Lesson Guides

1
Discovering PersonalChallenges
Using Relexive
Pronouns
Deliver a concise oral report
2
Building Up Defenses
Using Intensive
Pronouns
Make a qualitybrochure onbuilding defenses
3
Capitalizing onStrengths andWeaknesses
Modals Expressing Ability, Possibility, andProbability
Present a catchyad campaign
4
Dealing with PersonalChallenges
Special Expressions
Emphasizing a Point
Create an impressive photoessay
5
Winning Over
Individual ChallengesModals expressing obligation, necessity
Participate ina quick but meaningful panel discussion
6
Turning Challenges to Opportunities
Modals expressing
futurity, willingness
Compose a short but powerful,persuasive text
1.)King Minos Hirex daedalus
2.)He design a maze or a labyrinth
3.)Daedalus think a good idea and he make a wings made of wax daedalus and icarus fly and now they
escape the labyrinth
4.)Dont closer to the sun because they wings is made of wax it will be melt
5.)Icarus diobeying to his father warn his wings is melt now he fall down in the sea and he drown a water
icarus die
Task9
1.) king minos imprison daedalus to his own labyrinth because daedalus know the all secret of king minos
2.)King minos think that imprison daedalus to his own again labyrinth but king minos change the position
of labyrinth cause he control the earth/land now the format of labyrinth is change so that daedalus and
icarus will trap the labyrinth
3.)they feel it's better to take a risk than to spend a rest of theirs live in the labyrinth
4.)Daedalus leave his wings on the altar of apollo and wouldn't fly because there's no point to flying
anymore since his son icarus died.
Task10
1.) Because king minos controlled the land and the sea routes around crete,there was no routes to
escape.However Daedalus realized that the only way to escape in the crete was by air but only Gods could
fly so he think a good idea and he make a wings made of wax now he and his son icarus escape to the
Crete
2.)For me it's yes because.It is creative and affective (according to the story
3.)*A parent love because Daedalus Was have a care of his son icarus
*Disobeying to the rules icarus did not listen to his father now he is dead
4.)?
Task11
1.)Fact
2.)Not
3.)Not
4.)Not
5.)Not

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Reflexive pronouns, or reflexives, are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the
same.
For example, "She took herself to the hospital." In this example, "she" is the subject of the sentence.
"Took" is the verb. But, whom did she take? The answer is "herself," a terrific illustration of a
reflexive pronoun at work.
As you begin to examine these pronouns, you'll see we use them regularly in everyday speech and in
writing. Prepare to explore the world of reflexive pronouns, including how and when to use them
correctly.

Identifying and Defining Reflexive Pronouns

One of the biggest markers for reflexive pronouns is their ending. They always end in -self or
-selves and refer to a previously-mentioned noun or pronoun. Another giveaway is the fact that these
pronouns serve as the object of a sentence, always coming after the verb.
For example:
 I washed myself clean in the bathtub.
 You know yourself better than anyone else.
In the first example, "I" is the subject/noun, "washed" is the verb, and "myself" is the reflexive
pronoun, referring back to the noun "I." "Myself" is also the object, answering the verb "washed."
In the second example, "You" is the subject/noun, "know" is the verb, and "yourself" is the reflexive
pronoun, referring back to the noun "you." "Yourself" is also the object, answering the verb "know."

Matching Reflexive and Personal Pronouns

Now that you understand how they work, here is a list of reflexive pronouns as well as their
corresponding personal pronouns:
 "Myself" works with "I."
 "Yourself" works with the singular form of "you."
 "Yourselves" works with the plural form of "you."
 "Himself" works with "he."
 "Herself" works with "she."
 "Itself" works with "it."
 "Ourselves" works with "we."
 "Themselves" works with "them."
Here are some examples of each reflexive pronoun used in sample sentences:
1. I whistled to myself to calm down.
2. Rather than diagnose yourself when you're unwell, you should ask a doctor.
3. Without strong steel architecture, the building would collapse in on itself.
4. We thought to ourselves, this has been the best day we have ever spent together!
5. She bought herself a new purse for her new job.
6. If he wasn't always pushing himself at the gym, he wouldn't be so buff.
7. Pull yourselves together - Grandma will be arriving any minute!
8. They managed themselves very well as members of the conference panel.
9. Sally thought to herself, "This is a very nice day for a picnic!"
10. I cried myself to sleep last night.

When to Use Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are used to specify that the subject is doing something by or to itself. Instead of
acting upon another object, the subject is acting upon itself, either literally or figuratively.
This is especially helpful when using the third person plural. Consider the following two sentences:
 They liked them.
 They liked themselves.
In the first example, you can't be sure if "them" is referring to some other entity or back to the
original "they," the subject/noun of the sentence.
In the second example, you have a better understanding, because you know that whatever or whoever
"they" stands for, it is the same as "themselves."

Not Only in English

Reflexive pronouns are an important part of many languages worldwide. Some students are surprised
to learn that, in other languages, there are entire verb categories built around reflexive pronouns.
In these languages, the placement and order of reflexive pronouns in relation to other pronouns
critically changes the meaning of the sentence. Luckily, the English language is pretty cut and dry -
at least in this instance.

Providing Added Specificity

Reflexive pronouns are common in everyday language. They allow you to point back to other entities
in the sentence, usually the subject, with specificity and clarity.
If these words have piqued your interest into the world of pronouns, you should examine other types
of pronouns, including personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, and relative pronouns. And, when
you're through, test your newfound expertise with this Pronoun Quiz!
Reflexive Pronouns
Definition: Reflexive sounds like reflection, the image in the mirror that bounces back
at you. A reflexive pronountells us that whoever performs the action in a sentence is
also the one on the receiving end of that action. In other words, the reflexive pronoun
reflects back to the subject. A reflexive pronoun can be used as the direct
object, indirect object, or object of a preposition in a sentence.

Reflexive Pronouns

Singular Plural

myself ourselves

yourself yourselves

himself themselves
herself
itself

The puppy saw itself in the mirror.

Itself is the direct object in the sentence. The pronoun itself refers back to the
subject. The puppy saw the puppy in the mirror.
Hint:
If you're still not sure whom the pronoun is referring to, ask yourself questions
to break down the sentence.
Find the subject (doer) and the verb (action): Who saw? The puppy saw.
(The puppy is doing the action.)
Find the object: What did the puppy see? Itself, the puppy.
(The puppy is also receiving the action.)
Know When not to Use Reflexive Pronouns ...
Do not use reflexive pronouns instead of subject or object pronouns.

Error Correction

Mark and  myself  went to the movies. Mark and  I  went to the movies.

Our teacher gave Sara and  myself  an award for the Our teacher gave Sara and  me  an award for the
best project. best project.

...And Recognize the Reflexives That Don't Actually Exist!

There are several nonexistent reflexive pronouns that people commonly use, such
as hisself, ourself, theirself, themself, and theirselves. If you use any of these
pronouns, here is a simple chart to show you which pronouns to use instead.

Error Correction

hisself himself

ourself ourselves

theirself, theirselves, themselves
or themself

Intensive vs. Reflexive Pronouns

Definition: Intensive is like intense. Something intense is very strong. An intensive
pronoun emphasizes a preceding noun, which is often (but not always) the noun
immediately before the pronoun. Intensive pronouns look exactly the same as
reflexive pronouns, but they are only used for emphasis.
The queen herself gave the knight the award.
The queen gave the knight the award herself.
Herself refers to the queen. Using an intensive pronoun tells the reader (or listener)
that it's a big deal that the queen gave the award. After all, she's not just anybody—
she's the queen!
Because intensive pronouns are used only for emphasis, they can be removed from a
sentence without affecting its meaning. The same is not true of reflexive pronouns,
which do cause a change in meaning when removed from a sentence. Look at the
following comparison to understand the difference.

Reflexive Intensive

The queen bought  herself a dog. The queen bought the dog  herself.
The queen bought something for herself. The intensive pronoun herself merely
She is both completing and receiving the emphasizes the fact that the queen (not
action in the sentence. someone else) was the one who bought the
dog.

Notice how the meaning changes when If the intensive pronoun is removed, the
we remove the reflexive pronoun: meaning doesn't change:
The queen bought  herself a dog. The queen bought the dog  herself.
Did the queen buy the dog for herself, or The queen still bought the dog regardless of
did she buy it for someone else? Without whether the intensive pronoun is in the
the reflexive pronoun, there's no way to sentence or not.
know for sure.
Modals of Ability
There are 2 modals of ability, can and could (past tense). Use the following formula when
talking about ability with these modals: subject + modal + base form of the verb.

 I can speak French  .
 I can’t speak Russian  .

 Last year I could run very fast  .

 Last year I couldn’t play basketball  .

To ask a question, simply invert the modal and the subject: modal + subject + base form of the
verb

 Can you speak Spanish?  .  Yes, I can.  No, I can’t.

 Could you drive ten years ago?  .  Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t.

Modals of Permission
The most common modals of permission are can and may. We use the same formula : subject +
modal + base form of the verb.

 He can come to dinner with me if he wants to  .

 He can’t come to dinner with me. I don’t like him  .

 You may borrow my car if you wish  .

 You may not borrow my car. I never loan it to anyone  .  Please note, there is no contraction
for may not.

To ask a question, we use the formula: modal + subject + base form of the verb

 Can we sit with you at the concert?    Yes, you can.  No, you can’t.

 May I borrow 5 dollars? I forgot my wallet  .  Yes, you may.  No, you may not.

Modals of Probability
When we talk about something that could happen, but we are not sure, we use the following
modals: may and might. They mean almost the same thing, except might means that you are a
little more sure. Our formula is the same: subject + modal + base form of the verb.

 It may rain tonight  .
 It may not rain tonight  .

 I might come by your house this afternoon  .

  I might not come by your house this afternoon  .  Please note, we do not have a contraction
for may not or might not.

We ask a question in a different way with modals of possibility.

 Will it rain tonight? 
 Do you think it might rain tonight?   It might.  It might not.

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Modals of Advice
There are several modals we use to give advice to someone: should, ought to, and had
better. Please note that even though had better looks like a past tense verb, in this case it is used
in the simple present. We use the same formula: subject + modal + base form of the verb.

 You should study for the test  .

 You shouldn’t study for the test  .

 She ought to see a doctor  .

 She shouldn’t see a doctor  . Note, these is no negative for ought to.

 He had better pay his rent today  .

 He had better not pay his rent today  .  Note, we can also say,”He’d better pay  his rent today.
Many Americans shorten it to: He better pay his rent today. This is fine in conversation, but is not
correct in written. English.

All modals of advice, use should to ask a question: modal + subject + base form of the verb

Should I buy new coat?    Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.

Should and ought to mean the same thing. They are used to simply give advice to someone . Had
better is much stronger. We use this modal when something bad might happen if you don’t
follow the advice.

Modals of Necessity
We use these modals to discuss something we need to do: must, have to, and had to (past
tense). The formula is the same: subject + modal + base form of the verb

 I must visit my sick friend in the hospital  .

 I must not (mustn’t) visit my sick friend in the hospital  .

Note that mustn’t is pronounced mussn’t)

  I can’t go to the game because I have to work today  .
 He can go to the game because he doesn’t have to work today 

 They had to study very hard last year  .

 They didn’t have to study very hard last year  .

To ask a question with  a modal of necessity, we usually use the verbs have to or had to.

 Do you have to work today?    Yes I do. No, I don’t.

 Did you have to work yesterday?  Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.

Modals for Polite Requests

There are 4 modals we often use to make polite requests: would you, could you, can
you, and I’d like (I would like). Would you, could you, and can you all mean the same thing. We
use these modals to ask for something politely. The formula is modal + base form of the verb

 Would you help me fix my car?     Sure, I’d be happy to.

 Could you help me fix my car?    Sorry I can’t. I have to work.
 Can you help me fix my car?    I can’t now, but maybe later.

We use I’d like in two ways: modal + infinitive form of the verb.

I’d like to help you with your problem   .

We can also say modal + noun 

I’d like some water, please   .

You now know some of the most common modals in English: modals of ability, permission, probability,
advice, necessity, and polite requests. You have learned that modals behave a little bit differently than
most English verbs. The formula for using modals is the same most of the time:  subject + modal + base
form of the verb  to make a statement. To ask a question, most of the time use this formula:  modal +
subject + base form of the verb. The download will give you some additional practice using modals.
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