learning style description

Visual seeing and reading

Auditory listening and speaking
Kinesthetic touching and doing

The Number/Rhyme Mnemonic

Remembering ordered lists

1=Bun

© iStockphoto/OlegSam

The Number/Rhyme technique is a very simple way of remembering lists in order.

It is an example of a peg system using – a system where information is 'pegged' to a known sequence (here
the numbers one to ten) to create pegwords. By doing this you ensure that you do not forget any facts, as
gaps in information are immediately obvious. It also makes remembering images easier as you always know
part of the mnemonic images.

At a simple level you can use it to remember things such as a list of English Kings or American Presidents
in their precise order. At a more advanced level it can be used, for example, to code lists of experiments to
be recalled in a science exam.

How to Use the Tool:

The technique works by helping you to build up pictures in your mind, in which you represent numbers by
things that rhyme with the number. You can then link these pictures to images of the things to be
remembered.

The usual rhyming scheme is:

1. Bun
2. Shoe
3. Tree
4. Paw
5. Hive
6. Bricks
 7. Heaven
8. Gate
9. Line
10. Hen

If you find that these images do not attract you or stick in your mind, then change them for something more
meaningful.

Link these images to ones representing the things to be remembered. Often, the sillier the compound image,
the more effectively you will remember it – see the introduction to this chapter to see how you can improve
the image to help it stay clearly in your mind.

Example:
For example, you could remember a list of ten Greek philosophers as:

1. Parmenides – a BUN topped with grated yellow PARMEsan cheese.

2. Heraclitus – a SHOE worn by HERACLes (Greek Hercules) glowing with a bright LIghT.
3. Empedocles – a TREE from which the M-shaped McDonalds arches hang hooking up a bicycle
PEDal.
4. Democritus – a PAW print on the voting form of a DEMOCRaTic election.
5. Protagoras – a bee HIVE being hit by an atomic PROTon.
6. Socrates – BRICKS falling onto a SOCk (with a foot inside!) from a
CRATe.
7. Plato – a plate with angel's wings flapping around a white cloud.
8. Aristotle – a GATE being jumped by a bewigged French ARISTOcrat carrying a botTLE.
9. Zeno – a LINE of ZEN Buddhists meditating.
10. Epicurus – a flying HEN carrying an EPIdemic's CURe.

Try either visualizing these images as suggested, or if you do not like them, come up with images of your
own. Once you have done this, try writing down the names of the philosophers on a piece of paper. You
should be able to do this by thinking of the number, then the part of the image associated with the number,
and then the whole image. Finally you can decode the image to give you the name of the philosopher.

If the mnemonic has worked, you should not only recall the names of all the philosophers in the correct
order, but should also be able to spot where you have left them out of the sequence. Try it – it's easier than it
sounds.

You can use a peg system like this as a basis for knowledge in an entire area. The example above could form
the basis for knowledge of ancient philosophy. You could now associate images representing the projects,
systems and theories of each philosopher with the images coding the philosophers' names.

Using the Tools:

Remembering lists are what many mnemonics are for. You can code almost any information into these
mnemonic lists. All that you need is the imagination to come up with the relevant associations.

To memorize short lists, use:

 The Link or Story Methods

 The Number/Rhyme System, or
 The Number/Shape Method
To remember intermediate and longer lists, use:

 The Alphabet Technique, or

 The Journey Technique

As with lists, using mnemonic systems, remembering numbers becomes extremely simple. There are a
number of approaches, depending on the types of numbers being remembered:

1. Short numbers

The easiest, but least reliable, way of remembering numbers is to use simple Number/Rhyme images
associated in a story.

A better way is to use a simple peg system, where, for example, you can associate digits from the
Number/Rhyme System into positions organized with the Alphabet System.

2. Long numbers (e.g. Pi)

You can store long numbers most effectively with the Journey System. At a simple level, single numbers
can be stored at each stop on the journey using Number/Rhyme or Number/Shape images. At a more
advanced level you can increase the number of digits stored at each stop by using the Major System.

By using all the simple techniques together you should be able to store a 100 digit number with relatively
little effort. Using the more powerful systems, holding it to 1000 digits might not be too much of a
challenge.

3. Telephone Numbers

These can be remembered simply by associating numbers from the Number/Rhyme system with positions in
either the Alphabet Technique or the Journey System. You can then associate these with the face or name of
the person whose number you are remembering.

For example, to remember that someone's phone number is 735-3458, I can imagine myself traveling to their
flat: with my destination firmly in mind, I envisage the following stops on my journey:

1. Front door: the door has sprouted angel's wings, and is flying up to heaven! (7)
2. Rose bush: a small sapling (tree, 3) is growing its way through the middle of the bush.
3. Car: some bees have started to build a hive (5) under the wheel of my car. I have to move it very
carefully to avoid damaging it.
4. End of road: a tree (3) has fallen into the road. I have to drive around it.
5. Past garage: Someone has nailed a door (4) to the sign. Strange!
6. Under railway bridge: the bees are building another hive (5) between the girders!
7. Beside the river: A rusty farm gate (8) is blocking the road.

HOW TO REMEMBER THINGS

Introduction

There is a myth that some people have fantastic memories and some cannnot remember anything. In fact,
our memories are probably much more similar in capacity and operation than we think.

We tend to remember things that interest us or are made memorable in some way. So some men can
remember football scores going back years but not their wedding aniversary which occurs each year,
because they are more engaged with their sport than their marriage. We are more likely too to remember
things that are amusing or silly or vivid.
For all of us, remembering things is usually a matter of technique - but most of us only use a few of the
many techniques available. This short essay offers a variety of ideas, varying in usage and complexity. Give
them a try and use what works for you.

How to remember names

Try this five-stage sequential technique:

Listen: when you are first introduced to someone, really listen to their name rather than thinking about
what to say. If the name is not offered, ask for it politely.
Respond: immediately use the name in a suitable response, such as "It's really good to meet you, Jack" or
"I'm so glad that you could visit, Jane".
Visualise: try to link a visual cue of that person with their name in image which is vivid and memorable.
Maybe the name Jack reminds you of a lumberjack and you picture him in a Canadian forest; Jane rhymes
with pane, so you might picture seeing her through a pane of glass.
Repeat: as you leave the gathering, say farewell to people using their names and recalling the cues. "It
was good to meet you, Roger" (maybe you picture a Jolly Roger pirate flag) or "Let's do lunch, Helen" (you
imagine her face launching ships).
Rehearse: as you sit at a dinner party or at a business meeting, mentally go around reminding yourself of
each person's name and visual cue; if you are going to a meeting or other event, where you expect to come
across some people you know, on the way there, think about who you might expect to see and bring to your
mind the name and cue.

How to remember numbers

For short numbers, like a PIN number, try to play with the component numbers mentally and create some
kind of memorable link between them or 'picture' of them. Just as an illustration of what I mean, take the
easy case of 1230 which could be remembered as 'lunchtime' or of 4007 which could thought of as
'collecting money for James Bond'. Get the general idea?

For longer numbers, the best method is called 'chunking'. You break up the number into smaller and more
memorizable chunks. For example, remembering the number 472627607 is easier if one remembers it as 472
627 607 or as 47 26 27 607. Play with the original number and see which chunks best help you to remember
it.

How to remember meeting details

You should have a 'Future meetings' file - it can be a hanging file, a cardboard wallet or a plastic folder
(whatever suits you). Then, as you fix each meeting or other event that you will be attending, put all the
information - agenda, papers, time, location, travel arrangements - in the correct chronological position in
the file. If between fixing the meeting and the event itself, you see an article that is relevant or have a idea
that you might want to raise, cut out the article or make a note of the idea and add this to the other
information on the meeting. Everything for the same meeting or event should be held together with a
suitable clip.

How to remember times

If you think you might forget when you need to leave home for a meeting or when you should leave one
meeting to go to another, the only sure way to remember the time is to set an alarm. But these days we have
many possible devices to provide an alarm: an alarm clock, a mobile, a PDA, a lap top, and so on. You
should always have a device with you that incorporates an alarm.

How to remember birthdays & anniversaries

One way is to note each date in the new pocket diary or on the new kitchen wall calendar. A better way -
when you only have to make a note once - is to put each date in a computer system, preferably a personal
digital assistant (so that it is always with you), and to set the system so that it reminds you of each date a set
period (say a week) beforehand.

How to use physical systems

Putting things down on paper has two benefits: the very act of writing them down makes you more likely to
remember them and, since they are on paper, you can easily go back and consult them.

So, when you attend a lecture or a meeting, constantly take notes in a decent-sized notebook that you have
with you all the time you are studying or working. Use card index systems to file things that lend themselves
to alphabetisation, such as the addresses of friends or the titles of books, films or music.

How to use electronic systems

These days many people use electronic devices to record and retrieve information - usually a computer
which might be a desktop, a laptop or a handheld. Mobile devices - such as a personal digital assistant
(PDA) or a mobile phone - are especially useful because they can be with you always. The two can be
synchronised such as having a PDA which can be backed up onto a PC. Always remember to back up
everything at periodic intervals.

How to use lists

You can't beat the good old list for remembering things - things to do, things to buy, people to contact. As
well as ensuring that you remember things, there is great satisfaction in ticking items on the list as each item
is completed. But, if you make a list, make sure you have it when and where you need it; not like my wife
who usually leaves her shopping list on the kitchen table when she goes to the supermarket.

How to use pictures and patterns

Remember the old saying: "A picture is worth a thousand words". There's a lot of truth in this. if you can
turn the information to be remembered into some kind of picture or pattern or diagram, you are much more
likely to remember it. A well-established example of this is 'mind mapping' (for more information click
here). Many memory systems - included some described here - are based on pictures or images which you
create.

How to use key letters

One of the simplest techniques to aid memory is to look for key letters that will help you to recall things. For
instance, when I struggle to remember whether 'pazhalsta' or 'spaseeba' is 'please' or 'thank you'- the first two
words I learned in Russian - I remember that 'pazhalsta' = 'please'. So 'spaseeba' must be 'thank you'. Or,
when trying to remember 'left' and 'right' in Czech, I recall 'levý' = 'left' and 'pravý' = 'right'.

How to use acronyms

If you have a set of things to remember - especially if the order is not relevant or important - try making up
an acronym from the intitial letters of the items in the list. One example comes from learning how to shoot a
rifle: 'breath, relax, aim, sight, squeeze' becomes BRASS. For another example where order is not important,
consider the items ' nuts, apples, bananas, carrots,oranges' which could be re-arranged to 'bananas, apples,
carrots, oranges, nuts' and remembered with the acronym BACON.

How to use mnemonics

Mnemonics are where the initial letters of a memorable sentence stand for the intitial letters of pieces of
information in a particular order. For instance, British schoolchildren learn the order of the colours in the
rainbow with the mnemonic: "Richard of York gained battles in vain" (red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo, violet). Since this is a reference to English history, it can't work in the United States where the same
information on colour order is remembered from the fictional name "Roy G. Biv".

Lots of other classroom information can be encoded in mnemonics, such as remembering the order of the
British royal houses with "No Plan Like Yours To Study History Well" (Norman, Plantagenet, Lancastrian,
York, Tudor, Stuart, Hanoverian, Windsor), the order of the planets from the sun with "My Very Excellent
Method: Just Say You Know Planets" (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune,
Pluto) or the order of operations in mathematics with "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (parentheses,
exponents, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction).

Working with this technique, one can personally construct all sorts of mnemonics to remember all sorts of
things. Indeed the more personal - and the funnier - the more memorable.

British author Judy Parkinson has collated a a wonderful collection of such mnemonics (and other memory
aids) in her book "i before e (except after c".

Link: "i before e (except after c): old school ways to remember stuff" click here

How to use rhymes

Rhymes are often used very effectively to teach children how to remember basic information, but frequently
these rhymes are remembered in adulthood and still prove useful.

For instance, a short one is "In fourteen hundred and ninety two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue". Another
one - used to assist English spelling - is "'i' before 'e' except after 'c'".

A long one is: "Thirty days have September, April, June, and November; All the rest have thirty-one,
Excepting February alone, Which has but twenty-eight days clear, And twenty-nine on each leap year."
[Note: In many non-English-speaking countries, this information is remembered by using the knuckles and
spaces between them - for illustration click here.]

Working with this technique, one can personally construct little rhymes to remember or reinforce
information, such as "When in doubt, leave it out" or "Don't be a clown, write it down".

Link: Rebus Rhymes click here

How to use the link system

The link or linking or chaining system is used for remembering a list of random thinks in the exact order in
which you wish to recall them. The essence of the system is to create a mental picture of the two adjacent
items in the list that links them memorably. This is most likely if the picture or image is vivid and unusual
and incorprates genuine interaction.

In an example given by Darren Brown in his book "Tricks Of The Mind", the first three items are:
telephone, sausage, monkey. His first picture is of someone trying to dial an old-fashioned phone by using a
flaccid sausage; his second picture is of sausage being cooked over a barbecue by a monkey in the jungle;
his third picture is of a trained monkey doing up the buttons on your shirt. You get the idea ...

One way of using the linking system is when giving a speech when you don't want to be seen using notes.
You turn each of the main points in the speech into a vivid image and then create pictures of adjacent images
interacting.
For instance, maybe you're making a speech at a wedding reception. The first three elements of your speech
is a joke about the groom when you were in a pub together, next a story about how he met the bride at a
party, and then some remarks about the bride's father. The first picture might be the groom drinking a pint of
bitter. The next picture might be the groom needing the toilet and his bitterness that the mens' toilet is out of
use, so he is forced to go to the womens' toilet only to find that, behind the door, a fantastic party is in full
swing with his bride being sick from too much alcohol. The third picture might be the bride as a baby being
sick over the shoulder of her father as he cradles her. Remember the images are supposed to be vivid and
interact.

How to use the loci system

A weakness of the linking system is that, if you forget one link in the chain, you're stuck. The loci system -
which does not have this problem - works by attaching images to places along a familiar real-life route that
you know well. It is sometimes called the Memory Room or Roman Room.

For instance, the route might be your walk from the bus stop to your home and the places on the route could
be a shop, a pub, a zebra crossing, a church, a particularly large tree, a post box, traffic lights. Another route
might be the rooms in your home in the order you would take if you entered the house when it was dark and
went through all the rooms drawing the curtains and switching on the lights. Of course, if you combined
both these routes, you could have system with up to 20 loci.

The second stage of the loci system is mentally to place the items to be remembered in one locum after
another in the order in which you wish to remember them and construct a memorable - perhaps a funny or
silly - image. For example, let's take the three items we used in the case of the linking system: telephone,
sausage, monkey. You might picture a telephone in a shop where it can be used by customers, then a picture
of a silly sausage getting drunk in the pub, next a monkey crossing a zebra crossing. You get the idea.

If you find the loci system useful, it can be expanded almost infinitely, depending on how much practice you
are prepared to give the system. So, for instance, you could dramatically explain the number of rooms by
imagining a palace and/or you could take each room in the route and imagine walking round it in a
clockwise direction and noticing say five memorable (and fixed) objects, such as a large vase, a televison
set, a bookcase, a particular picture, a favourite photograph. This will enable you to create what is
sometimes called a memory palace.

How to use the peg system

This method for aiding memory uses the basic principle of associating an unknown thing with a known
object. First, you make a list of 10 or 20 convenient pegs or keywords that you can easily recall in the right
sequence. Then you take each item you wish to remember and link them in order with the pegs usually by
creating a mental picture or image. There are at least three simple versions of the peg system.

In the number-shape system, you create a visual image which looks like each of the numbers 1 to 10.
Tony Buzan uses these pictures: 1-paintbrush, 2-swan, 3-heart, -yacht, 5-hook, 6-elephant's trunk, 7-cliff, 8-
snowman, 9-ballon and stick, 10-bat and ball. The idea is that each picture look a bit like the way the
number is represented visually. If Buzan's pictures don't work for you, you can invent your own. Now
suppose you want to remember telephone, sausage, monkey in order. You could imagine painting a picture
using paint of the colour of your own phone; then a swan chewing on a sausage, next a monkey beating its
chest over its heart.

In the number-rhyme system, you create a word which sounds like each of the numbers 1 to 10. Derren
Brown uses these words: 1-bun, 2-shoe, 3-tree, 4-door, 5-hive, 6-sticks, 7-heaven, 8-gate, 9-line, 10-hen.
Say you want to remember telephone, sausage, monkey in order. You might picture a bun in the shape of a
telephone with the buttons in the form of currants, then a sausage filling up an empty shoe, next monkey in a
tree. You have the idea.
 In the alphabet system, you use the sounds of the names of the 26 letters of the alphabet as memory pegs
instead of numbers. For a description of a version of this system click here.

A more complicated but more useful version of the peg system - often called the major system - involves
converting numbers into common consonants. So the number 1 would become the letter l because it looks
similar; the number 2 would become the letter n because of the two downward strokes on a small n; the
number three would become the letter m becasue there are three downward strokes; and so on. Then suppose
you wanted to remember the number 213 under this system, you would represent it as 'nlm' which is not
very memorable but could be if you added some vowels such as 'NeLaM' (the name of an Indian woman I
know).

Now suppose you want to use this set of pegs to remember a list of items. You start by taking the consonants
that represent the different numbers and add some letters to turn them into words representing memorable
objects. So number 1 which became the letter l becomes the word 'ale'; number 2 which became the letter n
becomes the word 'hen'; and number three which became the letter m beomes the word 'ham'. Then you
create a picture of your list of items by associating each in turn with the right number. Take our familiar list:
telephone, sausage, monkey. You could picture a glass of ale sitting by a telephone on the bar of a pub; you
could think of a hen eating a sausage (unlikely but the idea is to create vivid and perhaps amusing images);
you could create a scene of a packet of ham being opened by a monkey.

If this memory system sounds complicated, it is - but, in the hands of a professional magician like Derren
Brown, it can be used to memorise in order the 52 cards in a shuffled pack. If you want to know how, read
his book "Tricks Of The Mind". For another version of the major system click here. In his book "Use Your
Memory", Tony Buzan goes as far as to offer a major system with 1,000 key words. In short, therefore, in
the hands of a master the major system can in effect be limitless.

How to remember in bed

I don't know about you, but I have some of my best ideas as I'm falling to sleep (as well as remembering
things I need to do the next day), but I don't want to delay falling asleep (or annoying my wife) by leaving
the bed, switching on the light and making notes. So I lean over, grab a slipper and throw it to one side.
Then, when I rise in the morning, I remember that I have to remember something and usually manage to
work out what it was.

If I have a second idea, I throw aside the other slipper. If - and this is rare - I have a third idea, I move my
wrist watch from its usual position on the bedside cabinet. If I have more than three thoughts, clearly I'm not
tired enough for sleep and should get up.

Further Reading:

"Brilliant Memory: Unlock the Power of Your Mind" by Tony Buzan (BBC Active, 2006)
"Use Your Memory: Understand Your Mind to Improve Your Memory and Mental Power" by Tony
Buzan (BBC Active, 2006)
"Tricks Of The Mind" by Derren Brown (4 Books, 2006)

Links:
Five simple techniques to improve your memory click here
Academic tips for improving your memory click here
Memory techniques and specific memory tricks click here
List of useful sites for memory techniques click here

ROGER DARLINGTON

Last modified on 1 February 2011

If you have comments on this advice e-mail me