Standard Chartered Opportunity 2030

Opportunity2030
The Standard Chartered

SDG Investment Map
Contents
01 Research scope
02 Foreword
02 Brief methodology
03 Executive summary
04 Investing in SDG 6 – Water and Sanitation
08 Investing in SDG 7 – Affordable and Clean Energy
12 Investing in SDG 9 – Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
18 Opportunity2030 by country – Asia
19 Bangladesh
Research scope 21 China
Opportunity2030: The Standard Chartered SDG
Investment Map is designed to provide companies, 23 India
institutional investors and other stakeholders with an
overview of where their investments could have the 25 Indonesia
greatest impact in contributing to the UN’s Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). Our study spans 15 of the
27 Malaysia
world’s fastest-growing economies and estimates the
potential private-sector investment opportunity within
29 Pakistan
three of the most investment-ready SDGs. 31 The Philippines
The study draws on global data sources and indicative
private-sector participation rates to ascertain the
33 Sri Lanka
potential private-sector investment opportunity in each
35 Thailand
country. The study does not attempt a comprehensive
ground-up analysis of each country’s requirements. 37 Vietnam
Some countries, particularly in Africa and South Asia,
will struggle to mobilise capital on the scale we suggest, 39 Opportunity2030 by country – Africa
and may reach some of the SDG targets later than 2030.
Other countries, however, may power ahead and invest 40 Ghana
more than we indicate. We have taken average private-
sector participation rates in each sector to identify the 42 Kenya
private-sector opportunity; actual participation rates
vary considerably. Overall, however, the need to mobilise 44 Nigeria
more finance to reach the SDG targets is likely to see
the private sector’s role expand in many markets in the 46 Uganda
coming years. Greater private-sector engagement with
the SDGs will help in that process. 48 Zambia
This report should not be used as a source for actual 50 Methodology
investment decisions, and none of its contents should be
construed as financial advice. 51 Contact
01
Foreword Brief methodology
The UN’s 17 Sustainable Development At Standard Chartered we are equally at home in the Opportunity2030 sets out the potential private-sector Total investment required
emerging economies that are most in need of investment investment opportunity in helping to tackle some of the
Goals (SDGs) are amongst the most and in the more developed economies that can provide world’s most urgent challenges. Our study examines to achieve the SDGs
ambitious projects humanity has ever that investment. We know we have a pivotal role to play the opportunity for investors to contribute to three of the
Our proprietary economic model uses available global
attempted. They represent our best hope in helping our markets realise the SDGs.3 We are playing most tangible, infrastructure-focused UN Sustainable
data to examine the total investment required by each
our part to tackle climate change, having committed to Development Goals (SDGs) in 15 of the world’s fastest-
of tackling the most serious challenges facilitating and financing USD35 billion worth of cleantech growing economies where investment in the SDGs matters
country to achieve and maintain universal access in the
first three sectors above – water and sanitation, power
facing our societies and our planet. The and renewables between 2020 and 2025, with a focus most. We have focused on four indicators – water and
and telecoms. This total investment covers maintaining
on emerging markets. Alongside this, we have ceased sanitation services; power; telecoms (digital access); and
investment required to meet the targets by financing new coal-fired power plants, will phase out our transport infrastructure – that sit under three of the SDGs:
the service for those already receiving it and extending it
to people who do not currently have it (taking into account
2030 cannot be provided by governments exposure to thermal coal by 2030, and are taking decisive
projected increases in population), while our power
and NGOs alone. The private sector has a steps to measure, manage and reduce the emissions
calculation also accounts for expected changes to GDP
from the activities we finance. SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
critical role to play if we are, collectively, per capita, an important driver of energy consumption.
to achieve the SDGs. Beyond climate change, we have mobilised USD1 billion Access to basic water and sanitation
For the fourth indicator – developing better transport
in microfinance, placed the world’s first ‘blue bond’ and services, measured by an average of:
infrastructure – we measure the investment required to
While many investors, corporations and financial last year we launched our first Sustainability Bond, raising Percentage of population with access maintain existing infrastructure and achieve a significant
institutions say they are committed to achieving the EUR500 million to fund projects aligned to the SDGs in to at least basic drinking water; and improvement in the Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
SDGs, capital is not flowing at the required speed to emerging markets. And we are only just getting started.
Percentage of population with access score. The LPI is an indicator created and reported by
the countries where SDG investment matters most. In The private sector can, and must, do more, and we intend
to at least basic sanitation services. the World Bank.
emerging markets1 alone, the UN estimates USD3.9 to lead the way.
trillion per year will be required to reach all 17 goals
by 2030. At the current rate of investment, the UN has While the SDGs may be extraordinary in their ambition,
they offer a unique opportunity for the private sector to SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Calculating the potential private-sector
calculated a gap of USD2.5 trillion per year.2
deploy capital to generate strong returns while enabling investment opportunity
As we enter a new decade, it is critical that investors long term sustainable development. Currently, not enough Access to power, measured by:
embrace the SDGs at pace and at scale: we have 10 of this capital is reaching the countries that need it the Percentage of population with access For each indicator, our model shines a spotlight on the
years to deploy the capital and capabilities at our disposal most. With just a decade to go, the time to act is now. to electricity. opportunity for investors. It uses global estimates for
to help build a sustainable future for the planet. There can average private-sector participation rates in infrastructure
be no purpose more worthwhile. projects across developing countries to reveal the
Bill Winters potential private-sector investment opportunity in each
Until now, there has been little data at an individual Group Chief Executive, of the 15 countries we studied.
country or SDG level to identify the investment needed to
meet the goals, and it has been difficult to identify where
Standard Chartered SDG 9: Industry, Innovation Note: see Methodology for further details (p.50).
the opportunity to participate is greatest for the private and Infrastructure

sector. Our Opportunity2030 study aims to address this
– providing investors and corporations who are serious Digital access, measured by
about their commitment to the SDGs with a map of the a weighted blend of:
potential investment opportunities across three of the Percentage of population using the
most tangible, infrastructure-focused goals. internet (80 per cent weighting), and;
The challenges of mobilising SDG investment, Number of mobile-cellular subscriptions

particularly in emerging economies, are real. But per 100 inhabitants (20 per cent
barriers are coming down and new thinking is helping to
1
For the purposes of this study, emerging markets are weighting).
defined as all countries except high-income markets
channel capital into countries that have previously found in the World Bank income classifications Availability of quality, reliable,
it difficult to attract private investment. Innovative forms 2
sustainable and resilient transport
View UNCTAD’s World Investment Report 2014:
of finance such as blended finance and sustainability Investing in the SDGs: An Action Plan infrastructure, measured by:
bonds are providing the mechanism for investors and 3
View Standard Chartered’s Sustainability Aspirations 2019
corporates to rise to the challenge. An increase in the infrastructure score
under the ‘Logistics Performance
Index’ (LPI).
02
Executive summary Key findings SDG 7:
Affordable and Clean Energy
The USD10 trillion investment opportunity Clean, renewable energy sources are crucial for combating • The total private-sector investment needed in generation
climate change, while ensuring universal access to and transmission of electricity in all emerging markets by
electricity is fundamental for providing people with a basic 2030 is an estimated USD4.226 trillion
standard of living. Our study focuses on measuring the
finance needed to provide electricity access, with more • Considering projected GDP per capita and population
than one in 10 people worldwide still lacking a safe and growth, the greatest private-sector investment
The private sector has a critical role to play in meeting sector investment opportunity in contributing to three of reliable power supply. While four of the markets in our opportunities for those markets which do not currently
the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) over the most tangible, infrastructure-focused goals – SDG 6: study have already achieved this goal, and four are very have full access are in India (USD701.5 billion),
the next decade. Not only is it expected that private Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG 7: Affordable and Clean close (with at least 90 per cent access), a substantial Indonesia (USD147.5 billion) and Bangladesh
investors will contribute their share, there is a clear Energy and SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. opportunity remains for the private sector to help achieve (USD73.9 billion)
business case for doing so as, increasingly, investors
build environmental, social and governance risk into their Within these SDGs, this study details the specific
and maintain universal access: • In Uganda, where just 22 per of the population have
investment opportunity in 15 high-growth markets across access to electricity, there is a USD6.1 billion private-
decision-making and seek to act in the interests of a
Asia and Africa. Achieving universal access to electricity sector investment opportunity to help achieve universal
broader range of stakeholders.
represents the greatest opportunity for private investors, access by 2030
Opportunity2030: The Standard Chartered SDG followed by funding significant improvements to transport
Investment Map reveals for the first time the scale of infrastructure, full digital inclusion and universal access to
the almost USD10 trillion (USD9.668 trillion) private- water and sanitation.
Key findings SDG 6: Key findings SDG 9: Digital access*

An estimated 3.8 billion people globally (including 80 per
Clean Water and Sanitation Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure cent of the population of the least developed economies)
do not have access to the internet, and 16 per cent of the
Globally, three in 10 people do not have access to safe • The total private-sector investment needed in water and Transport infrastructure
population lack access to mobile broadband networks.5
drinking water and six in 10 people do not have access sanitation in all of the world’s emerging markets by 2030 Infrastructure is vital for countries to achieve sustainable Among the 15 markets in our study, digital access rates
to safe and clean sanitation facilities,4 severely affecting is an estimated USD125.4 billion and inclusive economic growth. In our study we focus on vary between 27 per cent (Pakistan) and 85 per cent
their health and livelihoods. Among the countries in our transport infrastructure, which is essential for boosting (Malaysia), and achieving and maintaining universal access
study, access levels vary from 34 per cent (Uganda)
• The greatest investment opportunities are in
trade and productivity. While the majority of transport
China (USD26.1 billion) and India (USD19.2 billion), will take significant investment, with the majority likely to
to 55 per cent (Nigeria) in Africa, and between 73 per infrastructure is typically public-sector funded, there is a need to come from private sources:
given their large populations
cent (Bangladesh) and 99 per cent (Thailand) in Asia, great opportunity for private investors to become involved:
representing a significant opportunity for the private sector • Zambia could present a big opportunity to make an • Achieving and maintaining universal digital access
to help achieve and maintain universal access: impact. The country has the smallest population in • Achieving significant improvements to transport presents a potential private-sector opportunity of
our study, but just 43 per cent of the population have infrastructure, a key component of SDG 9, will require an USD1.642 trillion in all emerging markets
access to water and sanitation, giving the private sector estimated USD3.674 trillion of private-sector investment
in all emerging markets • The greatest private-sector investment opportunities
a USD0.7 billion investment opportunity to help achieve can be found in China (USD492.8 billion), India
universal access by 2030 • The greatest investment opportunity is in China, (USD226.5 billion), Indonesia (USD53.7 billion) and
where we project a potential private-sector investment Nigeria (USD47.4 billion)
opportunity of USD2.310 trillion
• In Malaysia, which boasts a digital access rate of 85
• In Sri Lanka, where less capital is required to achieve per cent, the highest among the markets we have
significant improvements, there is nevertheless a USD4.6 examined, there is still a USD8.8 billion potential
billion private-sector investment opportunity private-sector opportunity to achieve universal access
4
View the UN’s SDG 6 facts and figures
5
03
* Comprising mobile phone subscriptions rates and internet connectivity levels
Clean Water Investing in
SDG 6
and Sanitation Investor snapshot
With USD1.254 trillion required across all of the world’s emerging
markets, and an average private-sector participation rate of 10 per cent,
the potential opportunity for investors looking to help achieve universal
access to water and sanitation by 2030 is USD125.4 billion. The greatest
investment opportunities are found in China (USD26.1 billion) and India
(USD19.2 billion), driven by their large populations.
China’s relatively high ease of doing business score (77.9, ranking 31st
in the world), boosted by recent rapid improvements in the process of
obtaining construction permits,6 indicates that it is an attractive place
to invest in infrastructure. Investors seeking to have the greatest impact
should look to Africa, where low existing levels of access to water and
sanitation mean the need is greatest. In Uganda, for instance, there is a
USD0.8 billion private-sector investment opportunity. As well as offering
potential returns, this investment would help to maintain existing access
and bring water and sanitation to the remaining 66 per cent of the
population by 2030.
6
View the World Bank press release: “Doing Business
2020: China’s Strong Reform Agenda Places it in the Top
10 Improver List for the Second Consecutive Year”
04
Sustainable
Development Goal 6 Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation in low-to middle-income countries make water
Ensure access to clean water and sanitation for all and sanitation one of the most important areas for public and private investment.
An insufficient supply of clean water and sanitation impacts

Well-structured investments in this sector benefit from stable long-term returns with limited
billions of people globally, limiting access to work and downside volatility. This is also an excellent sector for impact investing, as the potential social
education, causing disease, and compounding the problem effects are so positive. Improved water supply and sanitation, alongside better management
of malnutrition.
of resources, is a key lever for improving markets’ economic growth.
Although substantial progress has been made in the last
decade, three in 10 people globally still don’t have access to However, social infrastructure projects in emerging markets typically require long-term
safe drinking water and six in 10 people do not have access concessions with government-linked entities. To increase chances of success, investors
to safe and clean sanitation facilities.7
should work closely with host governments, local utility companies, export credit agencies,
The impacts of this are profound and wide-reaching. multilateral development organisations and institutions with long track records in the market.
Worldwide, each day nearly 1,000 children die due to
preventable water and sanitation-related diseases. A lack of James Cameron, Global Head, Power, Utilities, Infrastructure, Standard Chartered
on-site water is also a barrier to gender equality: in 80 per
cent of households without water on the premises, women
and girls are responsible for collecting water,8 preventing
them from becoming economically active. Improving
access would free up their time to boost their life chances.
Universal access to water

and sanitation by 2030
The potential private-sector opportunity
According to our research, the total investment needed to
achieve and maintain universal access to clean water and
sanitation across all emerging markets by 2030 is estimated
to be USD1.254 trillion. Considering average private-sector
participation rates of 10 per cent, the potential private-sector
investment opportunity in achieving universal access to water
USD125.4bn
and sanitation in emerging markets by 2030 is:
7/8
View the UN’s SDG 6 facts and figures 05
Bangladesh
Potential investment
73% of the population have
access to clean water and sanitation
Total investment required to 2030
opportunity for Pakistan

USD31.7bn
USD
universal access
Private-sector investment
76% of the population have opportunity to 2030... China
to clean water
Total investment required to 2030 access to clean water and sanitation
USD
26.1bn
USD40.1bn Total investment required to 2030
and sanitation Private-sector investment
opportunity to 2030... 3.2bn USD261.3bn
opportunity to 2030...
Nigeria
55% of the population have access
to clean water and sanitation
USD USD Vietnam
4.0bn
5.7bn
Total investment required to 2030 89% of the population have
USD57.1bn USD
Private-sector investment 1.3bn
opportunity to 2030... USD13.1bn
Ghana
50% of the population have access USD Philippines
19.2bn
to clean water and sanitation
USD 85% of the population have
Total investment required to 2030 0.8bn
USD8.4bn USD access to clean water and sanitation
1.9bn Total investment required to 2030

USD18.7bn
Uganda
34% of the population have access India Indonesia
to clean water and sanitation USD 76% of the population
0.8bn
USD
Total investment required to 2030 have access to clean
water and sanitation
USD8.4bn
4.0bn
USD Total investment USD
Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030... required to 2030 0.7bn USD40.5bn
2.3bn USD192.2bn USD Private-sector investment
Zambia 0.4bn opportunity to 2030...
43% of the population have access to
clean water and sanitation USD opportunity to 2030... Thailand
0.7bn Kenya 99% of the population
44% of the population have access to clean Malaysia Sri Lanka
USD6.5bn have access to clean water and sanitation 98% of the population 93% of the population have
Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030... water and sanitation Total investment have access to clean USD access to clean water and sanitation
required to 2030 water and sanitation 0.2bn
Total investment Total investment required to 2030
required to 2030 USD6.9bn Total investment
required to 2030 USD2.1bn
USD22.8bn Private-sector investment
Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030... USD3.9bn Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030...
opportunity to 2030... Private-sector investment

06
The pivotal role of
private-sector investors
Substantial financial resources are needed to reach the
targets for clean water and sanitation. On average only
Why invest in SDG 6:
around 10 per cent of the total investment in water and Clean Water and Sanitation?
sanitation projects in emerging markets comes from
the private sector, although some countries see up to • Access to clean water is essential for preventing the
20 per cent participation. In developed economies, the spread of disease. Proper water treatment also benefits
average rate of private-sector investment is much higher the environment and can boost economic performance,
(ranging from 20 to 80 per cent). There is an opportunity for example in fisheries, tourism and property markets
for emerging markets to make more use of funding • In emerging markets, the cost-to-benefit ratio of money
mechanisms employed by more developed markets such spent on water and sanitation projects can be as high
as public-private partnerships (PPP). New and innovative as seven to one, as projects like wastewater treatment
solutions such as sovereign 'blue bonds' specifically to can generate significant benefits for public health, the
finance water infrastructure could be another option. environment, and certain economic sectors including
tourism12
The 2018 UN Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation
suggested that the capital investment necessary to achieve • With private investment providing an average of just 10
the targets is around three times the current level of per cent of funding for water and sanitation projects in
investment.9 Funding for water and sanitation largely comes emerging markets, there is great potential for growing
from tariffs (charges levied by providers), taxes (government) private investment in this sector. This investment boost
and transfers (such as international aid). The other major could help governments tackle the challenges they face
source of financing is repayable, or commercial, finance: in managing their water resources effectively
there is significant scope for greater adoption of this type of
funding, which is relatively underused at present.
Water projects requiring a large amount of upfront capital

What are the challenges?
have long investment horizons. The sector is not always • Water and sanitation sectors have traditionally been
seen as attractive to investors due to challenges such unattractive to private finance because they can have
as insufficient tariffs to cover recurrent costs, low tariff lower revenue streams than other sectors and regulatory
Investing in infrastructure to supply clean water collection rates, relatively weak regulatory frameworks and frameworks are not always strong in emerging markets
Kafulafuta Water Supply, Zambia low revenue streams. A shift is needed to make the water
and sanitation sector more attractive to private finance. • Investment opportunities typically require long-term
The World Bank has suggested that if the use of existing commitment and need significant amounts of capital
The Kafulafuta Water Supply System, which was partly funded by financial resources is improved alongside sector reforms, • Funding for water and sanitation traditionally comes from
Standard Chartered, involves the construction of a dam and other this should lead to efficiency improvements and increased
creditworthiness, ensuring increased access to repayable
the public sector, meaning private-sector investment
opportunities can be more challenging to identify
infrastructure to supply water to up to one million people in Zambia’s and commercial financing which can then be invested in
further service improvements.10
Copperbelt Province. Development of the USD449 million project
began in 2018 and has created employment for 1,000 people. This The UN finds that progress has been made against SDG View the UN Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation 2018
9
6 since 2015, but that there is still a long way to go. The 10
View the World Bank and UNICEF paper: “Sanitation and
vital piece of infrastructure is expected to drastically reduce water proportion of the global population using clean, accessible Water For All: How Can the Financing Gap Be Filled?”
11
View the UN’s SDG 6 progress and info
water increased from 61 to 71 per cent between 2000 and
losses while increasing the local water supply to 24 hours a day. 2015, and remained unchanged from then until 2017. The
12
View the OECD paper: Benefits of Investing in Water and Sanitation (paywall)
global population using safe sanitation services increased

from 28 per cent in 2000 to 43 per cent in 2015, rising to 45
per cent in 2017.11 By investing in projects that contribute to
SDG 6, private-sector investors can achieve a positive return
and have a real and significant positive impact on the lives of
billions of people across the globe.
07
Affordable Investing in
SDG 7
and Clean Investor snapshot
Energy With USD9.391 trillion required across all emerging markets to achieve
universal access to electricity by 2030, and an average private-sector
participation rate of 45 per cent, the potential opportunity for investors
looking to support this goal is USD4.226 trillion. The greatest investment
opportunities are found in India (USD701.5 billion), Indonesia (USD147.5
billion) and Bangladesh (USD73.9 billion) where their large and growing
populations, together with strong projected GDP per capita growth,
mean significant investment is required to maintain access to electricity
across the populations by 2030. Of these three markets with the greatest
potential private-sector opportunity, India is ranked 63rd in the World
Bank ease of doing business index, followed by Indonesia at 73rd.
China, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam already have universal access
to power so are not included in this section of the study. However,
with growing populations and economies, these markets will need to
continue investing in affordable and clean energy to maintain access.
08
Sustainable
Development Goal 7
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, Private-sector investors are already investing to increase access to energy across the
sustainable and modern energy for all globe while achieving stable returns. We expect the appetite for clean energy investments
to increase in the coming years. China, India, Malaysia and Vietnam already have firm
Investing in clean, renewable energy sources is vitally gives them a chance to provide a more secure future for plans to increase the share of renewables in their energy mix, and large blue-chip
important for combating climate change, while ensuring themselves and their families. This access to education institutional investors are creating funds specifically focused on renewable energy.
universal access to electricity is fundamental for providing can increase social mobility, improve people’s ability to
the basic standard of living needed to provide good find employment, and promote increased opportunities With investors increasingly looking for new sustainable investment opportunities, energy
life opportunities. Our study focuses on measuring the for women and girls. This means that success in many infrastructure projects in emerging markets offer stable long-term returns that contribute
finance needed to provide universal access to electricity. other SDGs depends on everyone having access to
More than one in 10 people worldwide still lack access to reliable power. to the development of vital energy infrastructure that drives wider economic growth.
safe, reliable power.13
There has been steady progress towards providing Sujay Shah, Managing Director, Clean Tech, Standard Chartered
Universal access to an affordable electricity supply universal electricity access, with access rising from 87
can help to alleviate poverty and is key to improving per cent of the global population in 2015 to 89 per cent in
education, health, food security, income and living 2017. But this means that 840 million people worldwide
standards.14 Without it, an individual’s chances of are still living without access to electricity.15 Most of
participating in sustainable economic development are these people live in Africa and South Asia, making these
drastically limited. For example, access to electric lighting markets the best places to make a positive impact
helps children to pursue educational opportunities, which through investment.
Universal access to power

According to our research, the total investment needed in

the power sector to achieve and maintain universal access
to power across emerging markets by 2030 is estimated to
be USD9.391 trillion. Considering average private-sector
participation rates of 45 per cent, the potential private-
sector investment opportunity in achieving universal
access to power in emerging markets by 2030 is:
USD4.226tn
13
View "Access to Energy" from OurWorldInData.org
14
View the World Bank story: “Access to Energy is at the Heart of Development” 09
15
Pakistan Bangladesh India
Potential investment 71% of the population
have access to electricity
88% of the population
opportunity for universal Total investment

required to 2030
Total investment
required to 2030
Total investment
required to 2030
access to power USD99.3bn

USD164.2bn
USD1,558.8bn
opportunity to 2030... opportunity to 2030...
USD
USD
USD
Nigeria
USD 44.7bn
32.3bn 73.9bn
701.5bn
USD71.8bn
Ghana
USD
7.8bn
USD17.4bn
opportunity to 2030... Sri Lanka
Uganda Total investment
required to 2030 USD Philippines
USD
22% of the population have access to electricity
USD 7.3bn
Total investment required to 2030 6.1bn USD16.3bn 93% of the population
61.3bn
opportunity to 2030... Total investment required to 2030
Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030...
USD USD136.1bn
Zambia 15.6bn Private-sector investment
USD
40% of the population have access to electricity
USD
Total investment required to 2030 4.0bn Indonesia
USD8.8bn Kenya 98% of the population
147.5bn
Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030... 64% of the population
have access to electricity Total investment required to 2030
Total investment USD327.8bn
required to 2030 Private-sector investment
China, Malaysia, Thailand and
USD34.7bn opportunity to 2030...
Vietnam have already achieved
opportunity to 2030... universal access to electricity.
10
The pivotal role of
private-sector investors
The private sector is well established as the leading more affordable, which should pave the way for increased
source of finance for power generation in most economies investment.
around the world (accounting for 80-100 per cent of power
generation in developed markets). Thus, private investment Achieving universal access to electricity globally is an
is critical for reaching SDG 7, and it is vital that as much important step, but this alone will not be enough to achieve
of this finance as possible is directed into clean energy SDG 7. More needs to be done to ensure a shift away from
infrastructure. fossil fuel-powered electricity generation, towards clean,
renewable sources. Economies that have universal access
In emerging markets, private investors provide around 45 to power may be producing their power from coal-powered
per cent on average of total funding (a range of 40 to 50 and other non-renewable sources. Investors therefore still
per cent). The biggest investment opportunities can be have significant opportunities to contribute to SDG 7 in
found in renewable-energy projects in emerging markets, markets with universal access to electricity by increasing
where growing demand for new sources of reliable, clean investment to clean energy projects.
and affordable electricity is greatest. However, due to the
limitations of available market data, the scope of our study is
limited to measuring access to power in individual markets, Why invest in SDG 7:
as opposed to the proportion of power that comes from
clean sources. Affordable and Clean Energy?
In emerging markets, it is common for governments and • Universal access to safe, clean energy has a far-reaching
utility companies to use independent power producers impact. It is vital for alleviating poverty and for combating
(IPPs) to generate power and sell it back to the government. climate change
This benefits the economy by attracting necessary capital • Private-sector investors already have an established role
and expertise and can also offer attractive rates of return for in helping finance projects in this sector
IPPs and their investors. In addition to the opportunity for
good returns, because payment is made under long-term • For institutional investors, this is one of the top SDGs
power purchase agreements, this type of investment can they currently act on, and they also believe it is one of the
also provide a high degree of certainty for investors. most likely goals to help them achieve their investment
Innovative financing powers solar energy objectives18
Emerging markets offer the potential for high returns in
Technaf Solartech Energy, Bangladesh energy investment, but there are also risks, including
payment in currencies that can be more likely to fluctuate, What are the challenges?
In 2019, an innovative financing deal paved the way for the first utility-scale and potentially less-developed infrastructure including
• Infrastructure issues in some economies with the greatest
solar power plant in Bangladesh. Financed by Standard Chartered and transportation networks and transmission grid systems,
meaning reliability of service can suffer.16 needs mean that mini-grids might be the best solution
local banks, with a guarantee from GuarantCo, the project will increase the The UN believes that progress towards universal access
for connecting those in rural areas, but it can be more
challenging to find viable investment opportunities in
share of renewables in the country’s energy mix, and benefit almost 140,000 to electricity is accelerating, indicating that this important these projects19
target can be achieved with enough dedicated resources.
people. At peak production, the solar power plant at Teknaf in the Cox’s However, much more needs to be done. The share of
Bazar District of Bangladesh will produce up to 80 per cent of the present renewable sources in the total global energy supply only
increased from 16.6 per cent in 2010 to 17.5 per cent in
electricity demand for the entire Teknaf region. 2016.17 This was despite international finance to support
16
17
View EMPEA paper: “Investment in the Power Sector in Emerging Markets”
clean energy in emerging markets almost doubling across 18
View ShareAction report: “An introductory study of institutional investors’
the same period (increasing from USD9.9 billion to USD18.6 role in supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (2016)”
billion). Recently, costs have been falling rapidly, particularly 19
View WEF article: “1.1 billion people still lack
for onshore wind and solar power, often making them electricity. This could be the solution”
11
Industry, Sustainable
Development Goal 9:
innovation and Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation
infrastructure To achieve SDG 9, countries need to put in place the

building blocks for sustainable and inclusive economic
development. This goal includes a broad range of
indicators that track development levels in transport
networks, physical infrastructure, research capacity,
within a market, which in turn increases income levels
and decreases poverty. Transport infrastructure projects
can also help create sustainable cities and communities
(SDG 11) and facilitate climate action (SDG 13), for
example by building bus lanes, developing electric
tech infrastructure and communications connectivity. vehicle charging infrastructure or improving railways.20
SDG 9 also plays an integral role in facilitating the Better transport facilities also support education and
other SDGs. economic inclusion as they enable people to get to and
from schools and universities, or places of work.
Our study focuses on measuring the investment
required for improvements in transport and digital
infrastructure. These two important elements of Digital access
infrastructure are vital for economic and social
growth, and essential for commercial innovation. To track the improvements required in digital access
levels, we used a weighted average of internet access
rates (80 per cent) and mobile-cellular subscription levels
Transport infrastructure (20 per cent) within each market. The UN estimates that
3.8 billion people (including 80 per cent of the population
To determine the investment required to improve a of the least developed economies) do not have access
market’s transport infrastructure, we measured the cost to the internet and 16 per cent of the global population
of a significant improvement to its Logistics Performance lack access to mobile broadband networks.21 Increasing
Index (LPI) infrastructure score. The LPI infrastructure digital access levels in the emerging markets is crucial
score, which is one of the metrics within the wider LPI for achieving sustainable growth, facilitating commercial
rankings, measures an economy’s quality of transport activity, supporting innovative new businesses and
infrastructure (e.g. ports, rail, roads and information ensuring decent employment and economic growth
technology). Improved transport infrastructure plays an (SDG 8).
important role in facilitating trade and boosting productivity
20
View OECD paper: “Mobilising private investment in sustainable transport infrastructure”
21
12
Investing in Significant improvements
SDG 9: Transport Infrastructure to transport infrastructure
According to our research, the total investment needed
Investor snapshot to achieve significant improvements to emerging-market

transport infrastructure and help meet SDG 9 is USD10.498
trillion.22 Considering average private-sector participation
With USD10.498 trillion required across all emerging markets, and rates of 35 per cent, the potential private-sector investment
USD3.674tn
opportunity in transport infrastructure in emerging markets is:
an average private-sector participation rate of 35 per cent, the
potential opportunity for investors looking to help achieve significant
improvements to transport infrastructure by 2030 is USD3.674 trillion.
The greatest investment opportunities are primarily found in China
(USD2.310 trillion) where continuing the existing spending on transport
infrastructure of USD600 billion per year should mean the market
achieves a Logistics Performance Index infrastructure score of 4.26 by
2030 – higher than the score of many developed economies today. This
colossal investment opportunity combined with China’s relatively high
ease of doing business ranking of 31st means this market could be a
The pivotal
first port-of-call for investors looking to invest in transport infrastructure. Private finance currently makes up around 35 per cent
of the capital invested in transport infrastructure in
However, private-sector investment in countries like Pakistan, with the emerging markets. Increased private funding might help
role of private-
countries shift their focus towards greener transport
lowest Logistics Performance Index infrastructure scores in our study, infrastructure, which not all governments will have the
would potentially make the greatest difference. resources to support.
sector investors Sub-Saharan Africa has the fastest average annual

increase in transport infrastructure investment, at over
in funding
11 per cent.23 Government spending on infrastructure
has been squeezed in many markets since the financial
crisis, leaving a gap that needs to be filled.
transport
infrastructure
22
A significant chunk of this is China (USD6.6 trillion), as
it seeks to extend top class infrastructure further inland
23
View Oxford Economics research: “Assessing the global
transport infrastructure market: Outlook to 2025 (2015)”
13
Bangladesh
Potential investment USD Current LPI score is 2.39. Target by 2030 is 2.75.
21.6bn
opportunity for USD61.6bn
USD
significant Pakistan
China
Current LPI score is 3.75.
improvements Current LPI score is 2.20. Target by 2030 is 4.26.
2,310.0bn
Target by 2030 is 2.53. Total investment required to 2030
to transport Total investment

required to 2030
USD6,600.0bn
infrastructure24 USD38.5bn
Vietnam
Nigeria Current LPI score is 3.01.
USD
USD Target by 2030 is 3.46.
Target by 2030 is 2.95.
USD 13.5bn
20.1bn
28.8bn
USD57.3bn
USD
Philippines
176.9bn USD Current LPI score is 2.73. Target by 2030 is 3.14.

Ghana
26.1bn
Current LPI score is2.44.
Target by 2030 is 2.81. USD74.6bn
USD Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030...
4.1bn
USD11.7bn
Uganda
India Indonesia
USD
Current LPI score is 2.19. Target by 2030 is 2.81.
USD Current LPI score is 2.91. Current LPI score is 2.90.
2.8bn Target by 2030 is 3.34. Target by 2030 is 3.33.
USD8.0bn
75.5bn
Total investment Total investment required to 2030
Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030... USD required to 2030 USD215.7bn
9.1bn
Zambia
USD505.5bn
Private-sector investment USD USD
Current LPI score is 2.30. Target by 2030 is 2.65.
USD Kenya
40.6bn 25.8bn
1.6bn Current LPI score is 2.55.
USD4.4bn Target by 2030 is 2.94.
Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030... Total investment
required to 2030
Thailand Malaysia Sri Lanka
USD26.0bn Current LPI score is 3.15. Current LPI score is 2.49. Target by 2030 is 2.82.
Target by 2030 is 3.57.
USD
Private-sector investment Total investment required to 2030
Target by 2030 is 3.56. 4.6bn
Total investment required to 2030 Total investment required to 2030 USD13.1bn
USD116.0bn USD73.7bn Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030...
Private-sector investment Private-sector investment
24
See methodology for details of how targets have been set (p.50 ) 14
Investing in Universal digital access
SDG 9: Digital Access The potential private-sector opportunity
The total investment needed to achieve and maintain

universal digital access in emerging markets and
help achieve SDG 9 is an estimated USD2.737 trillion.
Investor snapshot Considering average private-sector participation rates

of 60 per cent, the potential private-sector investment
opportunity in digital infrastructure is:
With USD2.737 trillion required across all emerging markets, and the
USD1.642tn
highest average private-sector participation rates of all sectors examined
for this study (60 per cent), the potential opportunity for investors looking
to help achieve universal digital access by 2030 is USD1.642 trillion. The
greatest investment opportunities are primarily found in China (USD492.8
billion), India (USD226.5 billion), Indonesia (USD53.7 billion) and Nigeria
(USD47.4 billion) where large, tech-savvy populations will help drive these
markets forward on their path to development.
With the exception of Nigeria, these markets all have an above-
average World Bank ease of doing business ranking: China is 31st,
India is 63rd and Indonesia is 73rd. With the index including metrics
The pivotal
such as a market’s strength in protecting minority investors, dealing In the telecoms sector, which provides the world’s digital
with construction permits and contracting with the government, good infrastructure, private investment plays an even greater role
than in transport infrastructure, accounting for 60 per cent
role of private-
ease of doing business scores suggest a more appealing investment of funding on average. Investment in digital infrastructure
environment. In Malaysia, which boasts a digital access rate of 85 per has a track record of strong growth and good returns in
emerging markets25 and the roll-out of 4G and 5G may
sector investors
cent, the highest among the markets we have examined, there remains provide new opportunities. A potential challenge is that
when markets reach a greater level of connectivity and
a USD8.8 billion potential private-sector investment opportunity to technology infrastructure becomes more sophisticated,
in funding
achieve universal access. What’s more, its ease of doing business score competition increases, with fewer new customers
available. This could make achieving strong investment
of 81.5 (ranking 12th in the world) is the highest in this study. returns increasingly challenging.
digital
infrastructure 25
View Delta Partners article: “Investing in emerging markets TMD”
15
Bangladesh
Potential investment USD
Current digital
access rate is 32%
Pakistan
opportunity for 33.3bn
USD
Total investment
USD
Current digital required to 2030
China
universal digital access USD55.5bn
access rate is 27%
Current digital access rate is 63%
Total investment
Private-sector investment Total investment required to 2030
required to 2030
492.8bn
492.8bn
USD56.6bn USD821.3bn
Private-sector investment Private-sector investment
Nigeria
USD
USD
34.0bn
USD78.9bn
Private-sector investment 47.4bn USD
24.4bn
Philippines
USD
Current digital access
Ghana USD rate is 68% Vietnam
28.2bn
Total investment Current digital access
required to 2030
226.5bn
rate is 76%
USD USD47.0bn Total investment
USD11.5bn 6.9bn Private-sector investment required to 2030
opportunity to 2030... USD40.7bn
Uganda India
Indonesia
USD
USD Current digital access rate is 45%
Total investment required to 2030 4.0bn Current digital access rate is 52%
USD6.7bn
53.7bn
USD377.4bn USD89.4bn
Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030... USD Private-sector investment
USD
13.0bn opportunity to 2030...
opportunity to 2030.....
Zambia USD
4.1bn
17.0bn
USD Kenya
3.2bn Current digital
USD5.3bn access rate is 34% Sri Lanka Thailand
Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030... Total investment Current digital Current digital access
access rate is 47% rate is 66%
required to 2030
Malaysia
USD21.7bn Total investment Total investment
Private-sector
required to 2030 required to 2030 USD
investment USD6.8bn USD28.4bn 8.8bn Total investment required to 2030
opportunity Private-sector investment Private-sector investment USD14.7bn

to 2030... opportunity to 2030... opportunity to 2030... Private-sector investment opportunity to 2030...
16
Why invest in SDG 9: Industry,
Innovation and Infrastructure?
• Robust digital and physical infrastructure is critical
for a market’s economic growth and development
• Investments in sustainable transport infrastructure
Investors can make a real difference by
reduce CO2 emissions and benefit public health putting their money in emerging markets
through improved air quality with significant infrastructure needs.
• The private sector is playing a major role in developing Countries with poor digital and transport
digital infrastructure across the globe, but has
traditionally been less involved in financing transport connectivity face problems such as a
infrastructure. With constrained public-sector finances difficult business environment, which
over the coming decade, investors will increasingly be hampers GDP growth and acts as a barrier
called upon to help finance projects
to the elimination of poverty. These markets
stand to gain a lot from even modest
What are the challenges? improvements to transportation and digital
• Some transport investment opportunities develop networks. What’s more, emerging markets
infrastructure that promotes emissions-intensive often attract higher yields in proportion to
forms of transit. To achieve the SDGs as a whole,
it is important to focus on funding environmentally the real risks, meaning they can present
sustainable projects, and balancing the need for attractive financing opportunities.
improved infrastructure with efforts to tackle climate
change and pollution Digital connectivity projects offer strong
growth opportunities because of the
large populations in low- to middle-
income countries. However, there can
often be higher market risks. Investors
with a lower risk appetite may prefer
well-structured transport infrastructure
projects, which tend to offer stable,
long-term returns with little volatility.
Surya Bagchi, Global Head, Project &
Traditionally, investment in emerging markets which uses capital from public sources, such as
Export Finance, Standard Chartered has been perceived as risky, but many of these development organisations, to increase private-
markets are now becoming more investor friendly. sector investment in sustainable development.
One reason is the increasing proliferation of
Standard Chartered has been among the pioneers in
sustainable finance products, which are helping to
blended finance and, in many cases, we have been
raise standards, including the availability of reliable
able to attract investments into Africa and South Asia,
and transparent data for investment projects.
in volumes and on terms that would not otherwise have
International banks with an active presence in emerging been possible. Some of the projects financed under
markets, such as Standard Chartered, are helping to these structures include the development of clean water
attract more capital. We have acted as financiers, debt and sanitation facilities. While investors may need to
arrangers or advisors, on multiple infrastructure projects, adjust their expectations of returns and investment
including clean technology and water and sanitation horizon, with better insights on emerging-market risk
infrastructure in markets such as Zambia and China. and increased financial innovation the opportunities for
investing towards the SDGs will continue to improve.
Financial product innovation has played a key
role in making emerging-market projects more Roshel Mahabeer, Banker,
investable: one example is blending finance, Sustainable Finance, Standard Chartered
17
Opportunity2030
by country
Asia
18
Bangladesh
Opportunities abound
According to our research, the combined potential

private-sector investment opportunity in Bangladesh
to 2030 – across the indicators we have measured
Investor snapshot as part of SDGs 6, 7 and 9 – is an estimated:
USD132.0bn
Bangladesh needs significant investment to help
achieve SDGs 6, 7 and 9, but the largest opportunity
is in power. To help ensure that the remaining 12
per cent of the Bangladeshi population has access
to electricity by 2030, as well as meeting growing
needs for power, will require an estimated investment
of USD164.2 billion, with a potential private-sector
investment opportunity of USD73.9 billion.
The Bangladeshi economy’s strong projected government policies, could significantly improve the
growth rates and large infrastructure gap mean the country’s prospects over the next decade, encouraging
fundamentals are in place to drive forward development investment and improving the lives of the population.
and opportunities for private-sector investors.
As part of its seventh Five Year Plan, Bangladesh has
Over the past 20 years, Bangladesh has experienced a made the SDGs a core feature of national economic
rapid rise in GDP and made strong progress in reducing policy, and the SDGs Implementation and Monitoring
poverty levels. However, the country needs an influx Committee was created to facilitate Bangladesh's
of capital to maintain growth levels and fund the vital Action Plan and drive further investment.26
infrastructure required for continued development.
Working toward achieving the SDGs, along with supportive
26
View findings from independent development finance assessment:
“Strengthening Finance for the 7th Five Year Plan and SDGs in Bangladesh”
19
Bangladesh SDG investment grid Our study shows that the
largest investment opportunity
Substantial opportunities also lie in infrastructure
development. Bangladesh’s Logistics Performance
Index (LPI) infrastructure score is currently 2.39 (out
in Bangladesh, across the SDG of 5), placing the economy 100th in the world. To
significantly improve this score by 2030 will require
indicators studied, is in the energy an estimated investment of USD61.6 billion, with a
sector. Currently, over 10 per cent of private-sector contribution of around USD21.6 billion.
Power the population (19.8 million people)

Bangladesh also has a digital access rate (comprising
mobile phone subscription rates and internet
Private-sector do not have access to electricity, connectivity levels) of just 32 per cent. To achieve
universal digital access will require around USD55.5
investment opportunity... with investment of around USD164.2 billion between now and 2030, with a private-sector
billion needed by 2030 to achieve contribution of around USD33.3 billion.
USD universal access, as well as meet The potential private-investor opportunity in the water
73.9bn growing needs for power. The sector is significantly smaller, but as over a quarter (27
per cent) of the population currently lack access to safe
private-sector opportunity is around drinking water and sanitation facilities, progress towards
USD73.9 billion. SDG 6 will make a real impact. It will take around
USD31.7 billion between now and 2030 to achieve
universal water and sanitation access, with a USD3.2
billion private-sector investment opportunity.
Digital
access
Private-sector
investment opportunity...
Transport
Private-sector
USD Private-sector participation

33.3bn USD Bangladesh’s government has established a Public-
21.6bn Private Partnership Authority to increase and manage

public-private partnership (PPP) initiatives. The
government has also announced a plan to set up
100 Special Economic Zones across the country to
encourage increased domestic and foreign investment.
Clean
Several major infrastructure projects are underway or in
the pipeline, many of which are being funded by PPPs.
water &
sanitation
Private-sector USD73.9 billion
investment opportunity... of private-sector investment
is needed to achieve universal
USD3.2bn access to power for Bangladesh’s
population by 2030.
Total investment Total investment Total investment Total investment

required to achieve required to achieve required to required to achieve
universal access by universal access by achieve significant universal access by
20
2030: USD164.2bn 2030: USD55.5bn improvements by 2030: USD31.7bn
2030: USD61.6bn
China
Rapid progress, vast potential

private-sector investment opportunity in China to
2030 – across the indicators we have measured
USD2.828tn
China’s key investment opportunities in relation to
SDGs 6, 7 and 9 lie in infrastructure development
and water and sanitation, as it has already achieved
universal access to electricity across its population.
The transport sector alone needs an estimated
USD2.310 trillion of private-sector investment for
China to improve its infrastructure score significantly,
representing the biggest opportunity across all
sectors and countries in our study.
China is undertaking ambitious infrastructure projects Development, translating each SDG into an action
and is increasingly open to private-sector investment. plan for China.27 According to the progress report
For investors looking to participate in projects published the following year, many projects and
that will help realise the SDGs, China offers vast plans are now well underway, and several targets
potential. In 2016, China released its National Plan on have already been met.28
Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
27
View “China’s National Plan on Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”
28
View China Daily report: “China’s Progress Report on Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”
21
China SDG investment grid China is making significant
infrastructure investments, equivalent
Due to the size of the market, however, there is still a
substantial opportunity for investment. To make further
progress towards SDG 9 by significantly improving
to over 8 per cent of GDP, the China’s LPI infrastructure score could require an
estimated investment of USD6.600 trillion, with a
highest proportion of any market possible USD2.310 trillion of private-sector investment.
in the world.30 This is reflected in The country’s digital access rate, comprising mobile
Transport the market’s Logistics Performance
Index (LPI) infrastructure score of
phone subscription rates and internet connectivity
levels, is also comparatively high at 63 per cent.
Private-sector To achieve universal digital access will require an
investment opportunity... 3.75 (out of 5), which places China estimated investment of USD821.3 billion, with a
20th in the world. potential private-sector investment opportunity of
USD492.8 billion.
USD2,310.0bn China has also been investing in water and sanitation,
but around 11 per cent of the population still lack
access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities.
Maintaining existing facilities and closing this gap
will require an investment of around USD261.3 billion
between now and 2030, with around USD26.1 billion
coming from private-sector funding.
Digital
access
Private-sector
USD492.8bn
Private-sector participation
China needs further investment in clean water
and sanitation, clean fuels, and technology. While
investment as a proportion of GDP is declining as
the economy rebalances towards consumption,
investment in areas crucial to the SDGs is likely
to remain a priority for the government.
Clean Under the current regime, SDG-related infrastructure
water & projects are largely funded by the public sector, with
sanitation
government funds contributing most of the capital for
transport, electricity, water and telecoms projects.
USD2.310 trillion
However, the government has been increasing its efforts
Private-sector
to encourage private-sector participation. In late 2018, the
Ministry of Finance listed over 8,500 projects for public-
private partnerships, totalling almost 13 trillion yuan private-sector investment opportunity
USD26.1bn
China has already achieved
to make further progress towards

universal access to power.
(USD1.85 trillion),31 and China’s new Foreign Investment

Law – passed in early 2019 – will open its domestic
market to foreign commerce and new competition. SDG 9 by significantly improving
China’s LPI infrastructure score.
29
This figure has been increased to reflect the current transport infrastructure investment
levels in the Chinese market (view OECD data on infrastructure investment)
Total investment required Total investment required to Total investment required to 30
View Statista figures on annual average infrastructure expenditures
to achieve significant achieve universal access by achieve universal access by as percent of GDP worldwide from 2010 to 2015, by country
22
improvements by 2030: 2030: USD821.3bn 2030: USD261.3bn 31
View The Public-Private Partnership Law Review - Edition 5: China
USD6.600tn29
India
Electric dreams

private-sector investment opportunity in India to
USD1.124tn
India needs significant investment to help achieve
SDGs 6, 7 and 9, and the largest opportunity is in
power. To ensure that the remaining 7 per cent of
the Indian population gets access to electricity by
2030 – as well as allowing for population growth
and growing demand for power – will require an
estimated investment of USD1.559 trillion alone, with
a potential private-sector investment opportunity of
USD701.5 billion. This is the biggest investment in
power required across all the markets in our study.
With a large and growing population, high GDP growth India has played an important role in shaping the SDGs,
relative to global peers (notwithstanding the recent and the government has expressed its commitment
slowdown) and a pressing need for high-quality to achieving them. The country is already working
infrastructure, India offers one of the most significant towards many of the goals through flagship government
opportunities for the private sector to invest in projects programmes like the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan sanitation
that will help realise the SDGs. Given the size of the programme, the Jan Dhan Yojana programme to bank
Indian economy, the stakes are high; what happens in the unbanked, and the Make in India, Digital India, Skill
India between now and 2030 will matter greatly to global India and Smart Cities schemes.
SDG outcomes.
23
India SDG investment grid Taking into account the 7 per cent
of Indians who currently lack access
India also has work to do to provide the physical and
digital infrastructure needed to realise the potential of
its young, highly-skilled population to drive economic
to power, projected population growth. India’s current Logistics Performance Index
(LPI) infrastructure score is 2.91 (out of 5), placing the
growth and the growing demand for economy 52nd in the world. Its digital access rate – a
power as the economy develops, combination of mobile phone subscription rates and
Power achieving universal access to

internet connectivity levels – is 45 per cent. Improving
these infrastructure indicators will help India to meet SDG
Private-sector electricity by 2030 will require an 9, but this will require substantial capital. Between now
and 2030, an estimated investment of USD505.5 billion
investment opportunity... estimated investment of USD1.559 is needed to significantly improve India’s infrastructure
trillion, with the potential private- score, and USD377.4 billion is needed to reach 100 per
USD sector opportunity standing at cent digital access. In total, an estimated private-sector
contribution of USD403.4 billion is required.
701.5bn USD701.5 billion.
The opportunity in the water and sanitation sector is
smaller but still sizeable. Maintaining existing facilities
and providing clean water and sanitation facilities to the
24 per cent of the Indian population who currently lack
access by 2030 will require investment of USD192.2
billion, with an estimated USD19.2 billion coming from
the private sector.
Transport
Digital Private-sector Private-sector participation
access investment opportunity... The private sector plays a vital part in India’s progress
towards meeting the goals by 2030. A government
Private-sector
USD
and business partnership conference, held in New
Delhi in 2018, focused on developing a vision for
176.9bn industry’s contribution to the SDGs. The government
USD has also created the India Investment Grid, an

interactive platform that showcases investment
226.5bn opportunities for private finance in India.32 Significant
private investment will be needed in SDG-related
Clean infrastructure, even in areas like transportation,
water &
which are traditionally funded by the public purse.
sanitation USD701.5 billion

Private-sector
potential private-sector
investment opportunity... investment opportunity to
achieve universal access to
USD19.2bn power in India by 2030.
32
View the Government of India’s Investment Grid
24
2030: USD1,558.8bn 2030: USD377.4bn improvements by 2030: USD192.2bn
2030: USD505.5bn
Indonesia
Big population, big opportunities

private-sector investment opportunity in Indonesia
by 2030 – across the indicators we have measured
USD280.7bn
Indonesia needs significant investment across SDGs 6,
7 and 9, but the largest opportunity is in power. Ensuring
universal access to electricity by 2030 will require an
estimated investment of USD327.8 billion, with a potential
private-sector investment opportunity of USD147.5 billion.
Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, Supported by the Supreme Audit Board, Indonesia’s
has the fourth-largest population in the world, Ministry for National Development has been front
and ranks just below China in the G20’s growth and centre in uniting the SDGs with existing plans
rankings.33 Indonesia recovered well from the Asian for development. Indonesia follows a 20 -year
financial crisis of the late 1990s, with living standards development plan first introduced in 2005 and
improving and the country’s share of world GDP stewarded by President Widodo. This is designed
growing significantly in the past two decades. to meet important development priorities for areas
such as healthcare, social policy and industry.34
Furthermore, through the Ministry of Finance and
its infrastructure financing arm, the Indonesian
government has launched an integrated platform
called SDG Indonesia One, which combines public
and private funds through blended finance schemes.
33
View the Trading Economics GDP annual growth rate figures for the G20
34
View the World Bank in Indonesia overview
25
Indonesia SDG investment grid The greatest private-sector
investment opportunity in Indonesia
Parts of the Indonesian archipelago face a major threat from climate
change, making clean energy a long-term strategic priority for the
government in Jakarta. It has set out a voluntary emissions pledge
lies in delivering universal access and the Bali Road Map for climate action, as well as universal
access to electricity, as significant policy goals in coming years.35
to electricity. Meeting rapidly rising
Improving Indonesia’s transport network represents another
demand for power, as well as raising sizeable opportunity. Raising the quality of the country’s transport
access to 100 per cent, will take
Power
infrastructure – as measured by a significant improvement in its
Logistics Performance Index (LPI) infrastructure score – requires a
an overall investment of USD327.8 total investment of USD215.7 billion between now and 2030, with
Private-sector
investment opportunity... billion, of which the private sector a private-sector contribution of USD75.5 billion. Indonesia’s LPI
infrastructure score is currently 2.9 (out of 5), placing the country
could contribute USD147.5 billion. 54th in the world, two places behind India.
This comparatively large need for
USD investment – despite 98 per cent
Indonesia’s digital access rate, comprising mobile phone
147.5bn
subscription rates and internet connectivity levels, is currently 52
of the population currently having per cent, and achieving universal access could require around
USD89.4 billion, with a private-sector contribution of USD53.7
access – is due to Indonesia’s large billion. Meanwhile, achieving universal access to clean water
and growing population, and strong and sanitation offers the lowest private-sector opportunity, but
a significant one nonetheless. Most of the investment is likely to
projected growth in GDP per capita come from the public sector, but the private sector may need to
by 2030, among other factors. contribute around USD4.0 billion of the USD40.5 billion required
to bring clean water and sanitation facilities to all Indonesians.
Transport
Private-sector
USD
75.5bn
Digital Public-private partnerships have been a mainstay
access of Indonesian policy-making since 1998. The Green
Sukuk Initiative, for example, allows investors to
Private-sector purchase clean-energy bonds in a framework
investment opportunity... that mixes high finance, social enterprise and the
development of renewable energy.36 Raising cash
from state and private-sector sources, the Initiative
USD supplements the emergence of the SDG Financing
53.7bn
Hub, which was founded to mobilise resources for
investment projects across the economy. Funding has
Clean also been sourced from international efforts like the

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the
USD147.5 billion
water & South-South and Triangular Cooperation schemes.37
private-sector investment required
sanitation to meet growing electricity
Private-sector
35
View the UNDP report: “The Bali Road Map:
Key Issues Under Negotiation”
needs and give Indonesia
36
View the Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia’s report: universal access to electricity.
USD4.0bn “Indonesia’s Green Bond & Green Sukuk Initiative”
37
View the Annual Report of Indonesia’s South-
Total investment Total investment Total investment South Cooperation (SSTC) 2016
required to achieve required to required to achieve Total investment

universal access by achieve significant universal access by required to achieve
26
2030: USD327.8bn improvements by 2030: USD89.4bn universal access by
2030: USD215.7bn 2030: USD40.5bn
Malaysia
Open for growth

private-sector investment opportunity in Malaysia
by 2030 – across the indicators we have measured
USD35.0bn
As a rapidly advancing economy with strong growth
prospects, Malaysia is well on its way towards meeting
the SDG 6, 7 and 9 indicators. However, a significant
improvement of the country’s transport infrastructure by
2030 will require an estimated investment of USD73.7
billion, with a large potential private-sector investment
opportunity of USD25.8 billion.
Malaysia is one of Asia’s most promising economies. The Malaysian Prime Minister re-stated the
Backed by a trade policy open to cross-border government’s commitment to the SDGs at the recent
commerce and investment, Malaysia’s development Malaysia Sustainable Development Goals Summit held
has seen the virtual elimination of absolute poverty and in Kuala Lumpur. Inclusive development is to become a
a wide-scale fulfilment of the Millennium Development core feature of Malaysia’s economic policy approach,
Goals – the precursor to the SDGs. Malaysia is now with the government’s Shared Prosperity Vision 203038
set to become a high-income country by 2024. A aimed specifically at bridging the gap between rich and
delicate mixture of agriculture, industrial innovation poor and delivering a truly inclusive growth process.
and central management is enabling Malaysia to
escape the middle-income trap and become an
increasingly attractive destination for foreign capital.
38
View Malaysia’s Shared Prosperity Vision 2030
27
Malaysia SDG investment grid The greatest opportunity for private-
sector investment lies in updating
Transport reform has been a major policy initiative in
Malaysia in recent years. With rural-urban migration
on the rise and city centres increasingly congested,
Malaysia’s transport sector. the government has sought to relieve the demographic
pressure through projects like the Klang Valley Mass
Achieving a significant improvement Rapid Transit system.
in its Logistics Performance Index There is also a significant investment opportunity in
(LPI) Infrastructure Score will require
Transport a total investment of USD73.7 billion
achieving and maintaining universal digital access, which
will require a total cash injection of USD14.7 billion, with
Private-sector potential private-sector investment of USD8.8 billion.
investment opportunity... by 2030, including a private-sector
Malaysia's successes in achieving the Millennium
contribution of USD25.8 billion. Development Goals have largely closed the gap for
USD25.8bn clean water and sanitation. However, with a further

two percentage points to go, and to maintain existing
performance, a total investment of USD3.9 billion is still
needed, with a private-sector investment opportunity
of USD0.4 billion by 2030.
Digital
access Private-sector participation
Private-sector
investment opportunity... In order to meet the SDGs, the Malaysian Economic
Affairs Ministry has placed a considerable emphasis on
private-sector involvement. Senior figures have pointed
USD8.8bn to the funding gap in justifying new fiscal incentives
designed to induce private contributions. The Malaysia
Development Bank, for example, established the
Sustainable Development Financing Fund (SDFF)39
in early 2019 to enhance entrepreneurial solutions to
development from the non-state sector. Armed with
an original capitalisation of more than USD242 million,
Clean
USD25.8 billion
the SDFF’s holdings were doubled in the recent 2020
water &
Budget and its remit narrowed to focus on sustainable
and green-energy initiatives.
sanitation private-sector contribution is

Malaysia has already achieved
needed to achieve a significant

Private-sector
investment opportunity... improvement in Malaysia's
Logistics Performance Index score.
USD0.4bn View BPMB (Malaysia Development Bank)
39
Sustainable Development Financing Fund page
Total investment required Total investment required to Total investment required to

to achieve significant achieve universal access by achieve universal access by
28
improvements by 2030: 2030: USD14.7bn 2030: USD3.9bn
USD73.7bn
Pakistan
Need for private
investment intensifying
private-sector investment opportunity in Pakistan
USD96.2bn
Pakistan needs investment across SDGs 6,7 and 9,
with the greatest opportunity in power, followed by
digital infrastructure. To meet our SDG 7 indicator and
ensure that all of Pakistan’s population has access to
electricity by 2030 will require an estimated investment of
USD99.3 billion, with a potential private-sector investment
opportunity of USD44.7 billion. The potential opportunity
for private-sector investment in facilitating universal digital
access is also significant, standing at USD34.0 billion.
Pakistan’s need for private investment is intensifying. has a national development strategy, Vision 2025,
With economic growth slowing in recent years, and which is centred around achieving inclusive growth
the population expanding swiftly, it is vital that private and sustainable development.40 Pakistan is working
sector contributes the finance needed to support a towards many of the goals through schemes such as
strong level of infrastructure development. In February the national poverty alleviation programme Ehsaas
2016, Pakistan became the first country to adopt the (Compassion), and environmental initiatives such as
SDGs as part of its national development agenda Clean and Green Pakistan and Recharge Pakistan.
through a National Assembly Resolution. The country
40
View the Government of Pakistan’s report: “Pakistan2025: One Nation - One Vision”
29
Pakistan SDG investment grid With 29 per cent of Pakistan’s
population without access to
Substantial investment in infrastructure – particularly
digital infrastructure – is also needed for Pakistan to make
progress towards SDG 9 and to ensure that the country is
electricity, investment of around globally competitive. Currently, it is lagging behind, with a
digital access rate – comprising mobile phone subscription
USD99.3 billion is needed in the rates and internet connectivity levels – of just over a quarter
power sector between now and 2030 (27 per cent). To reach universal digital access by 2030 will
require an estimated investment of USD56.6 billion, with a
to meet rising demand and achieve
Power universal access, with a private-
private-sector contribution of USD34.0 billion.
Private-sector Pakistan’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) infrastructure

investment opportunity... sector investment opportunity score is relatively low at just 2.2 (out of 5), placing it 121st
of around USD44.7 billion. This in the world. To improve this score significantly by 2030
will require an estimated USD38.5 billion, with a USD13.5
investment is needed to improve
USD power infrastructure and to address
billion private-sector investment opportunity.
44.7bn inefficiencies in the energy sector.41

Pakistan also needs investment in the water sector,
which will help it achieve SDG 6. Currently, 24 per cent
of the population do not have access to clean water and
sanitation services. Addressing this gap will require around
USD40.1 billion between now and 2030, with around
USD4.0 billion of private-sector investment.
Digital
access
Private-sector
USD
34.0bn Private-sector participation
Pakistan needs high levels of investment to make
progress against key sustainable development goals.
Clean The government has acknowledged that finding the
Transport
financing required in a slow-growth environment is
water & challenging and has expressed its commitment to
sanitation
encouraging private-sector participation. In its Voluntary
Private-sector National Review of sustainable development in 2017,
investment opportunity... the government outlined its strategy: ‘[exploring]
Private-sector
innovative financing, developing a Responsible Business
USD
Framework and engaging local universities in devising
USD44.7 billion
local solutions for local problems.’42
13.5bn USD4.0bn
is needed to provide power to
the remaining 29% of Pakistan’s
population still without access.
41
View World Bank blog: “What’s keeping Pakistan in the dark?”
42
View Pakistan’s 2019 Voluntary National Review on
Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
30
2030: USD38.5bn
The Philippines
Build, build, build

private-sector investment opportunity in the Philippines
USD117.5bn
The Philippines needs investment across SDGs 6, 7 and
9, with the greatest investment required in power. To
meet our SDG 7 indicator and ensure universal access to
electricity by 2030 will require an estimated total investment
of USD136.1 billion, representing a potential private-sector
The Philippines is one of Asia’s most promising In its Second Voluntary National Review of the SDGs,
economies. Amid rapid urbanisation and the Philippine government was careful to emphasise
industrialisation, it is set to become an upper-middle the significant interdependence of the public and
income country well before 2030.43 Exports of private sectors in delivering the 2030 Vision45 and a
semiconductors and electronic materials – produced consulting process between the two sectors has been
by a young and increasingly high-skilled workforce – an important component of Philippine development for
could see the Philippines attain market-leader status some time. The SDGs have also been integrated into
over the long term, with cash flows from remittances more active planning, including the existing 2017-2022
and outsourcing operations embedding it further in Philippine Development Plan (PDP).46
the global economy and making it an increasingly
attractive location for private-sector investors.44
43
View the World Bank in the Philippines overview
44
View the Migration Data Portal page on remittances
45
View the Philippines’ 2019 Voluntary National Review
46
View the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022
31
Philippines SDG investment grid The greatest opportunity for private-
sector investment in the Philippines
Improving Philippine infrastructure also requires
substantial investment. The country’s Logistics
Performance Index (LPI) Infrastructure score is
lies in achieving universal access to currently 2.73 (out of 5), placing it 67th in the world.
Raising this score significantly will require a total
power. To meet growing electricity capital injection of USD74.6 billion, requiring a private-
needs and provide electricity to sector investment contribution of USD26.1 billion.
the remainder of the population (7

Power per cent) by 2030 will take a total
The current digital access rate in the Philippines –
comprising mobile phone subscriptions and levels
Private-sector of internet access – is 68 per cent. Raising this
investment opportunity... investment of USD136.1 billion, to universal access by 2030 requires a sizeable
requiring private-sector investment investment of USD47.0 billion, of which the private
sector could contribute USD28.2 billion.
of USD61.3 billion. The Philippine
USD government has made energy a While achieving universal access to clean water
61.3bn priority in its policymaking, and the
and sanitation may be a predominantly state-driven
exercise, there remains scope for private-sector
Energy Ministry recently announced investment: an estimated USD1.9 billion out of a total
required investment of USD18.7 billion.
two initiatives to encourage renewable
energy production, in an attempt to
reduce the economy’s current reliance
on coal-fired power stations.47
Transport
Private-sector
Digital USD
access 26.1bn The vibrant economy of the Philippines has long been
attractive to private-sector infrastructure investors.
Private-sector The current government's flagship ‘Build, Build,
investment opportunity... Build’ programme aims to usher in a ‘golden age of
infrastructure’ involving 75 projects worth USD180
billion by 2022.48 The projects are grouped into five
USD Clean categories, with transport infrastructure a priority.
28.2bn water &

The other sectors are power, water, information and
communications technology, and urban development.
sanitation The government has also recently announced it is
USD61.3 billion
embracing infrastructure projects proposed by private
Private-sector companies under a public-private model, adding 26
investment opportunity... PPP projects to the programme.49
USD1.9bn 47
View Reuters article: “Philippines readies new renewable
to meet growing electricity needs
energy policies to curb coal dependence” and provide power to the rest
48
View the World Bank story: “The Philippines Learning Center
for Environment and Social Sustainability: Infrastructure of the Philippine population.
Development that Protects People and the Environment”
49
View the Republic of the Philippines Public-Private Partnership
Total investment Total investment Total investment Total investment Center article: “More PPPs in revised ‘Build, Build, Build’ list”

32
2030: USD74.6bn
Sri Lanka
Investing in infrastructure

private-sector investment opportunity in Sri Lanka
USD16.2bn
Although Sri Lanka has made significant progress towards
SDGs 6, 7 and 9, substantial funds are still needed to meet
these, and the government is trying to encourage more
private-sector engagement. To achieve universal power
access, private-sector investment of approximately USD7.3
billion is required between now and 2030, while digital and
transport infrastructure development provides a potential
With a large natural resource base, an educated The government’s Vision 2025 aligns with the SDGs, and
population and a historically strong tourism industry, Sri the Sustainable Development Act was passed in 2017,
Lanka has good foundations to make it an appealing establishing the legal framework to implement the goals,
prospect for investors. It has been growing steadily and founding Sri Lanka’s Sustainable Development
over the last decade and undergoing an impressive Council.51 Most of the population now has access to clean
transformation, transitioning from a largely rural economy water, sanitation and power, but there is still some way
to a more urban economy with a strong manufacturing to go to achieve universal access, particularly in remote,
and services industry. Economic growth has resulted in hard-to-reach areas. Sri Lanka’s infrastructure – both
a decline in poverty, and the country’s social indicators physical and digital – also needs substantial investment
rank amongst the highest in South Asia.50 and collaboration between the public sector and private
sector will be critical.
50
View Sri Lanka’s Voluntary National Review on the Status of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals
51
View UN ESCAP blog: “SDG implementation and budgeting: Sri Lanka’s efforts and challenges”
33
Sri Lanka SDG investment grid In Sri Lanka, the areas needing the
most investment by 2030 are the
With a current digital access rate of 47 per cent, more
investment is required to secure universal access to
mobile telephones and the internet. Achieving a digital
two SDG 9 indicators. Investment access rate of 100 per cent requires investment of
USD6.8 billion, with the private-sector investment
of USD13.1 billion is needed to opportunity standing at USD4.1 billion.
significantly improve the country’s Substantial investment is also needed to achieve
Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
Power infrastructure score, with the private-
universal electricity access in Sri Lanka. Although
only 2 per cent of the population currently lack
Private-sector access to power, it will take an estimated USD16.3
investment opportunity... sector opportunity standing at an billion to bridge this gap and meet growing electricity
estimated USD4.6 billion. Currently, demand between now and 2030, with a private-sector
contribution of approximately USD7.3 billion.
Sri Lanka’s LPI infrastructure score is
USD7.3bn 2.49 (out of 5), placing the economy Water and sanitation access, meanwhile, is currently
at 93 per cent, and it will take around USD2.1 billion
85th in the world. between now and 2030 to achieve universal access,
with an estimated USD0.2 billion private-sector
investment opportunity.
Transport
Private-sector
USD4.6bn
Digital Private-sector participation

access Although the Sri Lankan government has been working
Private-sector proactively to meet the SDGs, financing remains a
investment opportunity... challenge. The country has limited domestic resources
due to relatively low levels of tax revenue. The government
USD4.1bn is looking at increasing public-private collaboration on

infrastructure projects to help unlock the funding needed.52
Historically, private-sector investment in Sri Lanka has

been low compared to other Asian markets, due in part
Clean to unfavourable government policies and a prolonged
USD4.6 billion
civil war.53 Recent administrations, however, have made
water & efforts to encourage private-sector investment and
sanitation
promote public-private partnerships (PPPs), turning the
private sector into one of the main engines of growth.
Infrastructure projects like the Light Rail Transit (LRT)
total private-sector investment
Private-sector
system in Colombo are being financed through PPPs. needed to significantly improve
Sri Lanka's Logistics Performance
Index infrastructure score.
USD0.2bn 52
View IPS article: “Sri Lanka Faces Major Challenges
on UN’s 2030 Development Agenda”
Total investment
53
View the UN’s Investment Policy Review on Sri Lanka
Total investment Total investment Total investment
required to achieve required to required to achieve required to achieve
universal access by achieve significant universal access by universal access by
34
2030: USD16.3bn improvements by 2030: USD6.8bn 2030: USD2.1bn
2030: USD13.1bn
Thailand
An SDG success story

private-sector investment opportunity in Thailand
USD58.3bn
Thailand is close to reaching universal access to clean
water and sanitation, and has achieved universal power
access, but there are opportunities for additional
investment towards the SDGs, particularly in transport
infrastructure. To improve infrastructure significantly
by 2030, as part of SDG 9, will require an estimated
investment of USD116.0 billion, with a potential private-
sector investment opportunity of USD40.6 billion.
Thailand performed well against the UN’s Millennium Thailand’s performance to date against the SDG
Development Goals and has now integrated the SDGs indicators has been remarkably strong, but there are
into its policy infrastructure. The government recently still opportunities for the private sector to become
announced an additional 20 -year National Strategy more involved, particularly as the country will continue
Framework, which provides long-term direction for its to invest heavily in infrastructure.
development goals.54
54
View Thailand’s 2017 Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
35
Thailand SDG investment grid Like many rapidly-developing Asian
countries, Thailand has a gap to fill when
The second element of our SDG 9 analysis is digital access,
comprising mobile phone subscription rates and internet
connectivity levels. To reach and maintain universal digital
it comes to creating a transport network access, Thailand requires a total investment of USD28.4
billion between now and 2030, with a USD17.0 billion private-
that satisfies demand without breaking sector investment opportunity.
budgets or environmental targets. The opportunity for private-sector investors in Thailand’s
Therefore, among the SDG indicators in
Transport our study, the greatest opportunity for
water and sanitation sector is less notable. Thailand has
already made significant progress towards SDG 6, with only
Private-sector 1 per cent of the population currently lacking access to clean
investment opportunity... private-sector investment in Thailand water and sanitation. Achieving universal access will require
can be found in the country’s transport a total investment of around USD6.9 billion, with a private-
sector investment opportunity of around USD0.7 billion.
sector. Thailand’s Logistics Performance
USD40.6bn Index (LPI) infrastructure score is
currently 3.14 (out of 5), placing it 41st
in the world. Achieving a significant
improvement in this score by 2030 will
require a total investment of USD116.0
billion, with the private-sector investment
opportunity a sizeable USD40.6 billion.
Digital
access Private-sector participation
Private-sector
Thailand is an SDG success story so far, and the
private sector has a central role to play in the country’s
continued work towards the goals. The government has
USD17.0bn expressed its commitment to encouraging private-sector

participation, and 40 of Thailand’s leading corporations
recently founded a formal network with the UN to
entrench the SDGs in their commercial approaches.55
Clean
water &
sanitation USD40.6 billion
Thailand has already achieved
Private-sector
investment opportunity... to significantly improve Thailand's
transport infrastructure.
USD0.7bn
55
View the Royal Thai Embassy (Washington D.C.) press release:
“Forty Thai firms sign up for Sustainable Development Goals”
Total investment required Total investment required to Total investment required to

to achieve significant achieve universal access by achieve universal access by
36
improvements by 2030: 2030: USD28.4bn 2030: USD6.9bn
USD116.0bn
Vietnam
A green light for growth

private-sector investment opportunity in Vietnam
USD45.8bn
Vietnam requires investment across SDGs 6 and 9,
with transport infrastructure representing the greatest
opportunity. To improve the country’s Logistics
Performance Index (LPI) infrastructure score significantly
by 2030 will require an estimated total investment of
USD57.3 billion, representing a potential private-sector
Once one of the poorest nations in the world, a series of In its regular SDG Index, the UN has placed Vietnam just
ongoing market reforms has triggered Vietnam’s rapid behind China in its progress towards the 2030 Vision.57
ascent to market-leading status in South-East Asia. Rates The Vietnamese government has been working actively
of trade, foreign investment, overseas remittances and with the UN to align its development plans with the
living standards have all risen substantially in recent years.56 SDGs, with the two converging on a joint One Strategic
However, fulfilling the SDGs – in particular addressing Plan (OSP) for future growth.58 Informed by the basic
climate change and ensuring more inclusive development – principles of the Socio-Economic Development Plan,
will require the private sector to play a significant role. the OSP is set to focus on four key policy areas over the
next 10 years, with ‘Investing in People’ and ‘Ensuring
Climate Resilience’ top of the agenda.
56
View the World Bank in Vietnam overview
57
View the Sustainable Development Report 2019
58
View Vietnam’s One Strategic Plan 2017-2021
37
Vietnam SDG investment grid For private-sector investors looking
to help Vietnam achieve the SDGs,
Vietnam’s LPI infrastructure score
significantly between now and 2030
there is a substantial opportunity in will require an estimated investment
transport infrastructure. Vietnam’s of USD57.3 billion, representing a
current LPI infrastructure score is potential private-sector investment
3.01 (out of 5), placing it 47th in the opportunity of USD20.1 billion.
Transport world. Upgraded infrastructure is
Private-sector Vietnam also needs investment in digital infrastructure to
investment opportunity... needed to support Vietnam’s rapidly help it work towards SDG 9. Vietnam’s digital access rate
growing, urbanising population. – comprising mobile phone subscription rates and internet
connectivity levels – is currently 76 per cent. Achieving
The government has made efforts
USD20.1bn to bridge the gap in an eco-friendly
universal access will require a total investment of USD40.7
billion, representing a potential USD24.4 billion private-
Digital access manner, having recently endorsed sector investment opportunity.
Private-sector climate-smart transport technology,59 The water sector offers a more modest opportunity.
investment opportunity... Around 11 per cent of the Vietnamese population currently
including a shift away from traditional lack access to clean drinking water and sanitation
combustion engine cars towards facilities. It will take an investment of USD13.1 billion
USD24.4bn electric substitutes, rail, freight and between now and 2030 to achieve universal water
and sanitation access, with a potential private-sector
waterborne alternatives. To improve investment opportunity of around USD1.3 billion.
Vietnam’s Voluntary National Review set out the clear
need for a holistic approach to the SDGs.60 In 2018
Vietnam ranked in the top five countries globally for
private investment in infrastructure.61 The Department
for International Development has supported the
government in its financing objectives through
leveraging private-sector investment.62 The Vietnam
Clean Business Council for Sustainable Development63 was
water &
founded to foster private-sector interest in the SDGs,
with climate action earmarked as a particular area of
sanitation focus: currently, just 2.1 per cent of Vietnamese energy
comes from renewable sources.64
USD20.1 billion
Private-sector
investment opportunity... 59
View report: “Addressing Climate Change in total private-sector investment
Vietnam has already achieved
Transport (Vol. 2): Pathway to Resilient Transport”

required to significantly improve
60
View Vietnam’s 2018 Voluntary National Review on the
USD1.3bn Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

61
View The Public-Private Partnership Law Review - Edition 5: Vietnam
Vietnam's transport infrastructure.
62
View Operational Plan 2011-2016 DFID Vietnam
63
View the website of the Vietnam Business Council
for Sustainable Development
64
View the British Business Group Vietnam’s Renewable Energy page
Total investment required to Total investment required Total investment required to

achieve universal access by to achieve significant achieve universal access by
38
2030: USD40.7bn improvements by 2030: 2030: USD13.1bn
USD57.3bn
Opportunity2030
by country
Africa
39
Ghana
Growing fast and thinking big

private-sector investment opportunity in Ghana to
USD19.6bn
Ghana is developing quickly, and demonstrating
commitment to working with the private sector to bridge
the country’s SDG investment gaps. Of the SDG 6, 7
and 9 indicators, the largest opportunity is in power,
representing an estimated private-sector investment
opportunity of USD7.8 billion between now and 2030.
Further, digital and transport infrastructure development
is likely to require a combined private-sector investment
of USD11.0 billion between now and 2030.
Ghana is an attractive prospect for investors, with a Work towards achieving the SDGs will help the West
wealth of natural resources, an economy experiencing African nation to overcome remaining challenges,
strong growth and a government focused on including inequality and inadequate infrastructure,
development. The country is also a vocal supporter particularly in rural areas. Recently, the government
of the SDGs: Ghana’s President Nana Addo Dankwa has been successful in encouraging private-sector
Akufo-Addo is Co-Chair of the SDG Advocates.65 participation in several ambitious highway and railway
developments as well as sustainable energy projects.
65
View the UN’s SDG Advocates page
40
Ghana SDG investment grid Currently, 21 per cent of Ghana’s
population does not have electricity
Ghana’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
infrastructure score is 2.44 (out of 5), placing the
economy 92nd in the world. Significantly improving
access. Investment of around Ghana’s LPI infrastructure score will require an
estimated USD11.7 billion by 2030, with a private-
USD17.4 billion is needed between sector investment opportunity of USD4.1 billion.
now and 2030 to meet growing Achieving universal digital access by 2030 – measured
by mobile phone subscription rates and internet
needs and achieve universal
Power access, with a private-sector
connectivity levels – will require approximately USD11.5
billion, with a USD6.9 billion potential private-sector
Private-sector investment opportunity.
investment opportunity... investment opportunity of around
USD7.8 billion. While the potential opportunity for private investors
in the water sector is more modest, the benefits to
USD7.8bn The Ghanian government is seeking the Ghanaian population are particularly significant:
currently, half of the population lacks access to
private-sector participation in power adequate drinking water and sanitation facilities. It will
generation projects, with a focus on take around USD8.4 billion between now and 2030 to
Digital
achieve universal water and sanitation access, with a
renewable energy generation. USD0.8 billion private-sector investment opportunity.
access
Private-sector
USD6.9bn Transport
Private-sector
USD4.1bn
Clean Private-sector participation
water & In Ghana’s 2019 report on implementation of the In the transport sector, a USD2 billion agreement with
sanitation
Sustainable Development Agenda, the Ghanaian president China’s Sinohydro corporation was approved in 2018
acknowledged that the cost of financing the SDGs could to build highway infrastructure,68 and the government
only be met with ‘a significant boost in private capital and has also pre-qualified four private companies for a
Private-sector
with businesses fully aligning behind the implementation multi-million USD concession to add additional lanes
process’.66 To this end, the government has established a to the Accra-Tema motorway to ease congestion.69
CEO advisory group on the SDGs, comprised of business
USD0.8bn leaders who are championing private-sector engagement,
and created an SDG delivery fund that pulls together
private-sector CSR resources.
With a strong focus on renewable energy, under Ghana’s

Renewable Energy Master Plan, the government aims USD7.8
to vastly increase installed renewable capacity, with 80
per cent of financing expected to come from the private
sector.67 The government is creating a green fund to
billion
increase investment in the renewable energy sector, total private-sector
concentrating particularly on solar power. investment required
for Ghana to achieve
View Ghana’s 2019 Voluntary National Review Report on the
and maintain
66
Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

67
68
View Ghana’s Renewable Energy Master Plan
View South China Morning Post article: “Ghana goes ahead with US$2 billion
universal access to
universal access by universal access by achieve significant universal access by Chinese bauxite barter deal that has conservationists up in arms” power by 2030. 41
2030: USD17.4bn 2030: USD11.5bn improvements by 2030: USD8.4bn 69
View InfraPPP article: “Four teams prequalified for the Accra-Tema Motorway PPP”
2030: USD11.7bn
Kenya
High-powered projects

private-sector investment opportunity in Kenya to
USD40.0bn
Kenya needs significant investment to help achieve
SDGs 6, 7 and 9, and private capital can play a vital role.
There are opportunities for the private sector in all of the
SDGs, with the power sector representing the greatest
opportunity: an estimated USD15.6 billion of private-sector
investment in power is needed between now and 2030.
Kenya is one of the fastest-growing economies in Sub- critical to achieving Kenya’s aim of becoming an
Saharan Africa, and the government has been investing industrialising, middle-income country by the end
in infrastructure as part of its ‘Vision 2030’ to facilitate of the decade. The government has been exploring
the country’s economic growth.70 Development that ways of increasing private-sector participation, and
relates to the SDGs – such as improved infrastructure several major infrastructure projects are currently
and greater access to sanitation and power – will be underway, backed by significant foreign investment.
70
View UNESCO’s page on the Kenya Vision 2030
42
Kenya SDG investment grid Currently, 56 per cent of Kenyans lack
access to clean water and sanitation,
In terms of supporting industry, innovation and
infrastructure, to achieve universal digital access by
2030 will require USD21.7 billion with an opportunity for
while 36 per cent have no access to private-sector investors of USD13.0 billion. To improve
Kenya’s LPI infrastructure score significantly will cost
electricity, and the country’s digital USD26.0 billion, with the potential for the private sector
access rate is just 34 per cent. In to provide USD9.1 billion of investment finance.
dollar terms, the largest private-sector

Power opportunity is in ensuring universal
Investments in digital infrastructure will help increase
adoption of mobile banking, which is becoming an
Private-sector increasingly powerful lever for boosting economic
investment opportunity... access to power by 2030, which will growth in emerging markets.72 Improving transport
require USD34.7 billion, with a private- infrastructure is also critical to supporting trade and
economic growth; Kenya’s Logistics Performance
sector investment opportunity of USD15.6
USD billion. However, Kenya is ahead of
Index (LPI) infrastructure score is currently 2.55 (out
of 5), placing the economy 79th in the world.
15.6bn many other markets in terms of clean Overall, to provide access to clean water and sanitation
energy. A world leader in geothermal to the entire Kenyan population by 2030 will require an
estimated investment of USD22.8 billion, with a potential
power generation, 70 per cent of Kenya’s private-sector investment opportunity of USD2.3 billion.
installed electricity capacity came from Although this is the opportunity with the smallest dollar
Digital renewable sources in 2018, more than
value, it would have a significant social impact, enabling a
access Transport three times the global average.71

further 66 per cent of the population to access clean water.
Private-sector Private-sector
investment opportunity... investment opportunity...
USD USD Clean

13.0bn 9.1bn water &
sanitation
Private-sector Private-sector participation transport projects.74 The second phase of another railway
project that will eventually link to Uganda, funded largely by
Over the past two decades, Kenya has transformed its China’s Exim bank, was officially opened in October 2019.75
energy provision. In the 1990s, the Kenyan power sector
USD2.3bn struggled with a severe capacity shortfall and low tariffs,
and was heavily dependent on government funding.
In terms of water and sanitation improvements, it is
estimated that about 200,000 new water connections and
350,000 new sewer connections will be needed annually
With support from the World Bank, the government
in urban areas to achieve and maintain universal water
has been leveraging commercial finance to develop its
access by 2030.
energy infrastructure, and Kenya is now implementing
one of the most successful electrification programmes in
Sub-Saharan Africa, with at least USD3 billion in private
capital mobilised between 1997 and 2018.73 Private-sector
USD2.3
interest in Kenya’s transport infrastructure has also been
growing in recent years. In 2017, US company Bechtel
was awarded the rights to construct and operate the
Mombasa to Nairobi expressway, one of Kenya’s largest
billion
71
View WEF article: “Kenya is aiming to be powered private-sector
entirely by green energy by 2020”
72
View McKinsey & Company article: “Capturing the
investment required
promise of mobile banking in emerging markets” to provide universal
73
View the World Bank’s Results Brief: “Maximizing Financing for

Development in Action: The Kenya Energy Sector Experience access to clean
View Oxford Business Group article: “New investment
water and sanitation
74
required to achieve required to achieve required to required to achieve to strengthen Kenyan transport infrastructure”
universal access by
2030: USD34.7bn
universal access by
2030: USD21.7bn
achieve significant
improvements by
universal access by
2030: USD22.8bn
75
View VOA News article: “Kenya Opens Second
Phase of Massive Railway Project”
in Kenya by 2030. 43
2030: USD26.0bn
Nigeria
Getting connected

private-sector investment opportunity in Nigeria to
USD114.2bn
Nigeria requires considerable investment to help meet
SDGs 6, 7 and 9. The greatest opportunity is found
within digital infrastructure, with 49 per of Nigerians
currently without digital access. To achieve universal
digital access by 2030 will require an estimated
Powered by rich natural endowments and a sizable Plan from 2017-2020 is aligned with the SDGs, with
population, Nigeria is Africa's largest economy. Its development and macroeconomic stability located
trade with the rest of Africa, and young tech-savvy in strong infrastructure and a flexible real economy.76
workforce, also makes Nigeria an increasingly This has been supported at the local level too, with
attractive destination for foreign investment. There is State Development Plans in Benue, Taraba, the Delta
considerable potential for the private sector to play a and others similarly aligned to the SDGs.77 Nigeria’s
role in funding the vital infrastructure required to help Voluntary National Review emphasised that meeting
meet the SDGs. the 2030 goals will require the pursuit of alternative
finance sources.78 Conventional sources of finance
The Nigerian government has made the 2030
such as development assistance and public sector
Roadmap a key performance indicator for the
funds are unlikely to deliver the results needed to meet
nation’s development, including creating a dedicated
the goals without the help of private-sector investment.
government position of Senior Special Assistant
for the SDGs. Its Economic Recovery and Growth
76
View Nigeria’s Economic Recovery and Growth Plan 2017-2020
77
View the Nigeria profile on the UN’s SDG knowledge platform
78
View Nigeria’s 2017 National Voluntary Review of Implementation of the SDGs
44
Nigeria SDG investment grid Digital inclusion presents the largest
private-sector investment opportunity
Nigeria’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) infrastructure
score is 2.56 (out of 5), giving it a ranking of 78th globally.
Securing a significant improvement in the country’s
in Nigeria.79 Achieving and maintaining infrastructure will take an estimated total investment
of USD82.3 billion between now and 2030, requiring a
universal digital access by 2030 will private-sector investment contribution of USD28.8 billion.
require a total financial injection of Meanwhile, SDGs 6 and 7 also present significant
USD78.9 billion, representing a private-
Digital access sector investment opportunity of
investment opportunities. Nearly half (45 per cent) of
Nigerians lack access to clean water and sanitation
Private-sector services. Achieving and maintaining universal access by
investment opportunity... USD47.4 billion. 2030 will require investment of USD57.1 billion, creating a
With 46 per cent of the population without electricity,
USD Transport
the total finance required to bring power to all Nigerians
47.4bn
will require investment of USD71.8 billion, representing a
Power
Private-sector
Private-sector
USD
28.8bn
USD
32.3bn
Clean
water &
sanitation
Private-sector Private-sector participation
The private sector has long played an important
role in the development of Nigeria’s infrastructure.
USD5.7bn For investors looking for fresh opportunities, the
Global Infrastructure Hub serves as an interactive
digital platform to showcase projects across multiple
infrastructure domains.80 Nigeria recently developed
a Private Sector Engagement Strategy, which in
turn advised the foundation of the Private Sector
Advisory Group on SDGs, a network for consolidating
sustainable investment in Nigeria.81
USD47.4 billion
private-sector investment needed
for Nigeria to achieve and
maintain universal digital access.
79
View McKinsey & Company article:
“Capturing the promise of mobile banking in emerging markets”
80
View the Global Infrastructure Hub’s page on Nigeria
81
View the Private Sector Advisory Group Nigeria’s website
45
2030: USD82.3bn
Uganda
Transforming the economy

private-sector investment opportunity in Uganda
USD13.7bn
Uganda needs significant investment across SDGs 6, 7
and 9, with the country’s power sector representing the
greatest opportunity. To achieve and maintain universal
access to electricity by 2030 will require an estimated
Uganda’s development trajectory is set to create an Such progress stems from concerted government action.
increasingly compelling investment case over the medium- After the launch of Uganda’s National Coordination
to long-term. The country has one of the fastest-growing Framework in 2016, the Prime Minister’s National SDG
populations in Africa and good levels of economic growth Roadmap united key stakeholders firmly behind the
(although this has slowed in recent years, partly due to 2030 Agenda including executive centres, government
unrest in neighbouring South Sudan). Between 2000 and agencies, civil society groups and local administrators.83
2015, Uganda made impressive progress towards the UN’s
Millennium Development Goals, reducing poverty by two-
thirds, combating malaria, and increasing the availability of
safe drinking water in rural areas.82
82
View the UNDP’s Final Millennium Development Goals Report for Uganda 2015
83
View Uganda’s Office of the Prime Minister’s page on the SDGs
46
Uganda SDG investment grid Securing universal electricity access
in Uganda offers the largest potential
Investment in digital infrastructure is also much
needed. Ensuring universal digital access – measured
by mobile phone subscription rates and internet
investment opportunity for private connectivity levels – will require total investment of
USD6.7 billion, including private-sector investment
finance. Currently, over three-quarters of USD4.0 billion. In terms of transport infrastructure,
(78 per cent) of Ugandans are without Uganda’s current Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
infrastructure score is 2.19 (out of 5), placing the
power, and providing and maintaining
Power universal power access will require
economy 124th in the world. To improve this score
significantly will take a total investment of USD8.0
Private-sector billion, representing a USD2.8 billion potential private-
investment opportunity... a total investment of USD13.5 billion sector investment opportunity.
between now and 2030, representing
Two-thirds (66 per cent) of Ugandans also lack access
a private-sector investment
USD6.1bn opportunity of USD6.1 billion.
to clean water and sanitation, and to provide universal
access by 2030 will take a total investment of USD8.4
billion, with a private-sector investment requirement of
USD0.8 billion.
Digital
access Transport Clean
Private-sector Private-sector water &
sanitation
investment opportunity... investment opportunity....
USD4.0bn USD2.8bn Private-sector

Private-sector investment will play a significant role in
Uganda’s 2030 Roadmap, helping to unlock essential
projects to support development. The government
USD0.8bn has taken steps towards creating a more attractive

environment for private infrastructure investment
through public-private partnerships (PPPs). In 2010, the
government introduced the Public-Private Partnership
Policy Framework, followed by the legal framework of
the Private-Partnership Act in 2015.84 The country’s
most successful PPP, the Umeme concession, has
USD2.8 billion
already distributed electricity more efficiently and
improved access in the areas it services.85
Under the direction of the central Private-Partnership

Unit in Kampala, the Ugandan government has
total private-sector investment
enshrined private-sector participation in its approach required to significantly improve
to infrastructure. There is just under USD1.5 billion
in active investment for infrastructure projects and
Uganda's transport infrastructure.
USD1.9 billion has been directed for completed
projects since 1990.86

required to achieve required to achieve required to required to achieve 84/85
View the World Bank story: “Leveraging Public-Private Partnerships to Plug Uganda’s Deficit in Infrastructure Finance”
universal access by universal access by achieve significant universal access by 86
View the PPP Knowledge Lab’s page on Uganda’s PPP Framework 47
2030: USD8.0bn
Zambia
Closing the gap

private-sector investment opportunity in Zambia
USD9.5bn
Zambia has stated its commitment to meeting SDGs
6, 7 and 9, and is taking significant steps towards
achieving the goals through private-sector investment,
particularly in the hydropower sector. In terms of
the private sector, the largest opportunity is in
power, representing an estimated private investment
opportunity of USD4.0 billion between now and 2030.
The government’s Vision 2030 sets out its aim to make The government has integrated the majority of the SDGs
Zambia a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030, into its Seventh National Development Plan, its blueprint
with particular focus on sustainable development, for development for the next five years. Policies and
democracy and human rights, and public-private programmes are designed to drive job creation, reduce
partnerships.87 Progress towards the SDGs will help income inequality and poverty, and aid development
the country to address social issues (such as high in rural areas.88 Substantial private-sector participation
levels of inequality), environmental issues (such as will be needed to achieve universal access to safe water
deforestation and land degradation), and economic and sanitation as well as power, and to enhance the
issues (such as a lack of diversification). In particular, country’s physical and digital infrastructure.
Zambia’s rural regions currently lack the infrastructure
development and improvement in living conditions that
have benefited the urban population.
87
View Zambia’s Vision 2030 on the SDG Philanthropy Platform
88
View the Zambia-United Nations Sustainable Development Partnership Framework (2016-2021)
48
Zambia SDG investment grid Currently, well over half (60 per cent)
of the Zambian population do not
Zambia’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
infrastructure score is 2.3 (out of 5), placing the country
108th in the world. Zambia will require total investment
have access to electricity. Investment of USD4.4 billion to significantly improve its transport
infrastructure by 2030, representing a private-sector
of around USD8.8 billion is needed investment opportunity of USD1.6 billion. Zambia's
between now and 2030 to achieve digital access rate – measured by mobile phone
subscription rates and internet connectivity levels – is
universal access, with a private-sector
Power investment opportunity of around
just 29 per cent. Achieving universal digital access will
require total investment of USD5.3 billion, with a private-
Private-sector sector investment opportunity of USD3.2 billion.
investment opportunity... USD4.0 billion. The government has
committed to increasing its capacity More than half of the Zambian population (57 per
cent) also lack access to adequate drinking water and
in renewable energy generation by
USD4.0bn up to 15 per cent by 2030. However,
sanitation facilities. It will take around USD6.5 billion
between now and 2030 to achieve universal water
and sanitation access, with a potential private-sector
there is also an acute need to diversify investment opportunity of around USD0.7 billion.
generation methods: in 2019, Zambia
experienced its worst drought
in almost four decades, severely
impacting hydropower output, which
Digital currently accounts for over 90 per cent
access of Zambia’s power production.89
Private-sector Clean
water &
USD3.2bn sanitation
Private-sector
Transport Private-sector participation Copperbelt International Airport and the Kafulafuta
USD0.7bn
Water Supply System project, which are both being
Private-investor participation is critical if Zambia funded by the Chinese government, and the Lusaka
Private-sector
is to make progress towards achieving the SDGs, Water Supply and Drainage Project (backed by the US
particularly in diversifying its energy sector following Millennium Challenge Corporation).
the droughts that have stifled hydropower production.
USD1.6bn Indeed, in 2019, Zambia and Zimbabwe selected
General Electric Co. and Power Construction Corp.
of China to build the Batoka Gorge plant, a USD4
USD3.2
billion hydropower project straddling their borders.90
Construction of the Kafue Gorge Lower hydropower
billion
station is also underway and is one of Zambia’s
major investments funded through a public-private
partnership (PPP) model, with finance coming from
the Zambian government and several overseas foreign private-sector
financial institutions.91
investment
Other key infrastructure projects are also under
construction, with financing from foreign governments
needed to help
and private-sector companies. These include the new Zambia achieve
universal digital
89
View the International Hydropower Association’s page on Zambia access by 2030.
Total investment Total investment Total investment Total investment 90
View Bloomberg article: “GE, PowerChina Set
required to achieve required to achieve required to required to achieve to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant”
91
View Power Technology’s page on the Kafue
Gorge Lower (KGL) Power Station 49
2030: USD4.4bn
Methodology
Opportunity2030 reveals the potential We have chosen to focus on four sector indicators –
water and sanitation services; power; telecoms (digital
Total investment required sustainable and reliable infrastructure by 2030 (measured
by improvements to its LPI infrastructure score) and
private-sector investment opportunity access); and transport infrastructure – that sit under to achieve the SDGs achieving universal digital access by 203099 (measured
in helping to tackle some of the world’s the three SDGs: by a weighted average of the percentage of population
Our proprietary economic model uses available global using the internet and the number of mobile-cellular
most urgent challenges. Our study data to examine the total investment required by country
SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation subscriptions per 100 inhabitants).
examines the opportunity for investors to to achieve and maintain universal access in water and
sanitation, power and telecoms. This total investment
contribute to three of the most tangible, Access to basic water and sanitation
covers maintaining the service for those already receiving
Market investment required
services, measured by an average of:
infrastructure-focused UN Sustainable it and extending it to people who do not currently have it To calculate the proportion of the global investment
Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 6 (Clean Percentage of population using at least (taking into account projected increases in population), required to achieve the SDG objectives in each country,
basic drinking water (Source: WHO/UNICEF while our power calculation also accounts for expected
Water and Sanitation), SDG 7 (Affordable Joint Monitoring Programme for Water changes to GDP per capita, an important driver of energy
our model uses an algorithm that accounts for each
market's current population access levels in each of the
and Clean Energy) and SDG 9 (Industry, Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene92); and consumption. different sector indicators, population growth to 2030 and
Innovation and Infrastructure). We focused Percentage of population using at least For the fourth indicator – developing better transport
the cost of operating in the market. In the case of transport
on 15 of the world’s fastest-growing basic sanitation services (Source: WHO/ infrastructure – we measure the investment required to
infrastructure, GDP is used instead of population to inform
proportion because of the importance of infrastructure
economies where investment in the SDGs UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for maintain existing infrastructure and achieve a significant
to economic size and productivity, while our power
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene93). improvement in the Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
matters most: Bangladesh, China, Ghana, score. The LPI is an indicator created and reported by
calculation also accounts for expected changes to GDP
India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the per capita, an important driver of energy consumption.
the World Bank. The target for the 2030 LPI infrastructure
Philippines, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Nigeria, SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy score is an improvement of one standard-deviation based In two instances - transport investment for China
on the 2007-2018 average change in the LPI score for and power investment for Zambia - we found that the
Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam and Zambia. Access to power, measured by: a country's income group, using four levels of income estimations from our model were significantly lower
groups from World Bank classifications. We leverage than existing investment levels, so we made appropriate
Percentage of population with access to
an understanding of past performance to estimate how adjustments to the total investment opportunity based
electricity (Source: Sustainable Energy
infrastructure could improve to 2030. We do this in part on current real world investment levels.
for All (SE4All94).
by calculating change in the LPI infrastructure score
between 2007 and 2018, an 11-year time period (excluding
2007) that aligns to our study’s 2020 to 2030 time period
The potential private-sector
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation
(including 2020). investment opportunity
and Infrastructure
The SDG 7 and 9 figures build on UNCTAD’s 2014 World For each sector indicator, our model shines a spotlight on
Digital access, measured by a Investment Report: Investing in the SDGs: An Action the opportunity for investors. It uses UNCTAD’s estimated
weighted blend of: Plan98 as baseline global estimates (updated to 2019 average private-sector participation rates in infrastructure
prices), while for SDG 6 we use the average estimated total projects for each indicator to reveal the potential private-
Percentage of population using the
required investment cited in the World Bank and Water and sector investment opportunity in each of the 15 emerging
internet (80 per cent weighting) (Source:
Sanitation Program’s 2016 report The Costs of Meeting the markets. Final figures have been compared with our
ITU95); and
2030 Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Drinking literature review and evaluated by our panel of expert
Number of mobile-cellular subscriptions Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. Our total investment advisors, comprising experts in development finance,
per 100 inhabitants (20 per cent weighting) required figure encompasses the finance needed in the infrastructure, industry and logistics, power and telecoms,
(Source: ITU96). sector indicators to achieve and maintain the SDGs by as well as broader market experts and academics with
2030, inclusive of current planned investment. specialist knowledge in the 15 key markets.
92/93
Download the WHO UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
Availability of quality, reliable,
for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene data For SDG 6 and 7, our analysis is based on the total 98
View UNCTAD’s World Investment Report 2014:
94
Download The World Bank’s Global Electrification Database (GED) data
sustainable and resilient transport
investment required to achieve the goal of universal Investing in the SDGs: An Action Plan
95
View the International Telecommunication
infrastructure, measured by:
access measured in each of these indicators by 2030.
99
The original indicator under SDG 9 related to digital access is to
Union’s internet use data (subscription required) 'Significantly increase access to information and communications
An increase in the infrastructure score For SDG 9, which has broader aims than SDG 6 and 7, technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to
96
View the International Telecommunication Union’s
mobile cellular subscriptions data (subscription required) under the Logistics Performance Index we selected two key sector indicators for infrastructure the Internet in least developed countries by 2020'. For the purposes of
97
Download the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index data (LPI) (Source: World Bank97). and telecoms to represent progress: developing this study we have extended this goal to 2030 and to universal access.
50
Standard Chartered Standard Chartered
Our commitment to the SDGs We are a leading international banking group, with a presence in 60 of the
world’s most dynamic markets and serving clients in a further 85. Our purpose
is to drive commerce and prosperity through our unique diversity, and our
heritage and values are expressed in our brand promise, Here for good.
At Standard Chartered, we are committed to using our banking Standard Chartered PLC is listed on the London and Hong Kong Stock
knowledge, products and unique footprint to fund sustainable Exchanges as well as the Bombay and National Stock Exchanges in India.
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solution in bridging the SDG funding gap. In June 2019 we launched Follow Standard Chartered on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook and Instagram.
our first Sustainability Bond, raising EUR 500 million to fund projects
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Development (GISD) to help push for more private-sector investment in
achieving the SDGs. We also recently launched a sustainable deposit
product for our corporate and institutional clients to help finance
activities that support the SDGs in emerging markets.
Meanwhile, we have an ambitious new target to facilitate and finance
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USD1 billion in microfinance and placed the world’s first blue bond.
Our Sustainability Aspirations 2019 build on our three sustainability
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For more on how we work with our clients to promote sustainable
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51
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Opportunity2030

The Standard Chartered

the opportunity to participate is greatest for the private and Infrastructure

The challenges of mobilising SDG investment, Number of mobile-cellular subscriptions

Key findings SDG 6: Key findings SDG 9: Digital access*

An insufficient supply of clean water and sanitation impacts

Universal access to water

opportunity for Pakistan

1.9bn Total investment required to 2030

opportunity to 2030... Private-sector investment

Water projects requiring a large amount of upfront capital

global population using safe sanitation services increased

Universal access to power

According to our research, the total investment needed in

opportunity for universal Total investment

access to power USD99.3bn

infrastructure To achieve SDG 9, countries need to put in place the

Investor snapshot to achieve significant improvements to emerging-market

sector investors Sub-Saharan Africa has the fastest average annual

opportunity for USD61.6bn

improvements Current LPI score is 2.20. Target by 2030 is 4.26.

to transport Total investment

176.9bn USD Current LPI score is 2.73. Target by 2030 is 3.14.

The total investment needed to achieve and maintain

Investor snapshot Considering average private-sector participation rates

opportunity Private-sector investment Private-sector investment USD14.7bn

According to our research, the combined potential

Power the population (19.8 million people)

USD Private-sector participation

21.6bn Private Partnership Authority to increase and manage

Total investment Total investment Total investment Total investment

According to our research, the combined potential

to make further progress towards

(USD1.85 trillion),31 and China’s new Foreign Investment

According to our research, the combined potential

Power achieving universal access to

USD has also created the India Investment Grid, an

sanitation USD701.5 billion

According to our research, the combined potential

Clean also been sourced from international efforts like the

required to achieve required to required to achieve Total investment

According to our research, the combined potential

USD25.8bn clean water and sanitation. However, with a further

sanitation private-sector contribution is

needed to achieve a significant

Sustainable Development Financing Fund page

Total investment required Total investment required to Total investment required to

Private-sector Pakistan’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) infrastructure

44.7bn inefficiencies in the energy sector.41

Clean The government has acknowledged that finding the

According to our research, the combined potential

the remainder of the population (7

28.2bn water &

sanitation The government has also recently announced it is

required to achieve required to achieve required to required to achieve

According to our research, the combined potential

Digital Private-sector participation

USD4.1bn is looking at increasing public-private collaboration on

Historically, private-sector investment in Sri Lanka has

Clean to unfavourable government policies and a prolonged