Chap 7 : Diversity in Living Organisms www.rava.org.

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CHAPTER 7
File Revision Date : 6 September 2019
Previous Years Chapterwise Question Bank
CLASS : 9 th
SUB : Science
For Objective Questions and NCERT Solutions
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Diversity in Living Organisms

ONE MARK QUESTIONS blue-green algae and in return blue-green gets shelter
(lichens).

9. What is biodiversity?
1. Name the writer who wrote the book “The Origin of
Species”. Ans :
Ans : Various types of living organism found in a particular
region is called biodiversity.
Charles Darwin wrote the book “The Origin of
Species” in 1859.
10. What is saprophytic nutrition?
2. Who proposed the classification of organisms into 5 Ans :
kingdoms? The organisms that use dead and decaying organic
Ans : matter as mode of nutrition is known as saprophytic
nutrition.
Robert H. Whittaker proposed the classification of
organisms into 5 kingdoms in 1959.
11. What is evolution?
3. Define species. Ans :
Ans : Evolution is the change in heritance characteristics of
organism over generations.
Species are organisms within genus with slight
difference from other and capable of breeding and
perpetuate. 12. Give simple classification of plant kingdom.
Ans :
4. Give examples of the organism belonging to Monera Kingdom plantae is divided in following divisions :
and Protista kingdom. (a) Thallophyta
Ans : (b) Bryophyta
(c) Pteridophyta
Monera — Anabaena, blue-green algae.
(d) Phanerogams
Protista — Euglena, Paramecium, Amoeba.
(i) Gymnosperm
(ii) Angiosperm – (1) Monocots (2) Dicots
5. Name the appendages used for movement by organism
belonging to Protista kingdom.
13. Name the plant amphibian.
Ans :
Ans :
(a) Paramecium - Cilia
Bryophyta, e.g. funaria.
(b) Euglena - Flagella
(c) Amoeba - Pseudopodia
14. What are cryptogamae?
6. Who proposed the two kingdom classification? Ans :
Ans : The plants with hidden reproductive organs are called
cryptogamae, e.g., fern.
Carolus Linnaeus proposed the two kingdom
classification.
15. Give examples of pteridophyte.
7. What is lichen? Ans :
Ans : Marsilea and fern.
Lichen is the symbiotic association of fungi and blue-
green algae. 16. Name the reproductive organ of plants.
Ans :
8. What is symbiotic relationship? Flower.
Ans :
It is a relationship between two organisms in which 17. Which divisions of the plant kingdom are called
both of them are benefitted, e.g., fungi gets food from

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cryptogams? Why are they called so? Whale, platypus and dolphins.
Ans :
27. Name a fish with skeleton made up of cartilage.
Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta divisions
of plant kingdom are called cryptogamae. All these Ans :
divisions have hidden reproductive organs. Shark.

18. What are gymnosperms? 28. Give example of two fish which have skeleton made up
Ans : of both bone and cartilage.
Gynosperms are the group of plants that bear naked Ans :
seeds, e.g., pines, deodar. Tuna and rohu.

19. Why bryophytes and pteriodophytes grow in moist 29. What is biological classification?
and shady places? Ans :
Ans :
Grouping of organisms based on similarities and
Bryophytes and pteriodophytes need water for dissimilarities is called biological classification.
their reproduction. Because reproduction in these
organisms can take place when water helps in carrying 30. What is taxonomy?
male gamete to female gamete.
Ans :
Download All PDF files from www.rava.org.in. The systematic study of identification, classification
and naming of oraganisms is called taxonomy.
20. What are angiosperms?
Ans : 31. Who made 1st attempt for scientific basis of
Angiosperms are the group of plants with covered classification?
seeds. These are flowering plants. Ans :
Aristotle.
21. What are cotyledons?
Ans : 32. On what morphological criteria Aristotle classified the
Plant embryos in seeds have structures called plants?
cotyledons. Cotyledens are also known as seed leaves. Ans :
Based on the morphological nature of the stem.
22. Define radial symmetry.
Ans : 33. Name the 2 kingdoms of classification?
When any plane axis passing through the central axis Ans :
of the body divides the animal into two halves that are (1) Plantae or Metaphyta
mirror image, is called radial symmetry. For example (2) Animalia or Metazoa
: sponges, starfish.
34. What are prokaryotes? Give one example for
23. What is the meaning of triploblastic? prokaryote.
Ans : Ans :
Animals which have three layers of cells : ectoderm, The organisms which do not have well organized
mesoderm and endoderm from which differentiated nucleus in their cell are called prokaryotes. Organisms
tissues can be made, e.g. tapeworm. containing incipient nucleus (Nucleoid) in their cells
are called prokaryotes. Example : Bacteria, Nostoc
24. What is bilateral symmetry? (cyano bacteria/ B.G. Algae)
Ans :
Anything is said to have bilateral symmetry if its body 35. What are Eukaryotes? Give an example of Eukaryotes?
have same design in left and right halves of the body. Ans :
Organisms which have well organized nuclei (True
25. What do you mean by “cold-blooded animals”? nucleus) are called Eukaryotes.
Ans : Example : Amoeba, mango, Man.
Cold-blooded animals are the animals that show the
variation in their body temperature according to the 36. What are unicellular organisms? Give an example for
surroundings, e.g., fish, amphibians, reptiles. unicellular organisms?
Ans :
26. Write the name of three mammals that live in water. One celled or Single celled organisms are called
Ans : unicellular organisms.
Example : Chlamydomonas, Amoeba, Euglena.

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37. What are multicellular organisms? Give an example 47. What are heterocysts?
for multi cellular organisms. Ans :
Ans : The colourless specialized cells of nostoc filament
Organisms whose body is made up of many numbers meant for fixing atmospheric nitrogen are called
of cells are called multicellular organisms. heterocysts.
Example : Spirogyra, Mango, Man.
48. What are chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria?
38. Name the five kingdoms of living organisms? Ans :
Ans : The bacteria which oxidize inorganic substances like
(1) Kingdom — Monera, nitrate, nitrities and ammonia to release energy in the
(2) Kingdom — Protista, form of ATP are called chemosynthetic bacteria.
(3) Kingdom — Fungi (mycota),
(4) Kingdom — Plantae (metaphyta), 49. What are mycoplasmas?
(5) Kingdom — Animalia (metazoan). Ans :
Add 89056 29969 in Your Class Whatsapp Group to Get All PDF Files. The smallest living organisms without cell walls and
survive without oxygen are called mycoplasmas.
39. Who proposed five kingdom classification?
Ans : 50. Name the kingdom which includes single celled
eukaryotes.
R.H. Whittaker (1969).
Ans :
40. What are Monerans? Kingdom Protista.
Ans :
51. Name the 2 methods of protistan’s reproduction.
Prokaryotic celled, unicellular and Autotrophic
organisms. Ans :
(1) Asexual reproduction (cell fusion),
41. Name the kingdom which includes monerans. (2) Sexual reproduction (zygote formation).
Ans :
52. What are planktons?
Kingdom Monera.
Ans :
42. Give an example for kingdom Monera. The microscopic organisms which floats on water are
Ans : called planktons.
Bacteria, Nostoc, Mycoplasma.
53. Name the chemical component of cell wall of Diatoms.
43. Name the kingdom which includes Bacteria. Ans :
Ans : Chitin.
Kingdom Monera.
54. What is diatomaceous earth?
44. What are autotrophic bacteria? Give an example for Ans :
autotrophic bacteria. Accumulation of cell wall deposition of dead diatoms.
Ans :
The bacteria which synthesize their own food from 55. Which are chief producer of oceans?
inorganic substances are called autotrophic bacteria. Ans :
Example : Nostoc, Anabaena. Diatoms.

45. What are heterotrophic bacteria? 56. What are euglenoids?

Ans : Ans :
The bacteria which do not synthesize their own food The fresh water organisms found in stagnant water
but depend on other organisms or dead organic matter with protein rich particle in their cell wall are called
are called heterotrophic bacteria. euglenoids.

46. What are cyano bacteria? 57. Give an example for euglenoids.
Ans : Ans :
Bacteria that obtain their energy through Euglena (photosynthetic protozoan).
photosynthesis.
58. What are slime moulds?
Ans :

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Saprophytic protists are called slime moulds. 71. Which fungi act as a source of antibiotics?
Ans :
59. What are plasmodium?
Penicillium.
Ans :
Aggregation of slime moulds under suitable conditions 72. Why should we keep fruits and vegetables in
are called plasmodium, which may grow and spread refrigerator?
over several feet. During unfavorable conditions they Ans :
differentiate and follows fruiting bodies.
To prevent food from getting bad due to bacterial or
60. Name parasitic protozoa. fungal infections.
Ans :
73. Name the cell wall component of fungi.
Entamoeba, Plasmodium (Malarial parasite). Ans :

61. Give an example for flagellated protozoans. Chitin and polysaccharides.

Ans :
74. What are saprophytic fungi?
Trypanosoma, Euglena. Ans :

62. Name parasitic flagellated protozoan. The heterotrophic fungi which absorb soluble organic
matter from dead substrates are called saprophytes.
Ans :
Trypanosoma. 75. What are parasitic fungi?
Ans :
63. Name the disease caused by Trypanosoma.
The heterotrophic fungi which absorb food from living
Ans :
plants and animals are called parasitic fungi.
Sleeping sickness.
76. What are symbionts?
64. Give one example for ciliated protozoans. Ans :
Ans :
The association of 2 organisms in which both the
Paramecium. organisms are mutually benefited are called symbionts.
Example : Fungi with algae as lichens.
65. Which is the locomotory organ of paramecium or
ciliated protozoans. 77. How are pores or holes all over the body of Porifera
Ans : important?
Cilia. Ans :
The pores present all over the body of the organisms
Download All PDF files from www.rava.org.in. lead to a canal system that helps in circulating water
throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.
66. Give one example for sporozoan.
Ans : 78. Name the 5 kingdoms of living organisms.
Plasmodium. Ans :
1. Monera;
67. Which one is called malarial parasite? 2. Protista;
Ans : 3. Fungi, mycota;
4. Plantae; Metaphyto;
Plasmodium.
5. Animalia Metazoa.
68. Name the disease caused by plasmodium.
79. If you are provided seeds of gram, wheat, rice,
Ans : pumpkin, maize and pea. Classify these as Monocots/
Malaria. Dicots.
Ans :
69. Name the kingdom which includes eukaryotic
Monocots : Wheat, Rice, Maize.
heterotrophic organisms.
Dicots : Gram, Pumpkin, Pea.
Ans :
Kingdom Mycota (Fungi). THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
70. Name unicellular fungi.
Ans : 80. Give the characteristics of Monera.
Yeast. Ans :
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(a) Organisms are unicellular and do not have a 6. Adventitious roots Roots develop from
defined nucleus. radical
(b) Some organisms can have cell wall while some
cannot. 7. Absence of secondary Presence of secondary
(c) Cell organelles are not covered with double growth growth
membrane.
(d) Autotrophic or Heterotrophic. 84. What are hermaphrodites? Give two examples.
Ans :
Hermaphrodites are the organisms that have both
the sexes. Thus, it can produce both sperms and
eggs and called hermaphrodites. Example : Sponges,
earthworms.

85. Give the difference between radial and bilateral

symmetry.
Ans :

Figure: Monera Family B i l a t e r a l Radial Symmetry

Symmetry
81. Give the characteristics of Protista. 1. Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry has
Ans : has a symmetric a symmetric axis.
plane.
(a) Organisms are unicellular and eukaryotic.
(b) Locomotion is possible by using parts like cilia, 2. In bilateral symmetry In radial symmetry
flagella, etc. identified two equal few similar portions
(c) Nutrition is either autotrophic or heterotrophic. parts. of the body can be
(d) E.g., algae, protozoa. identified.
3. Bilaterally symmetric Radial symmetric
82. Give the difference between thallophyta and animals can be found animals are found in
bryophyta. in both aquatic and water.
Ans : terrestrial habitats.
4. Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry
Thallophyta Bryophyta is more common as is not so common
there are more animal among animals.
Plant body is not well Plant body is
phylum with bilateral
differentiated into stem differentiated to form
symmetry compared
and leaf-like structure. stem and leaf-like
to radial symmetry.
structure.
Example : Spirogyra Example : Moss
86. Differentiate between vertebrates and invertebrates.
The plant in this group These are called the
Ans :
are commonly called algae. amphibians of the
plant kingdom.
Invertebrate Vertebrate
1. Animals do not have Animals with
83. Give the difference between monocots and dicots.
a backbone. backbone.
Ans :
2. No cell walls Well-developed brain,
Monocots Dicots internal skeleton,
advanced nervous
1. Embryo with single Embryo with two system and cellular
cotyledon cotyledons skin.
2. Pollen with single Pollen with three 3. Small and slow Big in size
pore pores moving
3. Flower parts in Flower parts in 4. Flatworms, insects are Humans, snakes, birds
multiples of three multiples of four or few examples. are few examples.
five
4. Major leaf veins Major leaf veins 87. Name the phylum of the following animals :
parallel reticulated (a) Tapeworm
5. Scattered stem Stem vascular bundles (b) Starfish
vascular bundles in a ring (c) Jellyfish
(d) Octopus

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Ans : (c) Triploblastic animal

(a) Tapeworm — Platyhelminthes (b) Parasitic mode of nutrition
(b) Starfish — Echinodermata (d) No true internal body cavity
(c) Jellyfish — Coelenterata Example : Tapeworm, planaria, liver fluke.
(d) Octopus — Mollusca
91. Give general characteristics of Porifera.
88. Identify the phylum for the following characteristics Ans :
given : (a) Animals with pores all over the body.
(a) Organisms with joint appendages. (b) Body is not well differentiated.
(b) Organisms are generally flatworms. (c) Non-motile animals remain attached to solid
(c) Body is segmented. support.
(d) Skin of organisms is full of spikes. (d) Body is covered with hard outer skeleton. Example
Ans : : Sponges.
(a) Arthropoda
(b) Platyhelminthes 92. Give specific characteristics of Coelenterate.
(c) Annelida Ans :
(d) Echinodermata (a) Water living animals.
(b) Body is made of two layers of cells.
89. State the features of all chordates. (c) Some of them live in colonies (corals), while others
Ans : have solitary life-span (Hydra).
(d) Body cavity present.
All chordates possess the following features :
(e) Radially symmetrical.

93. Give the characteristics of Arthropoda with 2

examples.
Ans :
(a) Arthropoda means jointed legs.
(b) Animals are bilaterally symmetrical and
Figure: Amphioxus segmented.
(c) It has an open circulatory system.
1. Have a notochord
(d) This is the largest group of animals.
2. Have a dorsal nerve chord
Examples : Spider, scorpions, crabs, house flies.
3. Are triploblastic
4. Bilaterally symmetrical body
5. Respire through lungs on land and through gills in 94. Give the characteristic features of Echinodermata.
water Ans :
(a) Spikes present on skin.
90. Give general characteristics of ‘Platyhelminthes’. (b) Free living, marine animals.
Ans : (c) Triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity.
(d) Have a peculiar water driven tube system used for
moving around.
(e) Have hard calcium carbonate structure that is
used as a skeleton.
Examples : Starfish, sea-urchin.

95. Give the characteristics of mammals.

Ans :
(a) Mammals are warm-blooded animals.
(b) Four-chambered heart.
(c) Mammary glands for production of milk to
nourish their younger one.
(d) Skin has hairs, sweat glands and oil glands.
(e) Most of them produce their young ones
(viviparous).

96. What are the conventions followed for writing the

scientific names?
Ans :
Figure: Family Platyhelminthes The conventions followed while writing the scientific
names are :
(a) Flatworms 1. The name of the genus begins with a capital
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letter. by that they can breathe in water. But in case of

2. The name of the species begins with a small letter. reptiles the young ones’ need warmth in initial stages
3. When printed, the scientific name is given in of hatching out of egg so the reptiles lay their eggs on
italic. land.
4. When written by hand, the genus name and the
species name have to be underlined separately. 102.Give the hierarchy of 5 kingdom classification of living
world.
97. Name the phylum of the following organisms, whose Ans :
exclusive characteristics is given below :
(a) Hollow bones
(b) Jointed appendages
(c) Flatworm
(d) Round worms, parasitic
(e) Soft body, muscular marine animal
(f) Radially symmetrical, spiny skin.
Ans :
(a) Phylum chordata, subphylum—vertebrata,
class—Aves
(b) Phylum—Arthropoda
(c) Phylum—Platyhelmithes
(d) Phylum—Aschelminthes
(e) Phylum—Mollusca
(f) Phylum—Echinodermata
103.What are parasites? Name two protozisum parasites
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you have studied.

98. Give the characteristics of amphibians. Ans :

Ans : The organisms which depend on the other host

organism for their requirement of food are called
Amphibians are vertebrates that live on land and in parasites.
water. Examples : (1) Plasmodium, (2) Trypanosoma.
(a) They are cold-blooded.
(b) Heart is three-chambered.
104.Write the two characteristic features of kingdom
(c) Fertilization is external.
protista?
(d) Respiration through lungs on land and through
moist skin when in water. Examples : Frog, Toads. Ans :
(1) All are single celled eukaryotes.
99. Give the characteristics of Ayes. (2) It includes plant protists (photosynthetic
Ans : protozoan) and animal protozoan’s (protista).
(3) Some prostistan members have flagella or cilia as
(a) Aves/birds can fly. locomotary organs.
(b) Streamlined body. (4) Protists reproduce asexually by binary fission and
(c) Hollow and light bones. sexually by a process involving cell fission and
(d) Forelimbs are modified into wings. zygote formation.
(e) Warm-blooded animals, heart with four chambers.
(f) Egg laying animals.
105.Write briefly about lichens.
(g) Beak present, teeth are absent.
Ans :
100.Mention the main criteria of R.H. Whittaker’s (1) Lichens are symbiotic close association of two
classification. different organisms such as algae and fungi.
Ans : (2) Algal component of lichen known as phycobiont
which is photosynthetic in nature.
(1) Cell structure; (3) Fungal component of living form is known as
(2) Thallus organization; mycobiont which is non-photosynthetic, but helps
(3) Mode of nutrition; in absorption of minerals, nutrients and water.
(4) Reproduction; (4) Lichens are very good pollution indicator as they
(5) Phlogenetic relationships were considered by do not grow in polluted areas.
Whittaker.
106.A group of students had gone for educational trip
101.Why do most of the amphibians lay their eggs in clicked photographs of endangered plants. These
water while reptiles lay their eggs on land? photographs were used by the school laboratory to
Ans : study these plants.
Amphibians lay their eggs in water because the young (i) Name two endangered plants.
ones have gills in initial stages of hatching out of egg (ii) Name any one medicinal plant and give its

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medicinal use. (b) Respiration through lungs.

Ans : (c) Cold-blooded
(d) Internal fertilization.
(i) Two endangered plants are Euphrasia and Ubnus
(e) Heart is three chambered.
rubra.
(f) Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs are present.
(ii) Aloe-vera : Juice of Aloe-vera is used in case of
indigestion, treating skin infection, etc.
111.What is the basis for classification of organisms?
107.Due to global warming coral is getting diminished in Ans :
all the oceans/ water bodies. People in Lakshadweep The basis for classification are :
island protects their corals by not allowing people/ (a) Presence or absence of nucleus.
tourist to take few pieces away. (b) Organisms are unicellular, or multicellular.
(a) Name the phylum of coral. (c) Autotrophic mode of nutrition or heterotrophic
(b) What is coral made up of? mode of nutrition.
(c) What values of people in Lakshadweep island is (d) Of the organisms that perform photosynthesis
reflected? (plants), their level, or organisation of the body.
Ans : (e) Of the animals, how does the individuals body
develop and organise its different parts.
(a) Phylum of coral is coelenterata.
(b) Coral is made up of calcium carbonate.
112.Give the characteristics of flatworms, roundworms
(c) People in Lakshadweep island reflect the value of
and segmented worms. Give their phylum.
being responsible (Citizen, respecting environment
and nature). Ans :

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS Flatworms Roundworms Segmented

Worms
Phylum - Phylum - Phylum -
108.What is the importance of classification? Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida
Ans : Dorsoventrally Body is Body is
flat, i.e. flat cylindrical. segmented from
Classification is important because :
body from top head to tail.
(a) Classification makes the study of wide variety of
to bottom
organisms systematic and easier.
(b) It projects a picture of all organisms and their No true body Pseudocoelom True body
interrelation with each other. cavity sort of body cavity
(c) It provides a base for the study of other branches cavity
of biology. Mostly Sexes are May be
(d) It is useful in the study of ecology, which deals hermaphrodite, separate. unisexual or
with the inter-relation of an organism with their i.e., male and bisexual.
environment. female sex
(e) It helps to establish a hierarchy of groups of organs present
organisms. in the same
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109.What are the characteristic features of mammals? 113.Give difference between algae and Fungi ?
Ans : Ans :
Characteristic features of mammals :
(a) Body is covered with hair. Algae Fungi
(b) Skin is provided with sweat and sebaceous glands.
1. Green pigments are Green pigments are
(c) Heart is four-chambered.
present. absent.
(d) Fertilization is internal.
(e) Females have mammary glands to produce milk 2. Autotrophic Heterotrophic
to nourish their young ones. 3. Mostly aquatic Mostly terrestrial
(f) External ear–pinna present.
(g) Eyes have eye lids. 4. The cell wall is made The cell wall is made
(h) Warm-blooded. of cellulose. of chitin.
(i) Respiration through lungs. 5. Contain starch as a Contain glycogen and
stored food material oil as a stored food
110.What are the characteristic features of reptiles? material
Ans :
The characteristics of reptiles : 114.Give the classification of plant kingdom.
(a) Dry scaly, impermeable skin. Ans :

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The classification of plant kingdom :

(a) Rhizopus

(b) Penicillium

115.Give difference between Cryptogamae and

Phanaerogamae.
Ans :

Cryptogamae Phanerogamae
1. Has seed-less plants. Has seed in plants.
2. Possesses both Possesses only
vascular and non- vascular plants. (c) Agaricus
vascular plants.
3. External water External water is not 118.Draw labelled diagram of three protozoa.
is required for required. Ans :
fertilization.

116.Give the outline classification of animalia kingdom.

Ans :

(a) Amoeba

117.Give general characteristics of fungi.

Ans :
Characteristics of Fungi : (b) Paramecium
1. Saprophytes
2. Membrane bound nucleus
3. Cell wall made up of Chitin
4. Food stored in the form of glycogen
5. Examples : Rhizopus, Yeast, Agaricus, Penicillium.

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occur in air, water, soil and on plants and animals.

(3) They are unicellular (yeast) or multicellular,
eukaryotic organisms.
(4) Fungi are filamentous and the body consisting of
long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae,
may be coenocytes hyphane or septate hyphore.
(5) The network of hyphae in fungi is called mycelium.
(6) The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin and
polysaccharides.
(7) Reproduction in fungi can take place by three
(c) Euglena methods :
(a) Vegetative
119.What is the importance of heterotrophic bacteria? (b) Asexual
(c) Sexual reproduction.
Ans :
(1) Conversion of milk to curd. 123.Write the important characters of the kingdom -
(2) Antibiotic productions. animalia.
(3) N2 fixation in leguminous roots.
Ans :
(4) Act as pathogen, causing diseases like cholera,
typhoid, tetanus. (1) Kingdom Animalia includes heterotrophic,
(5) Damage corps (citrus canker disease) multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
(6) Act as ‘Scavengers of nature’ by decomposing (2) Cells are not containing cell walls.
dead and decaying organic matter. (3) Animals directly or indirectly depend on plants
for food.
120.Write the characteristic features of the kingdom - (4) They digest their food in an internal cavity.
protista. (5) Animals store food reserves as glycogen or fat.
(6) The mode of nutrition in animals is holozoic (by
Ans :
ingestion of food).
(1) All protists are single celled eukaryotes. (7) Higher forms animals show elaborate sensory and
(2) It includes plant protist (photosynthetic neuromotor mechanism.
protozoans) and animal protists. (8) Most of the animals are capable of locomotion.
(3) Protist members are primarily agnatic in nature (9) The sexual reproduction is by copulation of
and some are Parasitic. male and female, followed by embryological
(4) The kingdom protista links with other plants, development.
fungi and animals.
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(5) Same protistans members have flagella or cilia as
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(4) Protozoans are grouped into four major groups, free study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online
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such as :
(p) Amoeboid protozoans
(q) Flagellated protozoans
(r) Ciliated protozoans
(s) Sporozoans
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122.Write the general characteristics of kingdom - fungi.

Ans :
(1) The fungi are the unique heterotrophic organisms
either saprophytic or parasitic or symbiotic.
(2) The fungi are cosmopolitan in distribution and

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