ATmega128

I/O Ports

Introduction All Atmel® AVR® ports have true Read-Modify-Write functionality when used as general digital
I/O ports. This means that the direction of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally
changing the direction of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. The same applies
when changing drive value (if configured as output) or enabling/disabling of pull-up resistors (if
configured as input). Each output buffer has symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. The pin driver is strong enough to drive LED displays directly. All port pins
have individually selectable pull-up resistors with a supply-voltage invariant resistance. All I/O
pins have protection diodes to both VCC and Ground as indicated in Figure 29. Refer to “Electri-
cal Characteristics” on page 318 for a complete list of parameters.

Figure 29. I/O Pin Equivalent Schematic

RPU

Pxn Logic

CPIN
See Figure
"General Digital I/O" for
Details

All registers and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “x” repre-
sents the numbering letter for the port, and a lower case “n” represents the bit number. However,
when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used. For example,
PORTB3 for bit no. 3 in Port B, here documented generally as PORTxn. The physical I/O regis-
ters and bit locations are listed in “Register Description for I/O Ports” on page 86.
Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for each port, one each for the Data Register
– PORTx, Data Direction Register – DDRx, and the Port Input Pins – PINx. The Port Input Pins
I/O location is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are read/write.
In addition, the Pull-up Disable – PUD bit in SFIOR disables the pull-up function for all pins in all
ports when set.
Using the I/O port as General Digital I/O is described in “Ports as General Digital I/O” on page
66. Most port pins are multiplexed with alternate functions for the peripheral features on the
device. How each alternate function interferes with the port pin is described in “Alternate Port
Functions” on page 70. Refer to the individual module sections for a full description of the alter-
nate functions.
Note that enabling the alternate function of some of the port pins does not affect the use of the
other pins in the port as General Digital I/O.

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Ports as General The ports are bi-directional I/O ports with optional internal pull-ups. Figure 30 shows a functional
Digital I/O description of one I/O port pin, here generically called Pxn.

Figure 30. General Digital I/O(1)

PUD

Q D
DDxn

Q CLR

WDx
RESET

RDx

DATA BUS
Pxn Q D
PORTxn

Q CLR

WPx
RESET

SLEEP RRx

SYNCHRONIZER
RPx
D Q D Q
PINxn

L Q Q

clk I/O

WDx: WRITE DDRx

PUD: PULLUP DISABLE RDx: READ DDRx
SLEEP: SLEEP CONTROL WPx: WRITE PORTx
clkI/O: I/O CLOCK RRx: READ PORTx REGISTER
RPx: READ PORTx PIN

Note: 1. WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O, SLEEP,
and PUD are common to all ports.

Configuring the Pin Each port pin consists of three Register bits: DDxn, PORTxn, and PINxn. As shown in “Register
Description for I/O Ports” on page 86, the DDxn bits are accessed at the DDRx I/O address, the
PORTxn bits at the PORTx I/O address, and the PINxn bits at the PINx I/O address.
The DDxn bit in the DDRx Register selects the direction of this pin. If DDxn is written logic one,
Pxn is configured as an output pin. If DDxn is written logic zero, Pxn is configured as an input
pin.
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an input pin, the pull-up resistor is
activated. To switch the pull-up resistor off, PORTxn has to be written logic zero or the pin has to
be configured as an output pin. The port pins are tri-stated when a Reset condition becomes
active, even if no clocks are running.
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port pin is driven
high (one). If PORTxn is written logic zero when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port
pin is driven low (zero).
When switching between tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) and output high ({DDxn, PORTxn}
= 0b11), an intermediate state with either pull-up enabled ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01) or output

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low ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b10) must occur. Normally, the pull-up enabled state is fully accept-
able, as a high-impedant environment will not notice the difference between a strong high driver
and a pull-up. If this is not the case, the PUD bit in the SFIOR Register can be written to one to
disable all pull-ups in all ports.
Switching between input with pull-up and output low generates the same problem. The user
must use either the tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) or the output high state ({DDxn, PORTxn}
= 0b11) as an intermediate step.
Table 25 summarizes the control signals for the pin value.

Table 25. Port Pin Configurations

PUD
DDxn PORTxn (in SFIOR) I/O Pull-up Comment
0 0 X Input No Tri-state (Hi-Z)
Pxn will source current if ext. pulled
0 1 0 Input Yes low.
0 1 1 Input No Tri-state (Hi-Z)
1 0 X Output No Output Low (Sink)
1 1 X Output No Output High (Source)

Reading the Pin Value Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through the
PINxn Register bit. As shown in Figure 30, the PINxn Register bit and the preceding latch consti-
tute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin changes value near
the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a delay. Figure 31 shows a timing diagram of
the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin value. The maximum and minimum
propagation delays are denoted tpd,max and tpd,min respectively.

Figure 31. Synchronization when Reading an Externally Applied Pin Value

SYSTEM CLK

INSTRUCTIONS XXX XXX in r17, PINx

SYNC LATCH

PINxn

r17 0x00 0xFF

tpd, max

tpd, min

Consider the clock period starting shortly after the first falling edge of the system clock. The latch
is closed when the clock is low, and goes transparent when the clock is high, as indicated by the

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shaded region of the “SYNC LATCH” signal. The signal value is latched when the system clock
goes low. It is clocked into the PINxn Register at the succeeding positive clock edge. As indi-
cated by the two arrows tpd,max and tpd,min, a single signal transition on the pin will be delayed
between ½ and 1½ system clock period depending upon the time of assertion.
When reading back a software assigned pin value, a nop instruction must be inserted as indi-
cated in Figure 32. The out instruction sets the “SYNC LATCH” signal at the positive edge of the
clock. In this case, the delay tpd through the synchronizer is one system clock period.

Figure 32. Synchronization when Reading a Software Assigned Pin Value

SYSTEM CLK

r16 0xFF

INSTRUCTIONS out PORTx, r16 nop in r17, PINx

SYNC LATCH

PINxn

r17 0x00 0xFF

tpd

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The following code example shows how to set port B pins 0 and 1 high, 2 and 3 low, and define
the port pins from 4 to 7 as input with pull-ups assigned to port pins 6 and 7. The resulting pin
values are read back again, but as previously discussed, a nop instruction is included to be able
to read back the value recently assigned to some of the pins.
Assembly Code Example(1)
...
; Define pull-ups and set outputs high
; Define directions for port pins
ldi r16,(1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0)
ldi r17,(1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0)
out PORTB,r16
out DDRB,r17
; Insert nop for synchronization
nop
; Read port pins
in r16,PINB
...
C Code Example(1)
unsigned char i;
...
/* Define pull-ups and set outputs high */
/* Define directions for port pins */
PORTB = (1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0);
DDRB = (1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0);
/* Insert nop for synchronization*/
__no_operation();
/* Read port pins */
i = PINB;
...

Note: 1. For the assembly program, two temporary registers are used to minimize the time from pull-
ups are set on pins 0, 1, 6, and 7, until the direction bits are correctly set, defining bit 2 and 3
as low and redefining bits 0 and 1 as strong high drivers.

Digital Input Enable As shown in Figure 30, the digital input signal can be clamped to ground at the input of the
and Sleep Modes schmitt-trigger. The signal denoted SLEEP in the figure, is set by the MCU Sleep Controller in
Power-down mode, Power-save mode, Standby mode, and Extended Standby mode to avoid
high power consumption if some input signals are left floating, or have an analog signal level
close to VCC/2.
SLEEP is overridden for port pins enabled as External Interrupt pins. If the External Interrupt
Request is not enabled, SLEEP is active also for these pins. SLEEP is also overridden by vari-
ous other alternate functions as described in “Alternate Port Functions” on page 70.
If a logic high level (“one”) is present on an Asynchronous External Interrupt pin configured as
“Interrupt on Rising Edge, Falling Edge, or Any Logic Change on Pin” while the external interrupt
is not enabled, the corresponding External Interrupt Flag will be set when resuming from the
above mentioned sleep modes, as the clamping in these sleep modes produces the requested
logic change.

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Unconnected pins If some pins are unused, it is recommended to ensure that these pins have a defined level. Even
though most of the digital inputs are disabled in the deep sleep modes as described above, float-
ing inputs should be avoided to reduce current consumption in all other modes where the digital
inputs are enabled (Reset, Active mode and Idle mode).
The simplest method to ensure a defined level of an unused pin, is to enable the internal pull-up.
In this case, the pull-up will be disabled during reset. If low power consumption during reset is
important, it is recommended to use an external pull-up or pull-down. Connecting unused pins
directly to VCC or GND is not recommended, since this may cause excessive currents if the pin is
accidentally configured as an output.

Alternate Port Most port pins have alternate functions in addition to being general digital I/Os. Figure 33 shows
Functions how the port pin control signals from the simplified Figure 30 can be overridden by alternate
functions. The overriding signals may not be present in all port pins, but the figure serves as a
generic description applicable to all port pins in the AVR microcontroller family.

Figure 33. Alternate Port Functions(1)

PUOExn

PUOVxn
1

0
PUD

DDOExn

DDOVxn
1

0 Q D
DDxn

Q CLR

WDx
PVOExn
RESET
PVOVxn RDx

DATA BUS
1
Pxn
0 Q D
PORTxn

Q CLR
DIEOExn
WPx
DIEOVxn RESET
1
RRx
0 SLEEP

SYNCHRONIZER
RPx
SET
D Q D Q
PINxn

L CLR Q CLR Q

clk I/O

DIxn

AIOxn

PUOExn: Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE ENABLE PUD: PULLUP DISABLE

PUOVxn: Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE VALUE WDx: WRITE DDRx
DDOExn: Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE ENABLE RDx: READ DDRx
DDOVxn: Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE VALUE RRx: READ PORTx REGISTER
PVOExn: Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE ENABLE WPx: WRITE PORTx
PVOVxn: Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE VALUE RPx: READ PORTx PIN
DIEOExn: Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE ENABLE clkI/O: I/O CLOCK
DIEOVxn: Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE VALUE DIxn: DIGITAL INPUT PIN n ON PORTx
SLEEP: SLEEP CONTROL AIOxn: ANALOG INPUT/OUTPUT PIN n ON PORTx

Note: 1. WPx, WDx, RLx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clkI/O, SLEEP,
and PUD are common to all ports. All other signals are unique for each pin.

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Table 26 summarizes the function of the overriding signals. The pin and port indexes from Fig-
ure 33 are not shown in the succeeding tables. The overriding signals are generated internally in
the modules having the alternate function.

Table 26. Generic Description of Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions.

Signal
Name Full Name Description
PUOE Pull-up If this signal is set, the pull-up enable is controlled by the
Override Enable PUOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the pull-up is
enabled when {DDxn, PORTxn, PUD} = 0b010.
PUOV Pull-up If PUOE is set, the pull-up is enabled/disabled when
Override Value PUOV is set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the
DDxn, PORTxn, and PUD Register bits.
DDOE Data Direction If this signal is set, the Output Driver Enable is controlled
Override Enable by the DDOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Output
driver is enabled by the DDxn Register bit.
DDOV Data Direction If DDOE is set, the Output Driver is enabled/disabled
Override Value when DDOV is set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the
DDxn Register bit.
PVOE Port Value If this signal is set and the Output Driver is enabled, the
Override Enable port value is controlled by the PVOV signal. If PVOE is
cleared, and the Output Driver is enabled, the port Value
is controlled by the PORTxn Register bit.
PVOV Port Value If PVOE is set, the port value is set to PVOV, regardless of
Override Value the setting of the PORTxn Register bit.
DIEOE Digital Input If this bit is set, the Digital Input Enable is controlled by the
Enable Override DIEOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Digital Input
Enable Enable is determined by MCU-state (Normal mode, Sleep
modes).
DIEOV Digital Input If DIEOE is set, the Digital Input is enabled/disabled when
Enable Override DIEOV is set/cleared, regardless of the MCU state
Value (Normal mode, Sleep modes).
DI Digital Input This is the Digital Input to alternate functions. In the
figure, the signal is connected to the output of the schmitt
trigger but before the synchronizer. Unless the Digital
Input is used as a clock source, the module with the
alternate function will use its own synchronizer.
AIO Analog This is the Analog Input/output to/from alternate functions.
Input/output The signal is connected directly to the pad, and can be
used bi-directionally.

The following subsections shortly describes the alternate functions for each port, and relates the
overriding signals to the alternate function. Refer to the alternate function description for further
details.

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Special Function IO
Register – SFIOR Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
TSM – – – ACME PUD PSR0 PSR321 SFIOR
Read/Write R/W R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

• Bit 2 – PUD: Pull-up disable

When this bit is written to one, the pull-ups in the I/O ports are disabled even if the DDxn and
PORTxn Registers are configured to enable the pull-ups ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01). See “Con-
figuring the Pin” on page 66 for more details about this feature.

Alternate Functions of The Port A has an alternate function as the address low byte and data lines for the External
Port A Memory Interface.

Table 27. Port A Pins Alternate Functions

Port Pin Alternate Function
PA7 AD7 (External memory interface address and data bit 7)
PA6 AD6 (External memory interface address and data bit 6)
PA5 AD5 (External memory interface address and data bit 5)
PA4 AD4 (External memory interface address and data bit 4)
PA3 AD3 (External memory interface address and data bit 3)
PA2 AD2 (External memory interface address and data bit 2)
PA1 AD1 (External memory interface address and data bit 1)
PA0 AD0 (External memory interface address and data bit 0)

Table 28 and Table 29 relates the alternate functions of Port A to the overriding signals shown in
Figure 33 on page 70.

Table 28. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA7..PA4

Signal
Name PA7/AD7 PA6/AD6 PA5/AD5 PA4/AD4
PUOE SRE SRE SRE SRE
(1)
PUOV ~(WR | ADA ) • ~(WR | ADA) • ~(WR | ADA) • ~(WR | ADA) •
PORTA7 • PUD PORTA6 • PUD PORTA5 • PUD PORTA4 • PUD
DDOE SRE SRE SRE SRE
DDOV WR | ADA WR | ADA WR | ADA WR | ADA
PVOE SRE SRE SRE SRE
PVOV A7 • ADA | D7 A6 • ADA | D6 A5 • ADA | D5 A4 • ADA | D4
OUTPUT • WR OUTPUT • WR OUTPUT • WR OUTPUT • WR
DIEOE 0 0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI D7 INPUT D6 INPUT D5 INPUT D4 INPUT
AIO – – – –
Note: 1. ADA is short for ADdress Active and represents the time when address is output. See “Exter-
nal Memory Interface” on page 25 for details.

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Table 29. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA3..PA0

Signal
Name PA3/AD3 PA2/AD2 PA1/AD1 PA0/AD0
PUOE SRE SRE SRE SRE
PUOV ~(WR | ADA) • ~(WR | ADA) • ~(WR | ADA) • ~(WR | ADA) •
PORTA3 • PUD PORTA2 • PUD PORTA1 • PUD PORTA0 • PUD
DDOE SRE SRE SRE SRE
DDOV WR | ADA WR | ADA WR | ADA WR | ADA
PVOE SRE SRE SRE SRE
PVOV A3 • ADA | D3 A2• ADA | D2 A1 • ADA | D1 A0 • ADA | D0
OUTPUT • WR OUTPUT • WR OUTPUT • WR OUTPUT • WR
DIEOE 0 0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI D3 INPUT D2 INPUT D1 INPUT D0 INPUT
AIO – – – –

Alternate Functions of The Port B pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 30.
Port B
Table 30. Port B Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin Alternate Functions
OC2/OC1C(1) (Output Compare and PWM Output for Timer/Counter2 or Output
PB7
Compare and PWM Output C for Timer/Counter1)
PB6 OC1B (Output Compare and PWM Output B for Timer/Counter1)
PB5 OC1A (Output Compare and PWM Output A for Timer/Counter1)
PB4 OC0 (Output Compare and PWM Output for Timer/Counter0)
PB3 MISO (SPI Bus Master Input/Slave Output)
PB2 MOSI (SPI Bus Master Output/Slave Input)
PB1 SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock)
PB0 SS (SPI Slave Select input)
Note: 1. OC1C not applicable in ATmega103 compatibility mode.
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• OC2/OC1C, Bit 7
OC2, Output Compare Match output: The PB7 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter2 Output Compare. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDB7 set “one”) to
serve this function. The OC2 pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
OC1C, Output Compare Match C output: The PB7 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Output Compare C. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDB7 set (one))
to serve this function. The OC1C pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.

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• OC1B, Bit 6
OC1B, Output Compare Match B output: The PB6 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Output Compare B. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDB6 set (one))
to serve this function. The OC1B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
• OC1A, Bit 5
OC1A, Output Compare Match A output: The PB5 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Output Compare A. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDB5 set (one))
to serve this function. The OC1A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
• OC0, Bit 4
OC0, Output Compare Match output: The PB4 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter0 Output Compare. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDB4 set (one)) to
serve this function. The OC0 pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
• MISO – Port B, Bit 3
MISO: Master Data input, Slave Data output pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
master, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB3. When the SPI is
enabled as a slave, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB3. When the pin is forced to
be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB3 bit.
• MOSI – Port B, Bit 2
MOSI: SPI Master Data output, Slave Data input for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
slave, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB2. When the SPI is
enabled as a master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB2. When the pin is forced
to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB2 bit.
• SCK – Port B, Bit 1
SCK: Master Clock output, Slave Clock input pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
slave, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB1. When the SPI is
enabled as a master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB1. When the pin is forced
to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB1 bit.
• SS – Port B, Bit 0
SS: Slave Port Select input. When the SPI is enabled as a slave, this pin is configured as an
input regardless of the setting of DDB0. As a slave, the SPI is activated when this pin is driven
low. When the SPI is enabled as a master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB0.
When the pin is forced to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB0 bit.
Table 31 and Table 32 relate the alternate functions of Port B to the overriding signals shown in
Figure 33 on page 70. SPI MSTR INPUT and SPI SLAVE OUTPUT constitute the MISO signal,
while MOSI is divided into SPI MSTR OUTPUT and SPI SLAVE INPUT.

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Table 31. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB7..PB4

Signal Name PB7/OC2/OC1C PB6/OC1B PB5/OC1A PB4/OC0
PUOE 0 0 0 0
PUOV 0 0 0 0
DDOE 0 0 0 0
DDOV 0 0 0 0
(1)
PVOE OC2/OC1C ENABLE OC1B ENABLE OC1A ENABLE OC0 ENABLE
PVOV OC2/OC1C(1) OC1B OC1A OC0B
DIEOE 0 0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI – – – –
AIO – – – –
Note: 1. See “Output Compare Modulator (OCM1C2)” on page 160 for details. OC1C does not exist in
ATmega103 compatibility mode.

Table 32. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB3..PB0

Signal
Name PB3/MISO PB2/MOSI PB1/SCK PB0/SS
PUOE SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR
PUOV PORTB3 • PUD PORTB2 • PUD PORTB1 • PUD PORTB0 • PUD
DDOE SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR
DDOV 0 0 0 0
PVOE SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR 0
PVOV SPI SLAVE OUTPUT SPI MSTR OUTPUT SCK OUTPUT 0
DIEOE 0 0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI SPI MSTR INPUT SPI SLAVE INPUT SCK INPUT SPI SS
AIO – – – –

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Alternate Functions of In ATmega103 compatibility mode, Port C is output only. The ATmega128 is by default shipped
Port C in compatibility mode. Thus, if the parts are not programmed before they are put on the PCB,
PORTC will be output during first power up, and until the ATmega103 compatibility mode is dis-
abled. The Port C has an alternate function as the address high byte for the External Memory
Interface.

Table 33. Port C Pins Alternate Functions

Port Pin Alternate Function
PC7 A15
PC6 A14
PC5 A13
PC4 A12
PC3 A11
PC2 A10
PC1 A9
PC0 A8

Table 34 and Table 35 relate the alternate functions of Port C to the overriding signals shown in
Figure 33 on page 70.

Table 34. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PC7..PC4

Signal
Name PC7/A15 PC6/A14 PC5/A13 PC4/A12
(1)
PUOE SRE • (XMM <1) SRE • (XMM<2) SRE • (XMM<3) SRE • (XMM<4)
PUOV 0 0 0 0
DDOE SRE • (XMM<1) SRE • (XMM<2) SRE • (XMM<3) SRE • (XMM<4)
DDOV 1 1 1 1
PVOE SRE • (XMM<1) SRE • (XMM<2) SRE • (XMM<3) SRE • (XMM<4)
PVOV A15 A14 A13 A12
DIEOE 0 0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI – – – –
AIO – – – –
Note: 1. XMM = 0 in ATmega103 compatibility mode.

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Table 35. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PC3..PC0(1)

Signal
Name PC3/A11 PC2/A10 PC1/A9 PC0/A8
PUOE SRE • (XMM<5) SRE • (XMM<6) SRE • (XMM<7) SRE • (XMM<7)
PUOV 0 0 0 0
DDOE SRE • (XMM<5) SRE • (XMM<6) SRE • (XMM<7) SRE • (XMM<7)
DDOV 1 1 1 1
PVOE SRE • (XMM<5) SRE • (XMM<6) SRE • (XMM<7) SRE • (XMM<7)
PVOV A11 A10 A9 A8
DIEOE 0 0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI – – – –
AIO – – – –
Note: 1. XMM = 0 in ATmega103 compatibility mode.

Alternate Functions of The Port D pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 36.
Port D
Table 36. Port D Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin Alternate Function
PD7 T2 (Timer/Counter2 Clock Input)
PD6 T1 (Timer/Counter1 Clock Input)
PD5 XCK1(1) (USART1 External Clock Input/Output)
PD4 ICP1 (Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin)
PD3 INT3/TXD1(1) (External Interrupt3 Input or UART1 Transmit Pin)
PD2 INT2/RXD1(1) (External Interrupt2 Input or UART1 Receive Pin)
PD1 INT1/SDA(1) (External Interrupt1 Input or TWI Serial DAta)
PD0 INT0/SCL(1) (External Interrupt0 Input or TWI Serial CLock)
Note: 1. XCK1, TXD1, RXD1, SDA, and SCL not applicable in ATmega103 compatibility mode.
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• T2 – Port D, Bit 7
T2, Timer/Counter2 counter source.
• T1 – Port D, Bit 6
T1, Timer/Counter1 counter source.
• XCK1 – Port D, Bit 5
XCK1, USART1 External clock. The Data Direction Register (DDD4) controls whether the clock
is output (DDD4 set) or input (DDD4 cleared). The XCK1 pin is active only when the USART1
operates in Synchronous mode.

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• ICP1 – Port D, Bit 4

ICP1 – Input Capture Pin1: The PD4 pin can act as an Input Capture Pin for Timer/Counter1.
• INT3/TXD1 – Port D, Bit 3
INT3, External Interrupt source 3: The PD3 pin can serve as an external interrupt source to the
MCU.
TXD1, Transmit Data (Data output pin for the USART1). When the USART1 Transmitter is
enabled, this pin is configured as an output regardless of the value of DDD3.
• INT2/RXD1 – Port D, Bit 2
INT2, External Interrupt source 2. The PD2 pin can serve as an External Interrupt source to the
MCU.
RXD1, Receive Data (Data input pin for the USART1). When the USART1 receiver is enabled
this pin is configured as an input regardless of the value of DDD2. When the USART forces this
pin to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTD2 bit.
• INT1/SDA – Port D, Bit 1
INT1, External Interrupt source 1. The PD1 pin can serve as an external interrupt source to the
MCU.
SDA, Two-wire Serial Interface Data: When the TWEN bit in TWCR is set (one) to enable the
Two-wire Serial Interface, pin PD1 is disconnected from the port and becomes the Serial Data
I/O pin for the Two-wire Serial Interface. In this mode, there is a spike filter on the pin to sup-
press spikes shorter than 50 ns on the input signal, and the pin is driven by an open drain driver
with slew-rate limitation.
• INT0/SCL – Port D, Bit 0
INT0, External Interrupt source 0. The PD0 pin can serve as an external interrupt source to the
MCU.
SCL, Two-wire Serial Interface Clock: When the TWEN bit in TWCR is set (one) to enable the
Two-wire Serial Interface, pin PD0 is disconnected from the port and becomes the Serial Clock
I/O pin for the Two-wire Serial Interface. In this mode, there is a spike filter on the pin to sup-
press spikes shorter than 50ns on the input signal, and the pin is driven by an open drain driver
with slew-rate limitation.
Table 37 and Table 38 relates the alternate functions of Port D to the overriding signals shown in
Figure 33 on page 70.

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Table 37. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions PD7..PD4

Signal Name PD7/T2 PD6/T1 PD5/XCK1 PD4/ICP1
PUOE 0 0 0 0
PUOV 0 0 0 0
DDOE 0 0 0 0
DDOV 0 0 0 0
PVOE 0 0 UMSEL1 0
PVOV 0 0 XCK1 OUTPUT 0
DIEOE 0 0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI T2 INPUT T1 INPUT XCK1 INPUT ICP1 INPUT
AIO – – – –

Table 38. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PD3..PD0(1)

Signal Name PD3/INT3/TXD1 PD2/INT2/RXD1 PD1/INT1/SDA PD0/INT0/SCL
PUOE TXEN1 RXEN1 TWEN TWEN
PUOV 0 PORTD2 • PUD PORTD1 • PUD PORTD0 • PUD
DDOE TXEN1 RXEN1 TWEN TWEN
DDOV 1 0 SDA_OUT SCL_OUT
PVOE TXEN1 0 TWEN TWEN
PVOV TXD1 0 0 0
DIEOE INT3 ENABLE INT2 ENABLE INT1 ENABLE INT0 ENABLE
DIEOV 1 1 1 1
DI INT3 INPUT INT2 INPUT/RXD1 INT1 INPUT INT0 INPUT
AIO – – SDA INPUT SCL INPUT
Note: 1. When enabled, the Two-wire Serial Interface enables Slew-Rate controls on the output pins
PD0 and PD1. This is not shown in this table. In addition, spike filters are connected between
the AIO outputs shown in the port figure and the digital logic of the TWI module.

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Alternate Functions of The Port E pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 39.
Port E
Table 39. Port E Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin Alternate Function
PE7 INT7/ICP3(1) (External Interrupt 7 Input or Timer/Counter3 Input Capture Pin)
PE6 INT6/ T3(1) (External Interrupt 6 Input or Timer/Counter3 Clock Input)
INT5/OC3C(1) (External Interrupt 5 Input or Output Compare and PWM Output C
PE5
for Timer/Counter3)
INT4/OC3B(1) (External Interrupt4 Input or Output Compare and PWM Output B for
PE4
Timer/Counter3)
AIN1/OC3A (1) (Analog Comparator Negative Input or Output Compare and PWM
PE3
Output A for Timer/Counter3)
AIN0/XCK0(1) (Analog Comparator Positive Input or USART0 external clock
PE2
input/output)
PE1 PDO/TXD0 (Programming Data Output or UART0 Transmit Pin)
PE0 PDI/RXD0 (Programming Data Input or UART0 Receive Pin)
Note: 1. ICP3, T3, OC3C, OC3B, OC3B, OC3A, and XCK0 not applicable in ATmega103 compatibility
mode.
• INT7/ICP3 – Port E, Bit 7
INT7, External Interrupt source 7: The PE7 pin can serve as an external interrupt source.
ICP3 – Input Capture Pin3: The PE7 pin can act as an Input Capture Pin for Timer/Counter3.
• INT6/T3 – Port E, Bit 6
INT6, External Interrupt source 6: The PE6 pin can serve as an external interrupt source.
T3, Timer/Counter3 counter source.
• INT5/OC3C – Port E, Bit 5
INT5, External Interrupt source 5: The PE5 pin can serve as an External Interrupt source.
OC3C, Output Compare Match C output: The PE5 pin can serve as an External output for the
Timer/Counter3 Output Compare C. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDE5 set “one”)
to serve this function. The OC3C pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
• INT4/OC3B – Port E, Bit 4
INT4, External Interrupt source 4: The PE4 pin can serve as an External Interrupt source.
OC3B, Output Compare Match B output: The PE4 pin can serve as an External output for the
Timer/Counter3 Output Compare B. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDE4 set (one))
to serve this function. The OC3B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
• AIN1/OC3A – Port E, Bit 3
AIN1 – Analog Comparator Negative input. This pin is directly connected to the negative input of
the Analog Comparator.
OC3A, Output Compare Match A output: The PE3 pin can serve as an External output for the
Timer/Counter3 Output Compare A. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDE3 set “one”)
to serve this function. The OC3A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
• AIN0/XCK0 – Port E, Bit 2
AIN0 – Analog Comparator Positive input. This pin is directly connected to the positive input of
the Analog Comparator.

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XCK0, USART0 External clock. The Data Direction Register (DDE2) controls whether the clock
is output (DDE2 set) or input (DDE2 cleared). The XCK0 pin is active only when the USART0
operates in Synchronous mode.
• PDO/TXD0 – Port E, Bit 1
PDO, SPI Serial Programming Data Output. During Serial Program Downloading, this pin is
used as data output line for the ATmega128.
TXD0, UART0 Transmit pin.
• PDI/RXD0 – Port E, Bit 0
PDI, SPI Serial Programming Data Input. During Serial Program Downloading, this pin is used
as data input line for the ATmega128.
RXD0, USART0 Receive Pin. Receive Data (Data input pin for the USART0). When the
USART0 receiver is enabled this pin is configured as an input regardless of the value of DDRE0.
When the USART0 forces this pin to be an input, a logical one in PORTE0 will turn on the inter-
nal pull-up.
Table 40 and Table 41 relates the alternate functions of Port E to the overriding signals shown in
Figure 33 on page 70.

Table 40. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions PE7..PE4

Signal
Name PE7/INT7/ICP3 PE6/INT6/T3 PE5/INT5/OC3C PE4/INT4/OC3B
PUOE 0 0 0 0
PUOV 0 0 0 0
DDOE 0 0 0 0
DDOV 0 0 0 0
PVOE 0 0 OC3C ENABLE OC3B ENABLE
PVOV 0 0 OC3C OC3B
DIEOE INT7 ENABLE INT6 ENABLE INT5 ENABLE INT4 ENABLE
DIEOV 1 1 1 1
DI INT7 INPUT/ICP3 INT7 INPUT/T3 INT5 INPUT INT4 INPUT
INPUT INPUT
AIO – – – –

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Table 41. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PE3..PE0

Signal Name PE3/AIN1/OC3A PE2/AIN0/XCK0 PE1/PDO/TXD0 PE0/PDI/RXD0
PUOE 0 0 TXEN0 RXEN0
PUOV 0 0 0 PORTE0 • PUD
DDOE 0 0 TXEN0 RXEN0
DDOV 0 0 1 0
PVOE OC3B ENABLE UMSEL0 TXEN0 0
PVOV OC3B XCK0 OUTPUT TXD0 0
DIEOE 0 0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI 0 XCK0 INPUT – RXD0
AIO AIN1 INPUT AIN0 INPUT – –

Alternate Functions of The Port F has an alternate function as analog input for the ADC as shown in Table 42. If some
Port F Port F pins are configured as outputs, it is essential that these do not switch when a conversion
is in progress. This might corrupt the result of the conversion. In ATmega103 compatibility mode
Port F is input only. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PF7(TDI),
PF5(TMS), and PF4(TCK) will be activated even if a Reset occurs.

Table 42. Port F Pins Alternate Functions

Port Pin Alternate Function
PF7 ADC7/TDI (ADC input channel 7 or JTAG Test Data Input)
PF6 ADC6/TDO (ADC input channel 6 or JTAG Test Data Output)
PF5 ADC5/TMS (ADC input channel 5 or JTAG Test Mode Select)
PF4 ADC4/TCK (ADC input channel 4 or JTAG Test ClocK)
PF3 ADC3 (ADC input channel 3)
PF2 ADC2 (ADC input channel 2)
PF1 ADC1 (ADC input channel 1)
PF0 ADC0 (ADC input channel 0)

• TDI, ADC7 – Port F, Bit 7

ADC7, Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 7.
TDI, JTAG Test Data In: Serial input data to be shifted in to the Instruction Register or Data Reg-
ister (scan chains). When the JTAG interface is enabled, this pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
• TDO, ADC6 – Port F, Bit 6
ADC6, Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 6.
TDO, JTAG Test Data Out: Serial output data from Instruction Register or Data Register. When
the JTAG interface is enabled, this pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
The TDO pin is tri-stated unless TAP states that shift out data are entered.
• TMS, ADC5 – Port F, Bit 5
ADC5, Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 5.

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TMS, JTAG Test Mode Select: This pin is used for navigating through the TAP-controller state
machine. When the JTAG interface is enabled, this pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
• TCK, ADC4 – Port F, Bit 4
ADC4, Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 4.
TCK, JTAG Test Clock: JTAG operation is synchronous to TCK. When the JTAG interface is
enabled, this pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
• ADC3 – ADC0 – Port F, Bit 3..0
Analog to Digital Converter, Channel 3..0.

Table 43. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PF7..PF4

Signal
Name PF7/ADC7/TDI PF6/ADC6/TDO PF5/ADC5/TMS PF4/ADC4/TCK
PUOE JTAGEN JTAGEN JTAGEN JTAGEN
PUOV 1 0 1 1
DDOE JTAGEN JTAGEN JTAGEN JTAGEN
DDOV 0 SHIFT_IR + 0 0
SHIFT_DR
PVOE 0 JTAGEN 0 0
PVOV 0 TDO 0 0
DIEOE JTAGEN JTAGEN JTAGEN JTAGEN
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI – – – –
AIO TDI/ADC7 INPUT ADC6 INPUT TMS/ADC5 TCK/ADC4
INPUT INPUT

Table 44. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PF3..PF0

Signal Name PF3/ADC3 PF2/ADC2 PF1/ADC1 PF0/ADC0
PUOE 0 0 0 0
PUOV 0 0 0 0
DDOE 0 0 0 0
DDOV 0 0 0 0
PVOE 0 0 0 0
PVOV 0 0 0 0
DIEOE 0 0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI – – – –
AIO ADC3 INPUT ADC2 INPUT ADC1 INPUT ADC0 INPUT

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Alternate Functions of In Atmel® AVR®ATmega103 compatibility mode, only the alternate functions are the defaults for
Port G Port G, and Port G cannot be used as General Digital Port Pins. The alternate pin configuration
is as follows:

Table 45. Port G Pins Alternate Functions

Port Pin Alternate Function
PG4 TOSC1 (RTC Oscillator Timer/Counter0)
PG3 TOSC2 (RTC Oscillator Timer/Counter0)
PG2 ALE (Address Latch Enable to external memory)
PG1 RD (Read strobe to external memory)
PG0 WR (Write strobe to external memory)

• TOSC1 – Port G, Bit 4

TOSC1, Timer Oscillator pin 1: When the AS0 bit in ASSR is set (one) to enable asynchronous
clocking of Timer/Counter0, pin PG4 is disconnected from the port, and becomes the input of the
inverting Oscillator amplifier. In this mode, a Crystal Oscillator is connected to this pin, and the
pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
• TOSC2 – Port G, Bit 3
TOSC2, Timer Oscillator pin 2: When the AS0 bit in ASSR is set (one) to enable asynchronous
clocking of Timer/Counter0, pin PG3 is disconnected from the port, and becomes the inverting
output of the Oscillator amplifier. In this mode, a Crystal Oscillator is connected to this pin, and
the pin can not be used as an I/O pin.
• ALE – Port G, Bit 2
ALE is the external data memory Address Latch Enable signal.
• RD – Port G, Bit 1
RD is the external data memory read control strobe.
• WR – Port G, Bit 0
WR is the external data memory write control strobe.
Table 46 and Table 47 relates the alternate functions of Port G to the overriding signals shown in
Figure 33 on page 70.

Table 46. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PG4..PG1

Signal Name PG4/TOSC1 PG3/TOSC2 PG2/ALE PG1/RD
PUOE AS0 AS0 SRE SRE
PUOV 0 0 0 0
DDOE AS0 AS0 SRE SRE
DDOV 0 0 1 1
PVOE 0 0 SRE SRE
PVOV 0 0 ALE RD
DIEOE AS0 AS0 0 0
DIEOV 0 0 0 0
DI – – – –
AIO T/C0 OSC INPUT T/C0 OSC OUTPUT – –

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Table 47. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PG0

Signal Name PG0/WR
PUOE SRE
PUOV 0
DDOE SRE
DDOV 1
PVOE SRE
PVOV WR
DIEOE 0
DIEOV 0
DI –
AIO –

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Register
Description for I/O
Ports

Port A Data Register –

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PORTA
PORTA7 PORTA6 PORTA5 PORTA4 PORTA3 PORTA2 PORTA1 PORTA0 PORTA
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port A Data Direction

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Register – DDRA
DDA7 DDA6 DDA5 DDA4 DDA3 DDA2 DDA1 DDA0 DDRA
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port A Input Pins

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Address – PINA
PINA7 PINA6 PINA5 PINA4 PINA3 PINA2 PINA1 PINA0 PINA
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Port B Data Register –

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PORTB
PORTB7 PORTB6 PORTB5 PORTB4 PORTB3 PORTB2 PORTB1 PORTB0 PORTB
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port B Data Direction

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Register – DDRB
DDB7 DDB6 DDB5 DDB4 DDB3 DDB2 DDB1 DDB0 DDRB
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port B Input Pins

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Address – PINB
PINB7 PINB6 PINB5 PINB4 PINB3 PINB2 PINB1 PINB0 PINB
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Port C Data Register –

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PORTC
PORTC7 PORTC6 PORTC5 PORTC4 PORTC3 PORTC2 PORTC1 PORTC0 PORTC
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port C Data Direction

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Register – DDRC
DDC7 DDC6 DDC5 DDC4 DDC3 DDC2 DDC1 DDC0 DDRC
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Port C Input Pins

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Address – PINC
PINC7 PINC6 PINC5 PINC4 PINC3 PINC2 PINC1 PINC0 PINC
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

In Atmel® AVR®ATmega103 compatibility mode, DDRC and PINC Registers are initialized to
being Push-Pull Zero Output. The port pins assumes their initial value, even if the clock is not
running. Note that the DDRC and PINC Registers are available in ATmega103 compatibility
mode, and should not be used for 100% back-ward compatibility.

Port D Data Register –

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PORTD
PORTD7 PORTD6 PORTD5 PORTD4 PORTD3 PORTD2 PORTD1 PORTD0 PORTD
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port D Data Direction

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Register – DDRD
DDD7 DDD6 DDD5 DDD4 DDD3 DDD2 DDD1 DDD0 DDRD
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port D Input Pins

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Address – PIND
PIND7 PIND6 PIND5 PIND4 PIND3 PIND2 PIND1 PIND0 PIND
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Port E Data Register –

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PORTE
PORTE7 PORTE6 PORTE5 PORTE4 PORTE3 PORTE2 PORTE1 PORTE0 PORTE
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port E Data Direction

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Register – DDRE
DDE7 DDE6 DDE5 DDE4 DDE3 DDE2 DDE1 DDE0 DDRE
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port E Input Pins

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Address – PINE
PINE7 PINE6 PINE5 PINE4 PINE3 PINE2 PINE1 PINE0 PINF
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Port F Data Register –

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PORTF
PORTF7 PORTF6 PORTF5 PORTF4 PORTF3 PORTF2 PORTF1 PORTF0 PORTF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Port F Data Direction

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Register – DDRF
DDF7 DDF6 DDF5 DDF4 DDF3 DDF2 DDF1 DDF0 DDRF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port F Input Pins

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Address – PINF
PINF7 PINF6 PINF5 PINF4 PINF3 PINF2 PINF1 PINF0 PINF
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Note that PORTF and DDRF Registers are not available in Atmel® AVR®ATmega103 compatibil-
ity mode where Port F serves as digital input only.

Port G Data Register –

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PORTG
– – – PORTG4 PORTG3 PORTG2 PORTG1 PORTG0 PORTG
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port G Data Direction

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Register – DDRG
– – – DDG4 DDG3 DDG2 DDG1 DDG0 DDRG
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Port G Input Pins

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Address – PING
– – – PING4 PING3 PING2 PING1 PING0 PING
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Note that PORTG, DDRG, and PING are not available in ATmega103 compatibility mode. In the
ATmega103 compatibility mode Port G serves its alternate functions only (TOSC1, TOSC2, WR,
RD and ALE).

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