An Overview of Pipeline

Configuration Alternatives

Figure 1
 Presentation Objectives

• basic concepts
• simplified definitions
• historical background

Figure 1a
 Basic Concepts and Definitions

• single wall pipelines

• pipe-in-pipe pipelines
• pipe bundle pipelines
• typical installation equipment
• typical installation methods

Figure 2
 Historical Background

• pipe-in-pipe and pipe bundle installation

• statistics on worldwide installation
• installed lengths, sizes, water, depth, etc.

Figure 2a
 Breakout Sessions

Discussion of:
• comparison of pros and cons of various
alternatives
• preferred pipeline configuration for Alaska’s
offshore

Figure 3
 Pipeline Configurations
Single Wall Pipelines

Single wall
pipeline

Internal corrosion
coating or factory
installed inlays External corrosion coating

External concrete coating

Figure 4
 Pipeline Configurations
Single Wall Pipelines - with external bundled line

External bundled line

Figure 4b
Pipeline Configurations
Single Wall Pipelines

Applications:
• most areas of the world
• wall thickness and coating
variations match
requirements
• external bundles requiring
operating flexibility

Figure 5
 Pipeline Configurations
Pipe-in-Pipe Pipelines
Single Pipe-in-Pipe (Concentric)

Outer jacket pipe

Rollers or guides
Spacer/Bulkhead

Inner product pipe Insulation

Figure 6
Pipeline Configurations
Pipe-in-Pipe Pipelines
Single Pipe-in-Pipe (Concentric)
Typical Applications:
• increased
insulation/protection
• controlled buoyancy for
installation

Figure 7
 Pipeline Configurations
Pipe-in-Pipe Pipelines
Single Pipe-in-Pipe with Fixed Bulkhead

Outer jacket pipe

Fixed bulkhead
Inner product pipe

Figure 8
 Pipeline Configurations
Pipe-in-Pipe Pipelines
Single Pipe-in-Pipe with Fixed Bulkhead

Typical Applications:
• insulation/protection
• two lines to optimize design
• offsets collapse stresses
during installation

Figure 9
 Pipeline Configurations
Cased Bundles

multiple inner
product lines

internal coatings
external corrosion
coatings

external insulation weight coatings

Figure 10
Pipeline Configurations
Cased Bundles

Typical Applications:
• unique and complex
operating conditions
• need for utility lines,
power, data
• additional insulation
• ease of installation

Figure 11
 Pipeline Configurations
Cased Bundles - Drake F-76

Refrigerant return line

24” Outer jacket pipe

Spacer
18” Carrier Pipe

Thermon heat tracing Heat tracing

cables
Methanol and Hydraulic Flowlines
Control Lines
Annulus

Figure 12
 Offshore Pipeline Installation
Equipment and Methods

Installation Equipment Installation Methods

• lay barge • open water pipe lay
• reel barge/ship • tow or pull
• conventional pipeline • over-ice pipe lay
spread

Figure 12a
Pipeline Installation Equipment
Conventional Lay Barges

Pipe storage fit

up and welding

Stinger

Figure 13
Pipeline Installation Equipment
Conventional Lay Barges

Typical Applications:

• open, calm water

• ice-free

Figure 13b
 Pipeline Installation Equipment
Reel Barges or Ships

Pipe reel

Stinger

Figure 14
Pipeline Installation Equipment
Reel Barges or Ships

Typical Applications:
• open, ice-free water
• deep water

Figure 14b
Pipeline Installation Equipment
Conventional Pipeline Spread

Figure 14c
Pipeline Installation Equipment
Conventional Pipeline Spread

Typical Applications:
• shore approach
• over-ice
• shallow water

Figure 14d
Pipeline Installation Method
Open Water Lay

Typical Applications:

• open, calm water

• ice-free

Figure 14e
Pipeline Installation Methods
Towed Bundles

Figure 15
Pipeline Installation Methods
Towed Bundles

Figure 15a
Pipeline Installation Methods
Towed Bundles
Typical Applications:
• deep water
• pipe-in-pipe
• reduce installation
forces on lay barge or
reel barge
• narrow construction
window

Figure 15b
Pipeline Installation Methods
Over-ice Installation

Figure 16
Pipeline Installation Methods
Over-ice Installation

Typical Applications:
• arctic locations
• shallow water
• shoreline transitions

Figure 16b
Figure 17
Figure 18
 Pipe-in-Pipe and Bundle Statistics
Total Projects vs. Time
34
35
30
24
25

Number of 20
Projects 15

10 7
5
0
1970 - 79 1980 - 89 1990 - 99
NOTE: 85% of all lines were insulated

Figure 19
 Pipe-in-Pipe and Bundle Statistics
Total Length vs. Time

161
180
160
Total miles 140 97
installed 120
offshore 100
80
60 32
40
20
0
1970 - 79 1980 - 89 1990 - 99

Figure 20
Pipe-in-Pipe and Bundle Statistics
Geographical Distribution

Figure 21
 Pipe-in-Pipe and Pipe Statistics
Percentage of Total Pipeline Population

North Sea Gulf of Mexico

Total Offshore Pipe 11,000 mi 23,000 mi

1.0% 0.3%
Pipe-in-pipe/bundle
(103 mi) (64 mi)

Figure 22
 Pipe-in-Pipe and Pipe Statistics
Water Depth for Projects

29%
30% 24% 24%
20%
Distribution 20%

of projects 10% 3%
(%) Water Depth (ft)
0%
0 - 200 200 - 400 400 - 600 600 - 800 800+

Water Depth (ft)

Figure 23
 Pipe-in-Pipe and Bundle Statistics
Installation Method

100% 68%
Distribution
of 50% 23% 9%
installation Water Depth (ft)
0%
methods (%) Lay Barge Reel Barge Towed

Figure 24
 Pipe-in-Pipe and Bundle Statistics
Inner Pipe Diameter

55
50
55
50
Frequency of 45 40 29 26
Inner Pipe Sizes35 23
30 21
for all Projects25
20
15 10 7 8
10 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 1
5 3-D Column 1
0
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
8"

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
36
Inner Pipe Diameter (Nominal Inches)

Figure 25
 Pipe-in-Pipe and Bundle Statistics
Outer Pipe Distribution

10 10
10 9

6
Frequency of 5 5
4 4 4 4
Outer Pipe 5 3 3 3
2 2 2
Sizes for all 1 1
2
Projects 0
3-D Column 1
0
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"
4"

6"

8"
10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

44
Outer Pipe Diameter (Nominal Inches)

Figure 26
 Summary:
Various Configurations

single wall pipe-in-pipe Drake F-76

pipe-in-pipe
and external with spacer bundle
with bulkhead
bundle

Figure 27
 Summary:
Various Installation Equipment

reel ship

lay barge
conventional
pipeline spread

Figure 28
 Summary:
Various Installation Methods
over-ice

open water pipe lay

tow or pull

Figure 29
 Summary:
Statistics
• >99% of all offshore lines are single wall
• increasing number of projects using pipe-in-
pipe/bundles, most insulated
• high percentage used in deeper water
• towed installation method common
• wide range of sizes

Figure 30
 An Overview of Pipeline
Configuration Alternatives

Figure 31