Fundamentals of Bridge Design 

(Ceng 5131)
(Ceng 5131)

Lecture 6 Design of 
S
Superstructure Elements
El

Instructor Ato Tibebu H. Birhane

([email protected])
Batch 5thh year Civil (Regular)
( )

Academic term Autumn (2004 E.C.)
 Design of Superstructure Elements
Design of Superstructure Elements
Material Properties (RC)
Material Properties (RC)
Strength Limit States
 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
 Design For Flexure
 Design For shear
Service limit states
 Deflection and camber
 Crack control
Fatigue limit state
Detailing
 Material Properties
Material Properties
Concrete 
Concrete
Compressive strength : Class & Strength
Tensile strength
Tensile strength
Stress Strain behavior: 
R b
Rebar
Strength
Deformability
Durability (concrete cover)
 Class of Concrete
Class of Concrete
Class ‐ indicates Workmanship
 Class I concrete: used for all elements of structures
 Class II concrete: used in footings, pedestals, massive pier
shafts, and gravity walls

Class Permissible Grades of Concrete

I C20 C25 C30 C40 C50 C60
II C20
 Grade of Concrete
Grade of Concrete
Grade indicates Cubic Compressive Strength(28 days)
Grade indicates Cubic Compressive Strength(28 days)
Grades of Concrete C25 C30 C40 C50 C60
ff’c (cylindrical strength in MPa) 20 24 32 40 48
fcuk (cubic strength in MPa) 25 30 40 50 60
f’c = fck ; fck = 0.8fcuk

 Concrete with grades less than C25 should not be used 
in structural applications
in structural applications.
 The specified compressive strength for prestressed
concrete shall not be less than 30 MPa.
shall not be less than 30 MPa.
 Tensile Strength of Concrete
The characteristic tensile strength:

f ctk  0.21 f ck
The  tensile strength  of concrete is neglected for 
strength and extreme event limit states [A 5.7.2]
 h
The modulus of rupture (f
d l f (fr) in MPa, for normal density 
) f ld
concrete, shall be taken as:
f r  0.63 f c
'

Where: f’c = specified cylinder compressive strength (28 
days) and fck = characteristic cylinder compressive 
days) and f characteristic cylinder compressive
strength (28 days) 
 Stress‐Strain
Stress Strain of concrete
of concrete
The concrete compressive stress
stress‐strain
strain
distribution may be assumed to be
rectangular parabolic,
rectangular, parabolic or any other shape
that results in a prediction of strength in
substantial agreement with the test results.
results
[A 5.7.2]
For unconfined concrete,
concrete the maximum usable
strain at the extreme concrete compression
fiber is not greater than 0.003.
0 003 [A 5.7.2]
5 7 2]
 Stress‐Strain
Stress Strain of concrete
of concrete
25
R t
Rectangular
l M d M d l
Mander Model
f c' 20
0 . 85 f c' for f c'  28Mpa,
15  f c'  28 
1  0.85  0.05   0.65
 7 
10
p , 1  0.85
ffor f c'  28Mpa
5 ac
0
‐0.002 ‐0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
‐5 c
Stress‐strain models for C25 concrete
 Stress‐Strain
Stress Strain of concrete
of concrete
The modulus of elasticity :
The modulus of elasticity :  
Ec  4800 f c'
 h
The coefficient of thermal expansion:
ffi i f h l i
 c  10.8 *10 6 o c
The shrinkage coefficients:
0.2 0 00 after
ft 28 days
d
 cs  
 0.5 0 00 after a year
 Steel Reinforcement Bars
Steel Reinforcement Bars
Strength
Elongation

Durability‐Clear cover
bili Cl
 Steel Reinforcement Bars
Steel Reinforcement Bars
Reinforcement shall be deformed,
deformed except that
plain bars or plain wire shall be used for
spirals hoops and wire fabric.
spirals, fabric
Rebars with diameter  10 mm should not
be used for cast‐in‐place
cast in place structures.
structures
The Ethiopian Iron and Steel Foundry in Akaki
andd Zuquala
Z l Steel
S l Rolling
R lli Mill Enterprises
E i i
in
Debre Zeit manufacture up to 400 MPa
d f
deformed d bars
b with i h diameters
di 6 ‐ 32 mm.
 Strength of Rebars
Strength of Rebars
Tensile Strength:
Tensile Strength:
Yield strength => grade
Ultimate strength = tensile strength
Ultimate strength = tensile strength
AASHTO strength requirement:
AASHTO M31 Grade
G d Grade
G d 300 Grade
G d 420 Grade
G d 520
(Old AASHTO ) (Grade 40) (Grade 60) (Grade 75)
Minimum yield strength (Mpa) 300 420 520
Mi i
Minimum tensile
il strength
h (Mpa)
(M ) 500 620 690

For laterally braced rebars, Compressive yield 
strength = tensile yield strength
t th t il i ld t th
 Strength of Rebars
Strength of Rebars
The nominal specified yield strength should be
within the range of 270 Mpa and 520 Mpa
The nominal specified yield strength of
transverse rebars should be less than 420 Mpa
 Elongation of Rebars
Elongation of Rebars
Elongation of Rebars: Ultimate strain
Elongation of Rebars: Ultimate strain
u  l lu
o

 S O l
AASHTO elongation requirement:
i i
AASHTO M31 Grade Grade 300 Grade 420 Grade 520
(Old AASHTO ) (Grade 40) (Grade 60) (Grade 75)
 11 9 -
  12 9 -
 12 9 7
  - 8 7
   - 7 6
  - 7 6
 RC: Limit States
RC: Limit States
Limit States for bridge superstructures (slab 
Limit States for bridge superstructures (slab
bridges and T‐girder bridges)
Strength Limit state
Strength Limit state
Extreme limit State
Service limit state
Service limit state
Fatigue Limit state
 Strength Limit State
Strength Limit State
To ensure provision of strength and
stability, both local and global, for resisting the
specified statistically significant load
combinations that a bridge is expected to
experience in its design life.
life
Extensive distress and structural damage may
occur but overall structural integrity is
occur,
expected to be maintained.
 Strength Limit State
Strength Limit State
Factored force effects 
Factored force effects Factored 
Factored
(stress resultants) < resistances

Moment : M u  M r
Sh
Shear : Vu  Vr
Factored strength = Resistance factors * Nominal Strengths
g g
Mr f Mn
Vr  vVn
 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections

 Vu  0.5Vs  cot 

Mu
Tu 
dv

Tension in the longitudinal rebars due to flexure and shear

 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections


 Take moment
about o

V 
Tn  As f y   u  0.5Vs  cot 
 v 

Tension in the longitudinal rebars due shear

[ Provide sufficient tensile embedment length @ support ]
 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Flexue: Rectangular section behavior (a < hf)
b
d’s Cs
hf A’s c a Cc

ds a  1c

As Tn  As f y

bw Strain, stress distributions of cracked RC 
T‐ section for limit state s > y
 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Flexure: rectangular section behavior (a <
Flexure: rectangular section behavior (a < hf)
Neutral axis depth: (from limit translational 
equilibrium of the section the tensile rebar
equilibrium of the section‐the tensile rebar 
yielded)
As f y  As f s
' '

c
0.85 f c' 1b
Nominal Flexural Strength: (resultant resisting 
couple)
 a ' ' ' a
M n  As f y  d s    As f s  d s  
 2  2
 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Flanged section behavior (a > hf)
b
d’s Cs
hf A’s
A c a
Cc

ds
a  1c

As Tn  As f y

bw
Strain, stress distributions of  RC T‐section 
for limit state s > y
 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Flexure: flanged section behavior (a > h
Flexure: flanged section behavior (a > hf)
Neutral axis depth: ( from translational 
equilibrium of the section)
equilibrium of the section)
As f y  As' f s'  0.851 f c' (b  bw )h f
c
0.85 f c' 1bw
Nominal Flexural Strength: (from rotational 
g (
equilibrium of the section)
 a ' ' ' a  a hf 
M n  As f y  d s    As f s  d s    0.85 f c (b  bw ) 1h f  
'

 2  2 2 2 
 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
 Shear: Shear Stress distribution in flanged RC Sections 
Shear: Shear Stress distribution in flanged RC Sections
and  diagonal compressive stress trajectories.
 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
 Shear: Simplified Shear Stress distribution in flanged 
RC Sections and  diagonal comp. stress trajectories.

Shear Stress Effective shear depth Longitudinal strain @ middepth

on concrete
Mu
Vu dv 
Mn
 max0.9d s ,0.72h   0.5Vu cot 
u  d
bv d v As f y x  v
Es As
 Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
Mechanics of Cracked RC Sections
The  nominal shear resistance,  V
The nominal shear resistance Vn,  shall  be 
shall be
determined as:
Vn  Vc  Vs  0.25
2 f c'bv d v
where:
The shear carried by the concrete
Vc  0.083 c f c' bv d v
The shear carried by the transverse reinforcement
Av f y d v cot   cot  sin 
Vs 
s
• To
To ensure that the concrete in the web of the 
ensure that the concrete in the web of the
beam will not crush prior to yield of the 
transverse reinforcement
transverse reinforcement.
 Design For Flexure
Design For Flexure
Flexure: rectangular section behavior (a <
Flexure: rectangular section behavior (a < hf)
Safe rotational equilibrium of the section
Mu  f Mn
Longitudinal tension reinforcement ratio with 
out compression rebar : (solving the above 
inequality)
0.85 f c'  u  Mu
 1  1  2 ;  u 
fy  f  0.85 f c
'
bd 2
s
 Design For Flexure
Design For Flexure
Maximum reinforcement limit [A5 7 3 3 1]
Maximum reinforcement limit [A5.7.3.3.1]
 Overreinforced concrete sections shall not be 
permitted. 
permitted
The maximum reinforcement shall be such that
c
kc   0.45
ds
 Design For Flexure
Design For Flexure
Minimum Reinforcement [A 5.7.3.3.2]
At any section  of  a flexural component, the 
amount  of tensile reinforcement shall  be  
adequate to  develop a factored flexural 
resistance, Mr,  at  least equal to the lesser of:
 1.2 M cr

where: 1.33M u

Mcr = cracking moment
Mu = factored moment required by the applicable 
factored moment required by the applicable
strength load combinations 
 Design Section for Shear
Design Section for Shear

Conservative
C ti (th
(theoretical-simplified)
ti l i lifi d)
Traditional (practical) shear design section shear design section for loads applied
above the mid depth of the member
 Design For Shear
Design For Shear
Critical section for shear :
Critical section for shear : 
 Where  the  reaction  force in the direction  of  the applied 
shear introduces compression  into the end region  of a 
member, the location of the critical section for shear shall 
be taken as dv, from the internal face of  the support.
 Otherwise, the  design section  shall be  taken  at  the 
Otherwise the design section shall be taken at the
internal face  of  the  support.  
For  non‐prestressed  beams supported on  bearings  
that  introduce compression  into the member, only 
minimal transverse reinforcement may be provided 
b
between the inside edge of the bearing plate and the 
h d d f h b l d h
end of  the beam. 
 Design For Shear
Design For Shear
The  nominal shear resistance,  V
The nominal shear resistance Vn,  shall  be 
shall be
determined as:
Vn  Vc  Vs  0.25
2 f c'bv d v
where:
The shear carried by the concrete
Vc  0.083 c f c' bv d v
The shear carried by the transverse reinforcement
Av f y d v cot   cot  sin 
Vs 
s
• To
To ensure that the concrete in the web of the 
ensure that the concrete in the web of the
beam will not crush prior to yield of the 
transverse reinforcement
transverse reinforcement.
 Nominal Shear strength
Nominal Shear strength
where:
bv=effective web width (mm)
dv = effective shear depth (mm)
s = spacing of stirrups (mm)
 = factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to
transmit tension
 = angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses (0)
 = angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to
longitudinal axis (0) [= 900 for vertical stirrups]
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s (mm2)
 Design For Shear
Design For Shear
 The ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension 
y g y
and inclination of diagonal cracks depend on [A 5.8.3.4]
 Shear stress ratio
 Longitudinal strain at mid depth  ,    f   c ,  
 f' x 
 c 
 The values are given in the AASHTO Table 5.8.3.4.2.1 as shown 
The values are given in the AASHTO Table 5 8 3 4 2 1 as shown
in the next slide
 For RC concrete sections (with at least the minimum amount of  
(
transverse reinforcement)  not subjected to  axial tension  
and/or having an overall depth of  less than 400 mm:
  45
45,   2
 Design For Shear
g

Values of  &  for sections with transverse reinforcement

 Design For Shear
Design For Shear
Transverse reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement, which usually
consists of stirrups,
stirrups is required in all regions
where there is a significant chance of
diagonal cracking.
cracking
Except for slabs, footings, and culverts,
transverse reinforcement
i f shall
h ll be
b provided
id d
where:
Vu  0.5vVc
 Design For Shear
g
Minimum  Trans. Rebar: to restrain the growth of  
di
diagonal cracking and to increase the ductility of  the  
l ki dt i th d tilit f th
section, the area of steel shall satisfy: 
bv s
Av  0.083 f c
'

fy
where: 
h
 Av =  area  of  a transverse  reinforcement  within distance 
s (mm2)
s  (mm2) 
 bv =  width of web 
 s  =  spacing  of transverse reinforcement (mm) 
p g ( )
 Design For Shear
Design For Shear
More  closely  spaced transverse  reinforcement is 
required for highly stressed sections to  provide crack 
control. 
Maximum spacing: The  spacing  of  the transverse 
reinforcement ,s, shall satisfy:
min 0.8d v ,600mm  if vu  0.125 f c,
s
min 0.4d v ,300mm  if vu  0.125 f c
,

where: 
 vu =  the shear stress , and
the shear stress , and
 dv =  effective shear depth as defined  above
• Determine
Determine the factored shear force, Vu.
the factored shear force Vu
• Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be 
resisted by the concrete
resisted by the concrete.
• Determine the reinforcement steel required to 
carry the balance.
h b l
 Service Limit State
Deflection and camber [A2.5.2.6 & 5.7.3.6]
Crack control [A5.7.3.4]
Durability [A5 12 3]
Durability [A5.12.3]
Concrete Stresses (for Prestressed concrete)
 Deflection and camber
Deflection and camber
Service load deformations may cause
Service load deformations may cause
deterioration of wearing surfaces 
local cracking in concrete slabs
local cracking in concrete slabs
psychological effects  
Th
These effects could be avoided by (optional)
ff t ld b id d b ( ti l)
limiting the depth‐to‐span ratios of  trusses and 
girders (traditional)
i d (t diti l)
limiting live load deflection
 Live load Deflection limits
Live load Deflection limits
Loading Condition lim [ERA 2.5] lim [AASHTO 
2.5.2.6.2]

Vehicular load, general 
Vehicular load, general Span/500 Span/800
Vehicular and/or  Span/800 Span/1000
pedestrian loads
p
Vehicular load on  Span/300 Span/300
cantilever arms
Vehicular and/or  Span/400 Span/375
pedestrian loads on 
cantilever arms
Optional Criteria  for Span‐to‐Depth 
Ratios [AASHTO 2 5 2 6 3]
Ratios [AASHTO 2.5.2.6.3] 

Traditional Minimum Depths for Constant Depth Superstructures.

 Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]
Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]
Control cracking by reinforcement distribution
Control cracking by reinforcement distribution
Limit the stress in the rebar at service load comb.
[applicable to the reinforcement of all concrete
[applicable to the reinforcement of all concrete 
components, except that of deck slabs, in which 
tension in the cross‐section
tension in the cross section exceeds 80 percent of 
exceeds 80 percent of
the modulus  of  rupture]
Provide skin reinforcement for deep sections 
p
(Depth exceeds 900 mm)
 Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]
Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]

The tensile stress  in  the  mild  steel reinforcement 
The tensile stress in the mild steel reinforcement
at the service limit state should not exceed
Z
f sa   0.6 f y
d c A
1
3

Where:
 dc =  depth  of  concrete measured from extreme tension 
fiber  to  center  of  bar
 A  =  area  of  concrete having  the  same  centroid as the 
principal tensile reinforcement and bounded by  the surfaces  
of the cross‐section
of  the cross section  and  a straight line parallel to the neutral 
and a straight line parallel to the neutral
axis, divided by  the number  of  bars or wires  (mm2)
 Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]
Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]
… Continued
… Continued
 Z  =  crack width parameter(N/mm) ; shall not exceed 
30 O00 N/mm for members in  moderate exposure 
/ p
conditions, 23  O00  N/mm  for  members  in  severe 
exposure conditions,  and  17  500  N/mm  for  
buried structures. 
 for  calculation dc & A, the thickness  of clear  
concrete cover used  to compute A  shall not  be  
d h ll b
taken to be greater than 50 mm 
 Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]
Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]
Skin Reinforcement: If  the  effective depth,  
Skin Reinforcement: If the effective depth
ds, of  nonprestressed concrete members 
exceeds 900 mm longitudinal skin
exceeds 900 mm,  longitudinal skin 
reinforcement shall  be  uniformly  distributed 
along both side faces of the component for a
along both side faces of  the component for a 
distance ds/2  nearest the flexural tension 
reinforcement. 
reinforcement
 Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]
Crack Control [ASHTO 5.7.3.4]
The area of  skin reinforcement A
The area of skin reinforcement Ask in mm2/mm  of 
in mm2/mm of
height  on each side face shall satisfy: 
As
Ask  0.001(d s  760) 
1200

The total area  of  longitudinal skin reinforcement (per 
The total area of longitudinal skin reinforcement (per
face) need  not exceed one‐fourth of  the required 
flexural tensile reinforcement A
Ask ,tot  s
4
The  maximum spacing  of  the skin reinforcement  
p g
shall not exceed either ds/6  or 300 mm. 
 Fatigue Limit state [AASHTO 5.5.3]
Fatigue Limit state  [AASHTO 5 5 3]

Used to limit crack growth under repetitive loads for 
Used to limit crack growth under repetitive loads for
preventing fracture during the design life of the 
bridge.
Ensured by restrictions on stress range as a result of 
a single design truck occurring at the number of 
expected stress range cycles.
Fatigue need  not be  investigated for  concrete deck 
slabs in multigirder bridges. 
l b l d b d
Avoid bends  in primary reinforcement in regions of 
hi h t
high stress range. 
 Fatigue Limit state
Fatigue Limit state
The stress range in straight reinforcement resulting 
The stress range in straight reinforcement resulting
from the fatigue load combination shall satisfy:
r
f f  145  0.33 f min  55 
Where: h
fr =  stress range(MPa) 
fmin =  the minimum live load stress resulting from the fatigue load 
combination combined with the more severe stress from either  the  
permanent loads or the permanent loads, shrinkage, and creep‐
permanent loads or the permanent loads, shrinkage, and creep
induced external loads; positive  if  tension, negative  if 
compression (MPa) 
r/h ratio of base radius to height of rolled on transverse
r/h  =  ratio  of  base radius  to  height  of  rolled‐on transverse 
deformations;  if  the actual value is not known, 0.3 may be used
 Clear Cover to Rebar
Clear Cover to Rebar
Concrete Cover
Concrete Cover for unprotected prestressing 
for unprotected prestressing
and reinforcing steel for the actual water‐
cement ratio shall not be less than as specified
cement ratio shall not be less than as specified 
in the Table below(next slide)
Cover to ties and stirrups shall be 12 mm less 
Cover to ties and stirrups shall be 12 mm less
than the values specified for main bars (the 
table below) but shall not be less than 25
table below), but shall not be less than 25 
mm.
 Clear Cover to Rebar
Water/Cement Ratio 0.40 0.45 0.50
SITUATION COVER (mm) COVER (mm) COVER (mm)
Direct exposure to salt water 80 100 120
Cast against earth (i
(i.e.
e Bottom of footings) 60 75 90
Exterior other than above 40 50 60
Interior other than above (i.e. hollow structures)
p to 35 Bar
• Up 32 40 48
• 45 and 55Bars 40 50 60
Bottom of cast-in-place slabs
• Up to 35 Bar 25 25 30
• 45 and 55Bars 40 50 60
Precast soffit form panels 20 20 24
Precast Reinforced Piles
• Non-corrosive environments 32 40 48
• Corrosive environments 60 75 90
Precast Prestressed Piles 40 50 60
Cast-in-place Piles
• Non-corrosive environments 40 50 60
•CCorrosive environments 60 75 90
• Shells 40 50 60
• Auger cast, tremie concrete or slurry 60 75 90
construction
 Detailing
Distribution Reinforcement  (
Distribution Reinforcement (AASHTO 9.7.3.2
9 7 3 2) 
)
Temperature  and Shrinkage Reinforcement 
(AASHTO  5.10.8
AASHTO 5 10 8) )
Development length [AASHTO 5.11.1 & 5.11.2]
Splices [AASHTO 5.10.3]
Rebar Spacing [
p g [AASHTO 5.10.3.3]
 Distribution Reinforcement
Distribution Reinforcement
Reinforcement  shall  be  placed  in  the  
Reinforcement shall be placed in the
secondary direction in  the  bottom of  slabs 
as a percentage of the primary reinforcement
as  a percentage of  the primary reinforcement  
for positive moment as follows:
 Distribution Reinforcement
Distribution Reinforcement
For primary reinforcement  parallel to traffic 
For primary reinforcement parallel to traffic
(Example slab bridges):

1750 s  50%
For  primary  reinforcement  perpendicular  to traffic 
For primary reinforcement perpendicular to traffic
(Example decks of T‐girder bridges): :

where:  3840 s  67%

S  =  the  effective  span length (the face‐to‐face distance)
p g ( )
 Temperature  and Shrinkage 
Reinforcement (AASHTO  5.10.8) 
Reinforcement for shrinkage  and temperature 
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature
stresses  shall  be  provided 
near surfaces  of  concrete exposed to  daily 
near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes and 
 in structural mass  concrete (thickness >
in structural mass concrete (thickness > 1.2m)
1 2m)
Types of reinforcement
Rebar
R b
Welded wire fabric 
P
Prestressing tendons
i d
 Temperature  and Shrinkage 
Reinforcement (AASHTO  5.10.8) 
For  thinner section members (thickness 
For thinner section members (thickness
<1.2m), the area  of reinforcement 
(rebar/wire) in each direction shall satisfy:
(rebar/wire) in each direction shall satisfy:

As  0.11Ag / f y
where: 
Ag  =  gross area of section (mm ) 
fy  =  specified yield strength  of  reinforcing bars 
(MPa)  
 Temperature  and Shrinkage 
Reinforcement (AASHTO  5.10.8) 
For members thicker than 150 mm, the steel 
For members thicker than 150 mm the steel
shall be equally distributed on both faces; 
For members 150 mm or less in thickness the
For members 150 mm or less in  thickness, the 
steel may be placed in a single layer. 
Th
The rebars shall not be  spaced  farther apart  
b h ll b d f h
than  3.0  times  the component  thickness or 
450 mm. 
450
 Temperature  and Shrinkage 
Reinforcement (AASHTO  5.10.8) 
For solid structural concrete walls and 
For solid structural concrete walls and
footings, bar spacing shall not exceed 300 mm 
in each direction on all faces and the area of
in each direction on all faces, and  the area  of  
shrinkage and temperature steel need not 
exceed: 
exceed:

A b  0.0015 Ag
 Development length
Development length
The calculated force effects  in the 
The calculated force effects in the
reinforcement at each section shall  be  
developed on each side of that section by
developed  on  each side  of  that section by
embedment length,
 hook (for tension only), 
hook (for tension only)
mechanical device (for tension only), or 
 a combination there of. 
a combination there of
 Development length
Development length
Except  at supports of  simple spans and  at 
Except at supports of simple spans and at
the  free ends  of  cantilevers, reinforcement 
shall be extended beyond the point at
shall  be  extended beyond the  point  at 
which  it is  no  longer required to resist 
flexure for a distance not less than:
flexure for a distance not less than: 
The effective depth of the member, 
15 times the nominal diameter of bar or
15  times the nominal diameter of bar, or 
1/20 of  the clear span. 
 Development length
Development length
At  least one
At least one‐third
third the positive moment 
the positive moment
reinforcement  in  simple span members  and 
one‐fourth
one fourth the  positive  moment  
the positive moment
reinforcement in continuous members shall 
extend along the same face of the member
extend along  the  same  face  of the member 
beyond the centerline of  the support.
 In beams, such extension shall not be less 
In beams such extension shall not be less
than 150 mm.
 Development length
Development length
At least one
At least one‐third
third of  the total tension 
of the total tension
reinforcement provided for negative moment 
at a support shall have an embedment length
at a support shall have an embedment length 
beyond the point  of  inflection  not less than: 
 The effective depth of the member, 
The effective depth of the member
 12.0 times the nominal diameter of bar, and 
 0.0625 times the clear span. 
0 0625 times the clear span
 Development length
Development length
Continuing reinforcement shall extend not
less than the development length, ld,
beyond the point where bent or terminated
tension reinforcement is no longer required to
resist flexure.
flexure
No more than 50 percent of the
reinforcement shall be terminated at any
section, and adjacent bars shall not be
terminated in the same section.
section
 Development length
Development length
The tension development length of deformed 
The tension development length of deformed
bars:

 k d * ldb
ld  max 
300mm
Where:
ldb = basic development length
kd = Modification factor which increases or decreases ld
 Development length
Development length 
Modification factor for basic development length:
 kd =1.4 for top horizontal or nearly horizontal 
reinforcement, so placed that more than 300 mm of fresh 
concrete is cast below the reinforcement.
 kd =2.0 for bars with a cover of db or less, or with a clear 
spacing of 2db or less
 kd = 0.8  when reinforcement being developed in the length 
0.8 when reinforcement being developed in the length
under consideration is spaced laterally not less than 150 
mm center‐to‐center, with not less than 75 mm clear cover 
measured in the direction of the spacing
p g
 kd = (As required) / (As provided)  when anchorage or 
development for the full yield strength of reinforcement is 
not required
q
 Development length
Development length
The basic tension development length, l
The basic tension development length ldb in 
in
mm shall be taken as:
0.02 A f
c  0.06 f ybar for bar  35mm
'
f
 b y

ldb   25 f y f c' ffor bar  45mm


 34 f y f c
'
for bar  55mm
Development length
Development length

Hooked‐bar details for 
development of standard 
hooks (AASHTO C5.11.2.4.1).
 Development length
Development length
Development length of standard hooks in 
Development length of standard hooks in
tension:
 100  f y  As ,required 
 bar 
  
 f c'  400  As , provided 
  

ldh  max  8bar
 150mm



Where:
fy  = reinforcement yield strength exceeds, fy > 400 MPa 
b = diameter of bar (mm)
d fb ( )
f'c = specified compressive strength of concrete  at 28 days, (MPa)
 Splices
The length of lap , l
The length of lap lst, for tension lap splices 
for tension lap splices
shall not be
300mm
 1.0l
 for class A splice
lst   d

 1.3ld for class B splice

 1.7ld for class
l C splice
li

Class of splices 
p Ratio of Percent of As Spliced with
(As as provided) Required Lap Length
(As as required) 50 75 100
2 A A B
<2 B C C
 Splices
The length of lap, lsc, for compression lap 
splices shall not be
 300mm

lsc   0.073mf y bar if f y  420Mpa
m0.13 f  24 if f y  420Mpa
 y bar

Class of splices
Class of splices 
Condition M‐value
ffc is less than 21 MPa
is less than 21 MPa 1.33
ties along the splice have an effective area not less than 0.15% of the  0.83
product of the thickness of the compression component times the tie 
spacing
p g
With spirals 0.75
In all other cases 1
 Anchorage of Deformed Shear 
Reinforcement 
f
It shall be located as close to  the surfaces  of 
It shall be located as close to the surfaces of
members  as cover requirements. 
Between anchored ends, each  bend  in the 
,
continuous portion of  a simple U‐stirrup or multiple 
U‐stirrup shall enclose a longitudinal bar. 
Ends of single‐leg, simple U‐, or multiple U‐stirrups 
shall be anchored  by a standard  hook  around 
l
longitudinal reinforcement
d l f f
for No.  16 bar  and 
b d
smaller, and for No.  19, No.  22 and No.  25 bars 
with fy of 275 MPa or less
with f of 275 MPa or less
 Spacing of Reinforcement
Spacing of Reinforcement
For cast
For cast‐in‐place
in place concrete, the clear distance 
concrete, the clear distance
between parallel bars in a layer shall not be less 
than: 
 1.5  times the nominal diameter of the bars, 
 1.5  times  the maximum size  of  the coarse aggregate, or 
 38mm.
Multilayers: except in decks,  the bars in the upper 
l
layers shall be placed directly above those  in  the 
h ll b l d di tl b th i th
bottom layer, and the  clear distance between layers 
shall not be less than 25 mm or the nominal
shall not be  less than 25 mm or the nominal 
diameter of the bars.