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1.1 Intended Learning Outcomes: Structural Design

This document outlines the intended learning outcomes and content of a lecture on structural design using structural steel. The key points are: 1. The lecture will define structural design, explain the iterative design procedure, identify loads on structures, and differentiate steel design philosophies. 2. Structural design involves both functional design by architects and structural framework design. The iterative design process includes planning, preliminary configuration, load establishment, member selection, analysis, evaluation, and potential redesign. 3. Design philosophies like Allowable Stress Design and Load and Resistance Factor Design are discussed. Capacity must exceed demand based on loads and member resistance.

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Jenevive Tumacder
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1K views

1.1 Intended Learning Outcomes: Structural Design

This document outlines the intended learning outcomes and content of a lecture on structural design using structural steel. The key points are: 1. The lecture will define structural design, explain the iterative design procedure, identify loads on structures, and differentiate steel design philosophies. 2. Structural design involves both functional design by architects and structural framework design. The iterative design process includes planning, preliminary configuration, load establishment, member selection, analysis, evaluation, and potential redesign. 3. Design philosophies like Allowable Stress Design and Load and Resistance Factor Design are discussed. Capacity must exceed demand based on loads and member resistance.

Uploaded by

Jenevive Tumacder
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

1 Intended Learning Outcomes


At the end of the lecture, the students will be able to:
 Define structural design;
 Enumerate and explain each step of iterative design procedure for structures;
 Identify and differentiate loads acting on structures; and
 Enumerate and differentiate design philosophies used in structural steel design

1.2 Introduction
Nowadays, building construction can be seen at just about any urban area, not just here in our country but also
around the rest of the world. These are done in pace with the rapid development of these cities.
As we observe, buildings, or any other structure in question, are made of some of the materials that we are already
familiar with. Some are made of masonry (e.g. stones, bricks, hollow blocks), concrete (plain concrete, reinforced
concrete, prestressed concrete), or structural steel.
In this course, we will be mainly discussing design of structures using structural steel.

1.3 Structural Design Procedure


Structural Design
 May be defined as a mixture of art and science, combining the experienced engineer’s intuitive feeling for
the behavior of a structure to produce a safe, economical structure that will serve its intended purpose
 Criteria for evaluation of structural design are as follows:
o minimum cost

o minimum weight

o minimum construction time

o minimum labor

o minimum cost of manufacture of owner’s products; and

o maximum efficiency of operation to owner

Design Procedure
 Composed of two parts:
o Functional Design – usually taken care of by architects and other engineers; includes provision of
following: adequate working areas and clearances, proper ventilation and/or air conditioning,
adequate transportation facilities, adequate lighting, and aesthetics
o Structural Framework Design – selection of arrangement and sizes of structural elements so that
service loads may be safely carried and displacements are within acceptable limits
 Iterative Design Procedure
o Planning – defining the use/function and overall look of the structure

o Preliminary Structural Configuration – arrangement of structural elements based on specifications


set during planning
o Establishment of Loads – defining loads that will possibly act on the structure based on its
materials and function
o Preliminary Member Selection – selection of member sizes, taking account its schematics, loads,
and experiences from previous projects
o Analysis – modeling and analysis of the structure, solving for member forces, stresses, and
deflections
o Evaluation – evaluation of structural members based on analysis results, prevailing building and
structural code provisions, and other preferred specifications
 Building Code – legal document containing requirements related to such things as
structural and fire safety, plumbing, ventilation, and accessibility
 PD 1096 / RA 6541 (National Building Code of the Philippines - NBCP)
 Model Codes – building codes written by nonprofit organizations that are modified and
applied by municipalities
 Design Specifications – give more specific guidance for the design of structural members
and their connections
 2015 National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) Vol. 1
o Redesign – Repetition of previous steps depending on evaluation results and changes on the part
of the client
o Final Design – determination of the structural design whether it is optimum or not; redesign may
still be done depending on a case-to-case basis

1.4 Minimum Design Loads (Chapter 2, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1)


 Gravity Loads – forces which result from gravity
o Dead Loads (Section 204, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1) – permanent gravity loads; also known as self-
weight; static in nature
o Live Loads (Section 205, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1) – loads that vary depending on time, location, and
other factors; may be static, dynamic, or cyclic in nature
o Vehicle Loads – loads due to vehicular weight and/or motion; may be static or dynamic in nature

 Wind Loads (Section 207, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1) – loads due to wind action on structures; dynamic in nature
but equivalent static loads are formulated on structural codes
 Earthquake Loads (Section 208, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1) – loads due to earthquake or severe ground motion;
dynamic in nature but equivalent static loads are formulated on structural codes
 Other Loads (Section 206, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1) – additional loads caused by other factors or considerations
o Soil Loads (Section 209, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1) – due to either lateral or vertical earth pressures

o Flood/Rain Loads (Secs. 210 & 211, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1) – due to severe flooding or high amount of
rainfall
o Fluid Loads – due to static and/or dynamic fluid action

o Impact Loads – due to dynamic loads

o Blast Loads – due to high-pressure loads applied within a very short time duration

1.5 Design Philosophies in Structural Steel Design and Design Philosophies


 Main concept behind structural design is that the capacity of a structural member to resist given loads
should be enough to address demand due to these loads (i.e. capacity ≥ demand).
 Limit States – conditions of a structure at which it ceases to fulfill its intended function
o Strength limit states – depend on the capacity of the members

 Examples: buckling, fatigue, fracture


o Serviceability limit states – affect the use or function of the structure

 Examples: excessive deflections, vibrations


o Special limit states – other limit states that may be deemed necessary to consider

 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

o Also called elastic design or working stress design

o Rn – nominal capacity of a structural member, assuming ideal conditions

o Ra – total demand on the structural member due to applied loads

o Ω – safety factor used to consider material understrength, workmanship, and overloads

o Rn/Ω - design capacity of the structural member

 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

o Also called ultimate strength design or limit states design

o Rn – nominal capacity of a structural member, assuming ideal conditions

o Φ – strength reduction factor used to consider material understrength and workmanship


o Ru – total demand on the structural member due to applied loads amplified with load factors

o Ri – demand on structural member due to each type of applied load

o γi – load factors used to consider overloads and uncertainties on material weights; vary depending
on type of load considered
o ΦRn - ultimate capacity or design capacity of the structural member

o Note: Φ × Ω = 1.50 (esp. for gravity load combinations with live load equal to 3 times the dead
load)
o More accepted design philosophy due to rationality of factors used (based on probability theory)

 Plastic Design
o Used for considering collapse or excessive deformations caused by highly-amplified service loads

 Load Combinations (Sec. 203.3, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1)


o Service Load Combinations (ASD) – listed in Sec. 203.3.4 of 2015 NSCP Vol. 1

o Factored Load Combinations (LRFD) – listed in Sec. 203.3.2 of 2015 NSCP Vol. 1

1.6 Further Reading


Reference/s:
 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. (2016). National Structural Code of the Philippines
2015 Volume 1: Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures (7th).  Quezon City, Philippines: Association
of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
 Salmon, C. et.al. (2009). Steel Structures – Design and Behavior: Emphasizing Load and Resistance Factor
Design (5th). Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
 Segui, W. (2018). Steel Design (6th ed.).  Connecticut, USA: Cengage Learning
Homework 01
 Due No Due Date
 Points 100
 Submitting a file upload
 File Types pdf
A. Read the following book chapters and other readings for reference:
1. Chapters 1 & 2 (Segui)
2. Chapter 1 (Salmon et.al.)
3. Chapter 2, 2015 NSCP Vol. 1
B. Answer the following questions:
1. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using reinforced concrete and structural steel in building
construction.
2. Show an example of the design process of an actual finished structure (The structure does not have to be a
significant one. Even simple structures like houses or low-rise buildings may also be used as an example.). Discuss
how iterative design procedure was applied for the said structure. (You may interview a practicing civil engineer for
this one.).
3. Discuss how to perform the following design load procedures using 2015 NSCP Vol. 1 provisions:
a. Live Load Reduction
b. Determination of wind loads on MWFRS using envelope procedure for low rise structures
c. Determination of equivalent static lateral force for earthquake forces on regular buildings using static force
procedure
4. Differentiate ASD and LRFD design philosophies. Discuss the basis of each design philosophy, including
assumptions on expected material behavior and possibility of overloads. Discuss also why LRFD is the preferred
design philosophy for structural steel.
 
Accomplish this on A4 paper size document, typewritten in PDF format. Provide a title page including informal TIP
logo, course code and title, output title (e.g. Homework 01), name, student number, and academic integrity pledge
(see link) with e-signature (You may use the capstone project title page format for this.).
File should be named as follows: CE511_SURNAME_HW01.pdf (e.g. CE511_TADIOSA_HW01.pdf). Use 12-pt Arial
Narrow for font type and size, with 1.5-space line spacing. Sentences must be in justified alignment. Images, if any,
must be centered and with caption below.
References used for this homework should be put at the end of the document. Use APA format for citation and listing.
Photo credits (list of sources where photos come from) should also be put right after references.

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