Introduction To Structural Steel Design

INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURAL
STEEL DESIGN
Engr. Isamarch Pertacorta

Instructor
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, students shall be able to:
• Identify the constituent material of steel and understand their
behavior;
• Understand and apply the different types of loads to structures using
the National Structural Code of the Philippines;
• Understand the stress-strain characteristics of steel in both elastic and
plastic stages of deformation;
• Understand the role of structural engineers in the design of structures;
DISCUSSION FLOW:
Structural Design
The Role of Structural Engineers
Structural Steel Design
Objectives When Designing Structures
The Limit State Design Principles

DISCUSSION FLOW:
Design Philosophies
Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Design Codes and Specifications
Loads and Load Combinations

Load Combination Using Strength Design or Load Combination Using Allowable Stress or
Load and Resistance Factor Design Allowable Strength Design
DISCUSSION FLOW:
Applicability of Structural Steel to Civil Engineering Structures
Steel
Structural Steel
Stress-Strain Relationships in Structural Steel
Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material
Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material

DISCUSSION FLOW:
Structural Steel Grades
Standard Structural Steel Shapes
Cross-Sectional Properties of Structural Steel

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design may be defined “as
a mixture of art and science,
combining the experienced engineer’s
intuitive feeling for the behavior of a
structure with a sound knowledge of
the principles of statics, dynamics,
mechanics of materials, and structural
analysis, to produce a safe,
economical structure that will serve
its intended purpose”
(Salmon, Johnson, & Malhas, 2010).
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• Basis of Structural Design
• Loads
What our structure must hold up
to
• Resistance
How strong our structure is
THE ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
• Ensure structures are safe and
economical
• Welfare of the public is the main
concern, while providing the most
economical solution
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
• a fundamental discipline in Civil
Engineering that deals with the
analysis and design of steel
structures, such as buildings,
skyscrapers, towers, bridges, and
other infrastructure projects
• combines scientific analysis, and
artistic innovations, bringing
together the rigor of structural
mechanics to produce an optimized
engineered structure
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
• steel design revolves around
optimizing the performance of
steel elements under various loads
and environmental conditions
taking into account the principles
of statics, dynamics, mechanics of
materials, and structural analysis,
and adhering to various building
codes and safety regulations
OBJECTIVES WHEN DESIGNING STRUCTURES:
• AESTHETICS
• STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS COLLABORATE WITH
ARCHITECTS/CLIENTS TO ENSURE THAT THE DESIGN
MEETS THE NEED OF THE PROJECT, THE OWNER, ETC
• CONSTRUCTABILITY
• THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SHOULD POSSESS ENOUGH
CAPACITY TO SURVIVE THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• CONSIDER CONSTRUCTION CHALLENGES IN YOUR
DESIGN
• ECONOMY
• RESULTING DESIGN IS ECONOMICALLY COMPETITIVE
LIMIT STATE DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• The term limit state is used to describe a condition at which a
structure ceases to perform its intended function.
• Both procedures (ASD AND LRFD) are based on limit states
design principles, which provide boundaries of structural
usefulness
• Two categories of limit states:
• Strength Limit States
Define load-carrying capacity, including excessive
yielding, fracture, buckling, fatigue, and gross rigid body
motion
• Serviceability Limit States
Define performance, including deflection, crackling,
slipping, vibration, deterioration
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• the National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP) 2015 and the
American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC) 14th Edition
provide two acceptable methods in
the design of structural steel
members and their connections -
the Allowable Strength Design
(ASD) and the Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD).
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• The fundamental requirement of
structural design is that the required
strength shall not exceed the
available strength, that is;
Required Strength ≤ Available Strength

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• How do we ensure that a structure meets a given
limit state both reliably and accurately?
• Example:
• You are doing an analysis of a certain floor beam
and you found out that the maximum moment of
the floor beam is 400kN·m. Are you certain of that
value?
• No. Thus the factor of safety, say 2.0
• Hence, you may pick a beam that can support
800kN·m
• This method is called Allowable Strength Design
ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (ASD)
• Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
has been the dominant philosophy
used over the last century and is
similar to what is known as the
Allowable Stress Design, in that they
both carried out the same load level.
• A member is selected with cross-
sectional properties such as area
and moment of inertia large enough
to prevent the maximum applied
axial force, shear, or bending
moment from exceeding an
allowable value.
• This allowable value is calculated by
dividing the nominal/theoretical
strength by a factor of safety.
• ASD provision are structured so that
the allowable strength must equal
or exceed the required strength.
• This can be expressed as:
where:
Ra = required strength determined by analysis for the ASD load combinations
Rn = nominal strength determined according to the AISC Specification provisions
Ω = safety factor given by the Specifications for a particular limit state
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• What are the Cons of ASD
• Uncertainties in load estimation
• Possible overloading
• Uncertainty in the accuracy of analysis method
• In ASD, while we, as the designers, look at the loads,

the forces on the structures, there is also one
approach, looking at the resistance – the structural
capacity.
• The resistance would mean how much force is it
going to, take for example, for a column to buckle?
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD)
• Load factors are applied to the
service loads, and a member with
sufficient strength to resist the
factored loads is selected.
• the application of a resistance factor
reduces the theoretical strength if
the member.
• LRFD provisions are structured so
that the design strength must equal
or exceed the required strength.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD)
• This can be expressed as:
where:
Ru = required strength determined by analysis for the LRFD load combinations
Rn = nominal strength determined according to the AISC Specification provisions
Φ = safety factor given by the Specifications for a particular limit state
DESIGN CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
• Loads are classified as being:
• Dead
• Live
• Environmental
• Dead Loads
• Loads of constant magnitude that
remain in one position.
• Include the weight of the
structural steel building, frames,
wall, floors, ceilings, stairways,
roofs, plumbing, etc.
• Unit Weight of steel = 78.50kN/m3
• Live Loads
• Loads that can change in
magnitude and position.
• include occupancy loads,
warehouse materials,
construction loads, overhead
service cranes. Equipment
operating loads, etc.
• Induced by gravity
• Environmental Loads
• Loads caused by the environment
where the structure is located
• Caused by rain. Wind,
temperature change, and
earthquake
• These are also live loads but they
are the result of the environment
• Problems:
1. Your client is planning to construct a house in Butuan City. As a
structural engineer, determining the wind speed for calculating
wind loads is crucial. Provide the specific design wind speed you
intend to use as the basis for calculating these wind loads.
2. Your client is planning to construct a hospital in Biliran City. As a
structural engineer, determining the wind speed for calculating
wind loads is crucial. Provide the specific design wind speed you
intend to use as the basis for calculating these wind loads.
• Activity:
1. Go to https://hazardhunter.georisk.gov.ph/
2. Click “Go to Map View”
3. Search for your respective houses.
4. Double click your respective houses.
5. Wait for the result.
• LOAD COMBINATIONS USING STRENGTH DESIGN OR LOAD
AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (NSCP 2015 SECTION 203.3)
1.4(D+F) (203-1)
1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) (203-3)
1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L (203-5)
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H (203-6)
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (203-7)
Where: D = Dead Load Lr = Roof Live load
L = Live Load T = Temperature Load
W = Wind Load F = Fluid Load
E = Earthquake Load
• Most common LRFD load combination for most applications:
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L
1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0W
1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0E
0.9D + 1.0W
0.9D + 1.0E
• LOAD COMBINATIONS USING ALLOWABLE STRESS OR
ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN (NSCP 2015 SECTION 203.4)
D+F (203-8)
D+H+F+L+T (203-9)
D + H + F + (Lr or R) (203-10)
D + H + F + 0.75[L + T + (Lr or R)] (203-11)
D + H + F + (0.6W or E/1.4) (203-12)
Where: D = Dead Load Lr = Roof Live load

L = Live Load T = Temperature Load
W = Wind Load F = Fluid Load
E = Earthquake Load
• Most common ASD load combination for most applications:
D
D+L
D + Lr
D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr
D + 0.6W
D + 0.7E
• Other Loads considered:
• Highway Live loads
• Moving Loads
• Snow Load
APPLICABILITY OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
TO CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
Modular Homes
Commercial
Establishments
Warehouses
Transmission Lines
Communication Towers
Overhead Tanks
Skyscrapers
Industrial Plants
Manufacturing Plants
Sports Stadiums
Ships
Marine Vessels
Cargo Vessels
Rigs and Offshore Structures

Iconic Bridges
STEEL
• an alloy, a metal made from various
elements
• comprises two main elements –
iron and carbon; containing less
than 2% carbon and 1% manganese
and small amounts of silicon,
phosphorus, sulphur, and oxygen
(WorldSteel, 2023)
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• Structural Steels can be grouped according to their composition as follows:
• Plain Carbon Steel
Mostly Iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon
• Low-alloy Steel
Iron and carbon plus other components (usually less than 5%). The additional
components are primarily for increasing strength, which is accomplished at the
expense of a reduction in ductility
• High-alloy or Specialty Steels
similar composition to the low-alloy steels but with higher percentage of the
components added to iron and carbon. These steels are higher in
strength than the plain carbon steels and also have
some special quality, such as resistance to corrosion
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• Different grades of structural steels are identified by the designation
assigned to the above-mentioned structural steels by the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
• ASTM develops standards for defining materials in terms of their
composition, properties, and performance, and prescribes specific
tests for measuring these attributes.
• For example, a structural steel designated as A36 has a minimum yield
stress Fy = 36ksi – most commonly used structural steel.
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS IN
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• One of the objectives in the design process is the selection of the
appropriate cross sections for the individual members of the
structure designed.
• The design of steel structural members entails selecting a cross
section that will safely and economically withstand the applied loads.
• Economically = minimum amount of steel
• A structural engineer must be familiar with the properties of steel to
understand the behavior of steel structures.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• If a steel test specimen is subjected to an axial load, P, it will begin to
elongate.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• The stress and strain can be computed as:
Where: P = Axial load

f = Axial tensile stress
A = Cross-sectional Area
 = Axial strain
L = Length of specimen
L = Change in length
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• If the load is increased in
increments from zero to
the point of fracture,
and stress and strain are
computed at each step,
a stress-strain curve can
be plotted. This is the
stress-strain diagram.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• The stress-strain diagram presents valuable information necessary to
understand how the steel will behave in a given situation.
• Proportional Limit is the highest point on the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram or the largest stress for which the Hooke’s
Law applies
• Hooke’s Law states that the applied force F equals a constant k
times the displacement or change in length, F=kx
• Elastic Limit is the largest stress that a material can withstand
without being permanently deformed. It lies between the
proportional limit and the upper yield point
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• Up to the Elastic Limit, the specimen can be unloaded without
permanent deformation: the unloading will be along the linear
portion of the diagram, the same path followed during the
loading.
• This part of the stress-strain diagram is called the Elastic Range
• Yield Stress is the stress at which there is a significant increase in
the elongation, or strain, without corresponding increase in stress.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• Yield Stress is also the first point on the stress-strain diagram
where a tangent to the curve is horizontal.
• Yield Stress is probably the most important property to the
designer because so many design procedures depend on it. Why?
STRUCTURAL STEEL
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• A peak value, the upper yield point, is quickly reached followed by a
leveling off at a lower yield point.
• There is a range in which a considerable increase in strain occurs
without increase in stress beyond the yield stress.
• The strain that occurs before the yield stress is called Elastic Strain.
• The strain that occurs after the yield stress is called Plastic Strain.
• Following the plastic strain, a range of additional stress is required
to produce additional strain.
• This is known as Strain-Hardening. This portion of the diagram is
nor too important to modern designer because the strains are so
large.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
E= 200,000 Mpa
29,000 ksi
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• Steel is high strength and
lightweight in nature. Steel’s high
strength per unit weight means
that structures will be light. This
fact is of great importance for long-
span bridges, tall buildings, and
structures situated on poor
foundations.
• Structural steels are tough,
meaning they have both strength,
and ductility.
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• Steel is homogenous and uniform
material. The properties of steel do
not change appreciably with time,
as do those of a reinforced
concrete structure. Hence, steel
structures are more durable.
• Steel can be fastened together by
several simple connection devices,
including welds and bolts.
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• Steel can be rolled into a wide
variety of sized and shapes.
• Greater erection speed results in
more cost-effective structures.
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS
A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• High Maintenance Cost and More
Corrosion. Because most steels can
corrode when exposed to air and
water, they need to be repainted
on a regular basis.
• Susceptibility to buckling. The
danger of buckling increases as the
length and slenderness of a
compression member increases.
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS
A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• Fatigue. The strength of the steel
may be reduced if it is subjected to
a large number of stress reversals
or even a large number of
variations of tensile stress.
• Brittle Fracture. Under certain
conditions, steel may lose ductility,
and brittle fracture may occur at
places of stress concentration.
STRUCTURAL STEEL GRADES
STANDARD STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES
• Table 1-1 to table 1-29 of the Steel Construction Manual (AISC 15th
Edition)
• I Shapes Members
• Channels
• Angles
• Structural Tees
• Hollow Structural Sections
• Pipes
• Bar and Plates
• Built-Up Sections
• Four types of I-Shaped members provided in the AISC Manual
• W-shapes
parallel inner and outer flange
• M-shapes
I shaped that are not classified as W, S, or HP
May have a sloped inside flange face or other cross-sectional features that
do not meet the criteria for W, S or HP
• S-shapes
also known as American Standard Beams, have an inner flange
surface slope of about 16 2/3% (2 on 12)
• HP-shapes
also known as bearing piles, similar to W shapes except that they have
equal-thickness webs and flanges, and the depth and flange width are
normally equivalent for a given designation
• Designated by the mark W, M, S or HP
• Example: W18x50 means W shape that is 18” deep, and weighs 50 lb/ft
• Designated by the mark W, M, S or HP
• Example: W18x50 means W shape that is 18” deep, and weighs 50 lb/ft
• Channels
• Two types of channels provided in the manual:
• C Shapes
also knowns as American standard channels,
have an inner flange surface slope of about
16 2/3% (2 on 12)
• MC Shapes
also known as miscellaneous channels, have
an inner flange surface slope other than
16 2/3% (2 on 12)
• Designated by the mark C or MC
• Example: C9x20 means 9” deep, and weighs
20lb/ft
• Channels
• Two types of channels provided in the manual:
• C Shapes
also knowns as American standard channels,
have an inner flange surface slope of about
16 2/3% (2 on 12)
• MC Shapes
also known as miscellaneous channels, have
an inner flange surface slope other than
16 2/3% (2 on 12)
• Designated by the mark C or MC
• Example: C9x20 means 9” deep, and weighs
20lb/ft
• Angles
• Also known as L shapes, have legs of equal thickness and either
equal or unequal leg sizes.
• Designated by L marks
• Example: L4x4x1/4 means an angle bar with legs both 4” deep and ¼”
thickness
• Structural Tees
• Three types of Structural Tees
• WT shapes made from W shapes
• MT shapes made from M shapes
• ST shapes made from S shapes
• Designated by marks WT, MT, ST
• Example: WT18x105 is a WT shape split from W shape W36x210
• Hollow Structural Sections (HSS)
• Three types of HSS
• Rectangular HSS
• Square HSS
• Round HSS
• Designated by HSS marks
• Example:
HSS10x0.5 means outside diameter of 10” and 0.5”nominal wall
thickness
HSS10x10x1/2 means outside dimension of 10” and 0.5”nominal
wall thickness
• Pipes
• Round cross section and uniform thickness, except that the weld
seams for welded pipes.
• Pipes up to and including NPS 12 are designated by the term Pipe,
nominal diameter (in.) and weight class (Std., xStrong, xx-Strong).
NPS stands for nominal pipe size. For example, Pipe 5 Std. denotes a
pipe with a 5.563-in. outside diameter and a 0.258-in. wall thickness,
which corresponds to the standard weight series. Pipes with wall
thicknesses that do not correspond to the foregoing weight classes
are designated by the term Pipe, outside diameter (in.) and wall
thickness (in.), with both expressed to three decimal places. For
example, Pipe 14.000·0.375 and Pipe 5.563·0.500 are proper
designations.
• Pipes
• Round cross section and uniform thickness, except at the weld
seams for welded pipes.
• Pipes up to and including NPS 12 are designated by the term Pipe,
nominal diameter (in.) and weight class (Std., xStrong, xx-Strong).
NPS stands for nominal pipe size. For example, Pipe 5 Std. denotes a
pipe with a 5.563-in. outside diameter and a 0.258-in. wall thickness,
which corresponds to the standard weight series. Pipes with wall
thicknesses that do not correspond to the foregoing weight classes
are designated by the term Pipe, outside diameter (in.) and wall
thickness (in.), with both expressed to three decimal places. For
example, Pipe 14.000·0.375 and Pipe 5.563·0.500 are proper
designations.
• Pipes
• What is the difference between Pipes and Round HSS?
• Round HSS are intended to be used as structural members. Pipe, though
sometimes used as structural members, is intended to be used for
mechanical and pressure applications. As used in the AISC Steel Construction
Manual, steel pipe and round HSS are manufactured to meet different ASTM
standards. Steel pipe is made to requirements in ASTM A53/A53M Grade B
(Fy= 35 ksi).
• Round HSS are usually ASTM A500/A500M Grade C (Fy= 50 ksi). They are
available in cross sections matching each of the cross sections for ASTM
A53/A53M Grade B steel pipe. For example, an HSS 6.625×0.280 has the
same dimensional properties as a Pipe 6 Std. Additionally, ASTM
A500/A500M HSS can be obtained in many more sizes with periphery not
exceeding 88 in. and wall thickness not exceeding 1 in.
• Bar and Plate
• Formed by hot-rolling.
• Bars and plates can have cross sections that are square, rectangular
or circular.
• If the width of a rectangular shape is 8” or less, it is classified as a bar
• If the width is more than 8”, the shape is classified as a plate
• Both marked as PL.
• Example: PL 3/8x5x3’ means a bar 3/8” thick, 5” wide, 3’ long
• Built-Up Sections
• Standard shapes reinforced by another to meet requirements
CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
• Cross-sectional Area
• Moment of Inertia
• Section Modulus
• Torsional Constant
• Plastic Section Modulus
“Don’t study to be successful,
study for self efficiency. Don’t
run behind success. Aim for
excellence, success will surely
follow.”
-Rancho, Three Idiots
ASSIGNMENT II:
1. SECURE A COPY OF THE FOLLOWING:
a. NSCP 2015
b. STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL AISC 15TH EDITION
THANK YOU.

Introduction To Structural Steel Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Structural Steel Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Structural Steel Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTRODUCTION TO

Engr. Isamarch Pertacorta

The Role of Structural Engineers

Structural Steel Design

Objectives When Designing Structures

The Limit State Design Principles

Design Codes and Specifications

Loads and Load Combinations

Stress-Strain Relationships in Structural Steel

Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material

Structural Steel Grades

Standard Structural Steel Shapes

Cross-Sectional Properties of Structural Steel

Required Strength ≤ Available Strength

• In ASD, while we, as the designers, look at the loads,

Where: D = Dead Load Lr = Roof Live load

Rigs and Offshore Structures

Where: P = Axial load

You might also like