them:
for the sake of duty Right Theory – duty-based approach to ethics for this is the law and the
2. An action done from duty has moral Right – justified claim against another person’s prophets
worth, not from the results it attains or behavior B. Moral Right – is an attribute to a system
seeks to attain, but from a formal Rights and duties are related in such a way that of beliefs that help the individual define
principle or maxim the rights of one person imply the duties of right versus wrong, good versus bad
3. Duty is the necessity to act out of another person Fidelity – the duty to keep promises
reverence for the law 4 features traditionally associated with moral Reparation – the duty to compensate others
5 Formulations of the Categorical Imperative: rights when we harm them
1. The Formula of Universality or the 1. Natural – they are invented or created Gratitude – the duty to thank those who help us
Principle of Universal Law – acts only on by governments Justice – the duty to recognize merit
that maxim through which you can at the 2. Universal – they do not change from Beneficence – the duty to improve the
same time will that it should become a country to country conditions of others
universal law 3. Equal – in the sense that rights are the Self-improvement – the duty to improve our
same for all people virtue and intelligence
Non-maleficence – the duty to not inquire others