SOLAR REFRIGERATION & AIR COOLER

A technical seminar report submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY-A, ANANTAPUR

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
S.VENKATA KRISHNA (17L45A0301)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. M.PACHAKHAN M.Tech (Ph D)
Assistant Professor ,H.O.D

Department of Mechanical engineering

MEKAPATI RAJMOHAN REDDY INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu and approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
UDAYAGIRI, SPSR NELL`ORE (Dist)-524 226.

(2016-2020)
 MEKAPATI RAJMOHAN REDDY INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur and approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
UDAYAGIRI, SPSR NELLORE (Dist)-524 226.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that the technical seminar entitled

“ SOLAR REFRIGERATION & AIR COOLER”

is the bonafide technical seminar done by

S.VENKATA KRISHNA (17L45A0301)

In the Department of Mechanical Engineering, MEKAPATI RAJMOHAN REDDY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, Udayagiri is affiliated to JNTU-
Anantapuramu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering during 2016-2020.

This work has been carried out under your guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this technical seminar report have not been
submitted in any University or Organization for the award of any degree or
diploma.

Mr. M.PACHAKHAN M.Tech (Ph D) Mr. M.PACHAKHAN M.Tech (Ph D)

Assistant Professor,H.O.D HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Assistant Professor

The technical seminarViva-Voce Examination is held on _______________

INTERNALEXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to thank the Lord Almighty for His
presence and immense blessings throughout the Technical Seminar.

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to Chairman Sri. M.

RAJAMOHAN REDDY, Secretary Sri M. CHANDRASHEKAR REDDY,
Our Principal Sri. M.MANOJ KUMAR REDDY PhD, and Work Shop
Superintendent Mr.T.N.Krishna Murthy, continually guiding and
actively participated in my Technical Seminar, giving valuable suggestion
to complete the Technical Seminar.

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. M.PACHAKHAN,

Assistant professor and Head of the department Mechanical
Engineering for much of his valuable support encouragement in carrying
out this work.

I would like to thank my internal guides. Dr.M..PACHAKHAN,

Assistant Professor , head of the department for continually guiding and
actively participating in my Technical Seminar, giving valuable
suggestions to complete the Technical Seminar.

I would like to thank all the technical and teaching staff of the
Mechanical Engineering Department, who extended directly or indirectly
all support.
Last but not least, I am deeply indebted to my parents who have
been the greatest support while I carried out the Technical Seminar to
success.

Thanks for Your Valuable Guidance and kind support

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that project report entitled “SOLAR

REFRIGERATION & AIR COOLER” is a genuine Technical Seminar

carried out by us, in B.Tech (Mechanical Engineering) degree course of
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
ANANTAPURAMUand has not been submitted to any other courses or
University for award of any degree by us.

Signature of the Student

1.

iii
 ABSTRACT
The field of mechanical engineering has a theme word called
“CHANGE” as its backbone. the new technological advancements and
the needs of people have made us think about this project. My project is
maiden venture in to the field of air temperature controlling and also
deals with human comfort.
Thermoelectric couples are solid-state devices capable of
generating electrical power from a temperature gradient, know as the
seebeck effect, or converting electrical energy in to a temperature
gradient, know as the peltier effect.

iv
 CONTENT
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 01

CHAPTER-2 BATTERY 02

2.1 INTRODUCTION 02

2.2 LEAD ACID WET CELL 03

2.3 CHEMICAL ACTION 03

2.4 CURRENT RATING 04

2.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 04-05

CHAPTER-3 THERMO ELECTRIC ZIP COOLER 06-07

CHAPTER-4 CONDENSER 08

4.1 INTRODUCTION 08

4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CONDENSERS 09

CHAPTER-5 SOLAR PANNEL 10

7.1 METHODE OF UTILISATION OF SOLAR 10

ENERGY

7.1.1 DIRECT METHOD 11-12

7.1.2 INDIRECT METHOD 13-14

CHAPTER-6 WORKING PRICIPLE 15-16

CHAPTER-7 17

7.1 ADVANTAGES 17
 7.2 DISADVANTAGES 17

7.3 APPLICATIONS 17

CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION 18
 LIST OF FIGURES

2.2 LEAD ACID WET CELL

2.4 CHEMICAL ACTION

3.0 THERMO ELECTRIC ZIP COOLER

4.0 CONDENSER

7.1.1.1PHOTO VOLTAIC METHOD

7.1.1.2THERMAL METHOD

7.1.2.1 WATER POWER METHOD

7.1.2.2 WIND POWER METHOD

7.1.2.3 WAVE ENERGY METHOD

7.1.2.4 OCEAN POWER METHOD

 SOLAR REFRIGERATOR & AIR COOLER

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

“Faster, mightier &smaller” is still the keyword for every invention and
development. in day-to-day world we concentrate on the compactness and
efficiency of every product. keeping this in our thought we have designed and
fabricated an economical and reliable unit known as “SOLAR
REFRIGERATOR&AIR COOLER”.

“Human comfort is that condition of mind, which expresses itself with the
thermal environment”. In our project two rival properties of cool water and cool air
are obtained. This system can be used continuously. By using our system there is
no need of going for a separate air conditioner or air cooler.

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CHAPTER-2

BATTERY

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of
excess solar energy converted into electrical energy. The only expectations are
isolated sunshine load such as irrigation pumps are drinking water supplies for
storage. In fact fact small units with output less than 1 kilowatt batteries seems to
be the only technically and economically available storage meanse,Since both are
are photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs. it is necessary to
overall system to be optimized with respect to local available energy and demand
pattern. to be the economical attractive the storage of solar electricity requires a
battery with a particular combination of properties:

• Low cost
• Long life
• High reliability
• High overall efficiency
• Low discharge

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2.2 LEAD ACID WET CELL:

Where high values of load current are necessary, the led acid cell is the type
most commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
In the application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for
example, the load current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A.One cell has
a nominal output of 2.1V,but lead acid cells are often used in a series combination
of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery

2.3 CHEMICAL ACTION:

Sulfuric acid is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions. When the cell
discharges, lead peroxide from the positive electrode combines with hydrogen ions
to from the positive electrode combines with hydrogen ions to form water and with
sulfate ions to form lead sulfate. Combining lead on the negative plate with sulfate
ions also produces he sulfate. Therefore, the net result of discharge is to produce
more water, which dilutes the electrolyte, and to form lead sulfate on the plates.

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2.4 CURRENT RATING:

Lead acid batteries are generally rated in terms of how much discharge
currents they can supply for a specified period of time, thee pout voltage must be
maintained above a minimum level, which is 1.5 to 1.8V per cell. A common
rating is ampere (A.h.) based on a specific discharge time, which is often 8h.
Typical values for automobile batteries are 100 to 300 A.h

2.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

One of the key parameters of battery operation is the specific gravity of

the electrolyte. Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a solution to the weight
of an equal volume of water at a specified temperature. Specific gravity is used as
an indicator of the state of charge of a cell or battery.

In a fully charged automotive cell, mixture of sulfuric acid and water results
in a specific gravity of 1.280 at room temperature of 70 to 80 0F. as the cell

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 SOLAR REFRIGERATOR & AIR COOLER

discharges, more water in formed, lowering the specific gravity when it is down to
about 1.150, the cell is completely discharged.

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CHAPTER-3

3.0 THERMO ELECTRIC ZIP COOLER:

The classic vacuum diode is on the top left. Used in vacuum tubes, television
screen and numerous scientific instruments and tools, the vacuum diode is a highly
mature technology. The thermionic converter is in the middle. Conceived at the
beginning of the 20th century, the thermionic converter was proven to work in the
1950s, but largely abounded by the early 1970s.the thermionic converter harness a
thermal differential to create electrical output power. The cool chip is the power
chip in reverse. Instead of creating power from a thermal difference, the cool chips
create a thermal difference (cooling) from electrical power.

Thermoelectric also has a long pedigree. Using a combination of the

seebeck, Thomson and peltier effects, cooling occurs when electricity flows
through materials and specific junction. Classic thermoelectric work, but with very
low efficiency. The reason is simple. Heat will flow through any material, and does
not require electrons to do so. So as soon as one side becomes colder than the

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other, then natural conduction will seek to equilibrate the two sides. As a result, the
efficiencies, expressed as a percentage of the Carnot-defined maximum, do not
exceed 5-8%.for decades, researchers have hunted for the ideal material which
would make thermoelectric efficient.

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CHAPTER-4

CONDENSER

In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used

to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid state through cooling. In so doing,
the latent heat is released by the substance and transferred to the surrounding
environment. Condensers are used for efficient heat rejection in many industrial
systems. Condensers can be made according to numerous designs, and come in
many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale
units used in plant processes). For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get
rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air.

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4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CONDENSERS:

The common forms of condenses is may be broadly classified on the

following medium as

• Water cooled condenser

• Air cooled condenser
• Evaporative( air and water cooled) condenser
• In the work fin and tube condenser (air cooled) is used.

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CHAPTER-5

SOLAR PANNEL

The term solar panel is used colloquially for a photo-voltaic (PV) module. A
PV module is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a frame work for
installation. Photo-voltaic cells use sunlight as a source of energy and generate
direct current electricity. A collection of PV modules is called a PV Panel, and a
system of Panels is an Array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system supply solar
electricity to electrical equipment.

Methods of utilizing of solar energy

Direct method

a. Photo voltaic method

b. Thermal method

Indirect method

a. Water power method

b. Wind power method
c. Wave energy method
d. Ocean power method

Photo voltaic method

Photovoltaic’s are best known as a method for generating electric power by

using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons by the
photovoltaic effect. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sunlight
which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery.

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Thermal method

Solar thermal energy (STE) is a form of energy and a technology for

harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use
in industry, and in the residential and commercial sectors.

Water power method

There is environmental, societal and also economic pressure to increase the

share of renewable energy sources in covering energy demand. However, the
stochastic and non-dispatchable nature of the two main such sources
(photovoltaic’s and wind generation) complicates their integration into the power
system. The operation mode of the run-of-river power plant with poundage that is
considered here has potential to smooth electricity generation from photovoltaic’s,

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 SOLAR REFRIGERATOR & AIR COOLER

whilst also maintaining the hydropower capacity factor and increasing water
retention – an important aspect when a decision-maker has to make a trade-off
between power generation and, for example, irrigation.

Wind power method

Although solar and wind energy are two of the most viable renewable energy
sources, little research has been done on operating both energy sources alongside
one another in order to take advantage of their complementary characters. In this
paper, we develop an optimal design for a hybrid solar-wind energy plant, where
the variables that are optimized over include the number of photovoltaic modules,
the wind turbine height, the number of wind turbines, and the turbine rotor
diameter, and the goal is to minimize costs.

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Ocean power method

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a
range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar
thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial
photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies
are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how
they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar
power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques
include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal
mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate
air.

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CHAPTER-6

WORKING PRICIPLE

Solar panel is used to charging the lead acid battery. here we are using 12 volt
10 watts panel for demo purpose. The battery supply is given to the thermo-electric
zip cooler. before that the water is kept inside of the zip cooler. This water is
cooled by principle of seebeck effect.In our zip cooler having two option

1.Cold water

2.Hot water

There is a one changeover switch is used to convert the water into those two
mode. This water is circulated by the D.C reciprocating water pump to the
evaporated unit. The D.C high speed blower is fitted in front of the condenser so
that the cooled air is rushed out force.

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CHAPTER-7

7.1 ADVANTAGES:

• Simple in construction
• This system is noiseless in operation
• It is portable, so it can be transferred easily from one place to another place
• Is operates with battery
• Maintainense cost is low due to moving parts
• Solar panel is used. So renewable energy can be utilized
• Solar panel, battery is used as a lighting system
• Since no refrigerant is used it is eco friendly
• Reduces green house effect.

7.2 DISADVANTAGES:

• it does not purify air

• initial cost is low
• It is economical to industrial applications, only when pay-back period is
long
• Less C.O.P compared to conventional refrigeration system
• Requires auxiliary (or) stand by units during night and cloudy days.

7.3 APPLICATIONS:

• Domestic application
• Office and bank application
• It is very much useful in college and schools

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CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION:

In this changing modern world every day there is a new discovery in all
fields of science and technology, benefiting the mankind. The work carried on the
design of solar refrigerator & air cooler. If one utilizes energy which goes as waste
even more useful things can be made. solar electricity is the technology of
converting sunlight directly in to electricity. It is based on photo-voltaic or solar
modules, which are very reliable and do not require any fuel or servicing. Solar
electric systems are suitable for plenty of sun and are ideal when no main
electricity is. Our objective is to design and develop a solar system normally
“SOLAR REFRIGERATOR & AIR COOLER”

Conventional air cooler and refrigerators use a lot of electricity, or in the

case of absorption cooling system, gas or some other combustible liquid. Reducing
the consumption of these energy sources means less green house gas production.
Also non CFC based functioning makes it eco friendly and by avoid depletion of
ozone layer

Here we use water as refrigerant so that it don’t affect the environment, in this we
use cool water and hot the water as well as air and heating.

If “SOLAR REFRIGERATOR & AIR COOLER” system is designed and

controlled for optimum functioning, it can must the increasing energy demands.

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