Eme3411 - Lab Investigation 2
Eme3411 - Lab Investigation 2
Eme3411 - Lab Investigation 2
Marcet Boiler
Objective:
i. To demonstrate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated
steam in equilibrium with water.
ii. To determine the vapour pressure curve.
Theory:
In This experiment a Marcet boiler was used to conduct the relationship between a saturated
pressure and temperature of water in the range of 0-14 bar indicating in the gauge and also to
determine the temperature of a body when being heated or cooled. When the temperature
increases pressure also increases in this case the relationship between pressure and
temperature is directly proportional. Assumption was made that the temperature is uniform
throughout the boiler and the outside surface temperature of the boiler is the same as the
steam temperature. Theoretically, the values from the steam table should almost be the same
with the recorded values. In this case, if the values are not the same then this is due to error
that was made in the experiment.
The experiment was performed carefully and all procedure was followed to get
accurate result. First of all the start up procedure is to fill water in Marcet boiler and the water
level is half of the boiler’s height. Then the supply switch was turned on. It is important to
remove the air in the boiler in this case the valve would be open from the start up of the
experiment When the temperature increases to 100°C, the steam is allowed to come out from
the valve for few seconds and close the valve. Record the steam temperature and pressure
reaches 14 bars.
Introduction:
An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the pressure, specific volume or density,
and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R.
mRT
PV =
M
Where,
P= Absolute pressure
V= Volume
n= Amount of substance (moles)
R= Ideal gas constant
T= Absolute temperature (K)
However, real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few changes on
the ideal gas equation of state allow its application in the properties of real gas.
When energy increases within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules
enables the increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium
state is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface
and steam. At lower pressure, the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while
less energy required in achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature
where equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature.
The Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between
the atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The experimental slope (dT/dP)SAT obtained is
compared to the theoretical value determined through calculation from the steam table.
Clausius-Clapeyron states:
Tv fg
( dTdP ) = h
SAT fg
T v −v
( dTdP ) = h( −h )
SAT f
f
g
g
Where,
h f +h fg =h g
h fg =h g−h f
T ( V f −V g ) T v g
( dTdP )
SAT
=
hfg
=
hfg
as v g ≫v f
In which,
vf = specific volume of saturated liquid
vg = specific volume of saturated vapor
hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid
hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor
hfg = latent heat of vaporization
Apparatus:
1. HE169 Marcet boiler which shown in figure 1
2. Pressure transducer
3. Temperature controller/Indicator
4. Pressure indicator
5. Control panel
6. Bench
7. Bourdon tube pressure gauge
8. Temperature sensor
9. Pressure relief valve
10. Water inlet port & valve
11. Heater
fg
440.00
420.00
Average temperature, T (K)
400.00
380.00
360.00
340.00
320.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
0.2
0.15
Measured Slope,
Slope
Calculated Slope,
0.1
0.05
0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
¿ 1.5 −1
¯ ¯¿
¿ 0.5 ¯¿
100 kPa
¿ 0.5 ×
¯
1 ¯¿ ¿
¿ 5 0 kPa
¿ 384.55 K−373 K
¿ 11.55 K
( dTdP )
1.5 ¯¿=¿¿
¿ ( 11.55
50 )
K
¿ 0.231
kPa
Calculation for measured Slope, ( dTdP )
Pressure (bar) dP (kPa) Average T (K) dT (K) Measured slope,
dT K
( )( )
dP kPa
1 - 373 - -
0.277529416 - -
0.199798288 0.231 13.51
0.15832008 0.175 9.53
0.132161073 0.143 7.58
0.113875268 0.123 7.42
0.101659064 0.097 -4.80
0.090246103 0.105 14.05
0.081908702 0.088 6.92
0.075243516 0.079 4.76
0.069689027 0.073 4.54
0.065044988 0.067 2.92
0.061096169 0.062 1.46
0.057733266 0.057 -1.29
0.055138161 0.047 -17.32
0.051940167 0.062 16.23
Discussion:
Before the experiment is conducted, it is vital to remove the air from the boiler. This is
because, air might affect the accuracy of the experimental results. If the air is not removed,
the correct equilibrium measurements between the steam and the boiling water will not be
obtained. Due to the partial pressure of air, a lower water temperature will be required to raise
the pressure. Besides, the air trapped in the boiler could lead to boiler failure.
The error percentage should not cross or exceed 10% as the experiment was done in
enclosed surface and no volume of experimenting samples are allowed to escape from the
system. However, based on the data obtained from experiment, the percentage of errors is
within the range of -17.32 % ~ 16.23 %. The percentage error for the experiment shows that
the experimental yield was too much when the percentage error is negative. Differ when the
percentage of error is positive, it shows that the experimental yield less than the theoretical
yield. This might happen due to the present of air in the boiler and the measurements reading
errors that happen during the experiment.
In order to make sure the accuracy of the data obtained, we must avoid the
measurements reading errors.
When the water in the boiler is heated up, the liquid molecules started to gain heat and
move faster. As they move around so fast that they cannot even hold on to each other
anymore, all the molecules started to flying apart and becoming gas. As the liquid absorbed
enough heat energy, it changes from liquid form to vapour form. However, as the steam is not
allowed to exit, the pressure in the boiler increases. Thus, causing the temperature rise. The
liquid (water)undergoes evaporation and becomes gas (steam).
The application of boilers in industries includes:
1. Power Plant Boiler
The boiler generates high pressure steam by transferring heat of combustion in
various heat transfer sections. Volume of one unit mass of steam is thousand times
that of water. When water is converted to a steam in a closed vessel, the pressure will
increase. Heating the water from cold condition to boiling point or saturation
temperature. Water boils at saturation temperature to produce steam. Heating steam
from saturation temperature to higher temperature called superheating to increase the
power plant output and efficiency.
Conclusion:
Marcet boiler is the device which we use to study the relation in between pressure and
temperature for a water at saturated liquid phase. As we did in the laboratory, we started
heating water with constant pressure until it reached boiling point. Then, closing the valve
which created a constant volume system. Forcing the pressure to increase as the temperature
rises. And thus studying the direct relation between pressure and temperature for water at that
point. We notice that it is essential to close the valve as we reach boiling point to make sure
we are now in a constant volume process, otherwise pressure would have never increased.
Causing the experiment to be useless. We also notice that we closed the valve exactly when
we reached boiling temperature and thus keeping water at saturated liquid phase. After
studying the results and plotting the diagram we find that the relation in between pressure and
temperature is directly proportional. The difference between the theoretical values and the
actual values is caused by errors with certain calculated acceptable percentages. In this
experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to be directly
proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slope shows a small
deviation between them because of certain errors.
Reference:
1. Marcet Boiler. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
http://www.slideshare.net/ShwanSarwan/marcet -boiler .
2. Marcet Boiler Lab Report. Scribd.com. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
http://www.scribd.com/doc/51634867/Marcet -Boiler-Lab-Report#scribd .
3. Yunus A. Cengal & Michael A. Boles, “Thermodynamics – An Engineering
Approach”, 3rd Edition, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.
4. Lab2E5 Marcet Boiler. Academia.edu. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
https://www.academia.edu/9474636/Lab2E5_Marcet_Boiler .
5. Food Steamer. Wikipedia.org. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_steamer .
6. Food Steamers Introduction. allianceforwaterefficiency.org. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015
from http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/1Column.aspx?id=642 .
7. Steam Engine. Wikipedia.org. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine#Boilers
8. Calculator for calculated slope
https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-pressure.html