JS Mill, Utilitarianism
JS Mill, Utilitarianism
JS Mill, Utilitarianism
Mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the principle that "actions are right in
proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse
of happiness." Mill defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain. He argues that
pleasure can differ in quality and quantity, and that pleasures that are rooted in one's
higher faculties should be weighted more heavily than baser pleasures. Furthermore, Mill
argues that people's achievement of goals and ends, such as virtuous living, should be
counted as part of their happiness.
Mill argues that utilitarianism coincides with "natural" sentiments that originate from
humans' social nature. Therefore, if society were to embrace utilitarianism as an ethic,
people would naturally internalize these standards as morally binding. Mill argues that
happiness is the sole basis of morality, and that people never desire anything but
happiness. He supports this claim by showing that all the other objects of people's desire
are either means to happiness, or included in the definition of happiness. Mill explains at
length that the sentiment of justice is actually based on utility, and that rights exist only
because they are necessary for human happiness.
The theory of utilitarianism has been criticized for many reasons. Critics hold that it does
not provide adequate protection for individual rights, that not everything can be measured
by the same standard, and that happiness is more complex than reflected by the theory.
Mill's essay represents his attempt to respond to these criticisms, and thereby to provide a
more complex and nuanced moral theory.
Mill's argument comprises five chapters. His first chapter serves as an introduction to the
essay. In his second chapter, Mill discusses the definition of utilitarianism, and presents
some misconceptions about the theory. The third chapter is a discussion about the
ultimate sanctions (or rewards) that utilitarianism can offer. The fourth chapter discusses
methods of proving the validity of utilitarianism. In his fifth chapter, Mill writes about
the connection between justice and utility, and argues that happiness is the foundation of
justice.
Strengths of Utilitarianism: