Irc 78 Draft LSM PDF
Irc 78 Draft LSM PDF
Irc 78 Draft LSM PDF
Draft
Code of Practice
on
Limit State Design for Foundations
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Limit State Design for foundations
Contents
1.0 Symbols
2.0 Design Philosophy and Verifications under ultimate and serviceability limit states
2.1 Design Philosophy
2.2 .1 Combinations of actions for Verifications under ultimate limit state for open foundation
2.2.2 Verification under serviceability limit state.
3.0 Open Foundation
3.1 Check for Loss of equilibrium
3.1.1 Verification against overturning
3.1.2 Verification against sliding
3.2 Verification for Bearing Resistance
3.2.1 Partial factor for actions and combination of actions
3.2.2 Partial factor on materials
3.2.3 Calculation of bearing pressure on soil
3.2.4 Calculation of bearing pressure on rock
3.2.5 Calculation of bearing pressure for structural design of foundation
3.2.6 Calculation of allowable bearing capacity
3.3 Verification of uplift limit state
3.4 Verification of Serviceability limit state
3.4.1 Verification of contact area of base and bearing pressure
3.4.2 Calculation of Settlement
3.4.3 Allowable Settlement
3.5 Special vehicle loading
3.5.1 Verifications required
3.5.2 Method of verification
3.6 Other Provisions
4.0 Pile Foundation
4.1 General
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4.2 Actions and Combinations
4.3 Set value of Partial factor for geo-technical materials to be used for computation of
geo technical action and ground resistance
4.4 Ultimate limit state verifications
4.4.1 Loss of equilibrium
4.4.2 Verification of bearing resistance for pile resting on soil through pile capacity
4.4.2.1 Estimation of design axial compression load on a pile and pile groups
4.5 Calculation of Pile Capacity of piles resting on soil.
4.5.1 Calculation of pile capacity using ground parameters from site investigation
4.5.2 Calculation of pile capacity from profiles of ground test results
4.5.3 Calculation of pile capacity from static load tests
4.5.4 Calculation of pile capacity from dynamic testing using wave equation analysis
4.5.5 Calculation of pile capacity from pile driving formula
4.5.6 Negative skin friction
4.6 Group action of piles
4.6.1 Piles subjected to compressive loads
4.6.2 Piles subjected to negative skin friction
4.7. Calculation of pile capacity for piles resisting on rock and intermediate Geo-Materials
4.7.1 Behavior of pile foundation resting on rock
4.7.2 Socketing length of pile
4.7.3 Calculation of pile capacity using ground parameters from site investigation for serviceability limit
state
4.7.4 Allowable load on pile from static load tests
4.7.5 Allowable displacement of pile under working load for rare combination
4.7.6 Verification of pile capacity under ultimate loads
4.7.7 Load test on piles
4.7.8 Group action of piles
4.8 Verification of Tensile resistance of pile foundation
4.8.1 Combination of actions
4.8.2 Resistance capacity of a single pile
4.8.3 Calculation of shaft tensile resistance of piles in soil
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4.8.3.1 Calculation of Shaft tensile resistance from ground parameters
4.8.3.2 Calculation of shaft tensile resistance from pull out tests.
4.8.3.3 Calculation of shaft tensile resistance from ground profile test result
4.8.3.4 Total uplift resistance of piles or group of piles in soil
4.8.3.5 Uplift resistance of pile foundation in rock or intermediate Geo-materials.
4.9 Settlement and Serviceability limit state
4.10 Routine load test
4.11 Piles subjected to lateral load
4.11.1 Ultimate horizontal Capacity of Pile
4.11.2 Ultimate horizontal Capacity of Piles in a Group.
4.11. Horizontal Capacity of Pile under Serviceability limit state.
4.12 Structural analysis of pile
4.13 Structural design of pile
4.15 Special vehicle loading
4.15.1 Verifications required
4.15.2 Method of verification
4.16 Other provisions
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5.8 Structural Design of Foundation
5.9 Special vehicle loading
5.9.1 Verifications required
5.9.2 Method of verification
5.10 Other provisions
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BACKGROUND
The “IRC:78 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges Section VII – Foundation and
Sub-Structure” was published first in July 1980 as part of General Features of design. Later, first revision
was published in December 1980 incorporating Part II and Amendments 1, 2 and 3 to Part I as an unified
code. The second revision was published in December 2000. The third revision which is the current edition
was published in January 2014 incorporating all amendments and errata published up to December 2013.
The BSS Committee during the meeting held on ------ desired that since Loads and Load Combination Code
(IRC: 6) and concrete bridge code (IRC: 112) using Limit State approach have already been published and
the Steel Bridges Committee (IRC 24) and Bearings Committee (IRC 83) are also expected to revise the
codes based on Limit State approach, the Foundation and Substructure Committee should also revise IRC:78
to suit the limit State approach as early as possible.
Soon after the BSS committee meeting, the B-3 committee tool up the work of preparation of draft code on
limit State approach for design of foundations. A subcommittee comprising of the following was constituted
to prepare the draft document.
Sub-Committee B 3-1 : Limit State Design Guidelines for Foundation:
The subcommittee held few meetings. Subsequently, on the request of Convener B-3 committee, Mr T.
Viswanathan took up the responsibility of preparing the draft document. The draft was prepared by Mr
Viswanathan and discussed in several meetings of the B-3 Committee. The draft was revised a number of
times and the present version was approved by B-3 Committee in its 11th meeting held on 2.8.2019.
Committee also decided that an Explanatory Note and Worked out examples using the limit state approach
and working stress approach be also included in the document for easy understanding of the users. Since
revision of IRC:78 is likely to take some more time the Committee decided to recommend publication of this
document as standalone IRC:78-Part 2. The B-3 Committee also recommended that option may be given to
designers for the next 2 years to follow either the working stress method as per present IRC:78 which will be
renumbered as IRC:78 Part 1 on revision or as per Limit State approach given in this Part 2 for design of
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foundations for bridges.
The Draft Document was approved by the Bridges Specification and Standards Committee in its meeting
held on ----------------- at New Delhi and lately Executive Committee on ------. The draft was discussed and
approved by the Council of the Indian Roads Congress at the ------------ meeting held at Goa on --------
The composition of the B-3 Committee is given below:
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1.0 Symbols
1) Latin Letters
AC : The area of base of foundation in contact with soil
Width of foundation
B:
CR1 CR2 CR3 CR4
CR5 CR6 Correlation factors
Cu = Un-drained shear strength
Cud = Design value of un-drained shear strength
d = Diameter of circular foundation
e = Eccentricity of vertical loads
eB = Eccentricity of vertical loads in transverse direction
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δ Structure ground interface friction angle (wall or base interface)
Partial factor for total Resistance of pile or Partial factor for the density of the
γt
soil
Φ Angle of shearing Resistance of soil
Φ1 Design angle of shearing Resistance of soil.
σv Base pressure
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2.0 Design Philosophy and Verifications under Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States
2.1 Design Philosophy
Limit state design philosophy will ensure that the foundation will be safe with regards to the various limit
states requirement under different design situations. The philosophy will ensure that the limits stated
herein are not exceeded during the life of the structure.
The limit states can be divided into two types, ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state.
Under the ultimate limit state, the loss of equilibrium of the structure, excessive deformation of the
ground (bearing failure) and loss of equilibrium of the structure or the ground due to uplift by buoyancy
are to be verified. Under serviceability limit state, the contact area of base, the bearing pressure under
open and well foundations and settlement under all foundations are to be investigated.
The procedure outlined in the following sections shall be used for carrying out the geotechnical design of
foundations. The structural design of foundations shall be carried out in accordance with IRC: 112.For
substructures subjected to geotechnical actions (e.g., abutment, retaining wall excluding reinforced earth
wall, abutment well cap and pile cap) the structural design shall be carried out according to IRC 112 for
load combinations given in Table B4 of IRC: 6 for ultimate limit state using appropriate material safety
factors on soil and as per Table B3 of IRC: 6 for serviceability limit state. Open foundation, Pile
foundation, and well foundation are covered in these sections of limit state design.
2.2 Combinations of actions for Verifications under ultimate limit state for open foundation
The verifications have to be carried out under the ultimate limit state for loss of equilibrium and bearing
resistance failure for combinations of actions shown in clause 2.2.1.
. For open foundations the passive earth pressure (relieving earth pressure) can be considered in the
calculation provided the soil is well compacted and protected against scour in front. However, passive
resistance on the foundation shall not be considered for open foundations resting on clayey soils due to
possibility of shrinking.
a) Loss of equilibrium (i.e.) overturning, overall stability, sliding of foundation and uplift. This verification
shall be carried out using Table B1 of IRC 6 and material safety factor shown in TableTable 1.
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b) Bearing resistance failure: Bearing resistance failure shall be verified using the following combinations
of actions as shown in Table B4 of IRC6 :2017, partial factor on materials and ground resistance
factors. The combination can be expressed as
Action combination 1 + partial factor on materials set 1 value+ Resistance factor R1.
Failure of Shallow
Foundations
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Failure of
Reinforced
Concrete
retaining wall
Under serviceability limit state the following verifications may be required to be carried out
(a) Contact area of base where applicable under frequent combination (b) Base pressure under rare
combination (c) settlement under quasi permanent combination
3. Open Foundation
The structure loses its equilibrium when it overturns or slides or gets uplifted.. Hence it shall be ensured that
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the structure neither over turns nor slides. The uplift verification may be carried out where required
Verification against overturning for all structures and over turning and overall stability for foundations
supporting the retaining structure or abutments shall be carried out using the partial factors for actions shown
in table no. B.1 of IRC: 6:2017 for all the combinations. The partial factor for water pressure shall be taken
as 1.0. If encountered. However partial factor needs to be applied on the geo technical materials which are
shown below while computing the effect of Geo-technical actions. The computed geotechnical actions are to
be further multiplied by partial factor for actions shown in table B1 of IRC 6. The design parameter for geo
technical material to be adopted for computation of geo technical action is calculated from the characteristic
parameter. Design Parameter = characteristic Parameter obtained from tests / γm except for angle of shearing
resistance. The design angle of shearing resistance shall be computed as given at the bottom of table 1.The
partial factor on materials shown below is applicable to check stability(over turning , over all stability,
sliding and uplift.)
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TABLE 1
Hd ≤Rd where. C ud = C u / γ cu . This check shall be carried out after calculating the contact area of the base as
per clause 3.2.3
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.
3.2 Verification for Bearing Resistance
It shall be ensured that the pressure transmitted by the foundation does not exceed the ultimate bearing
resistance.
3.2.1 Partial factor for actions and combination of actions.
The bearing resistance has to be verified for the factored actions and their combinations shown in table B.4
of IRC: 6-2017. Where ever water pressure is encountered the partial factor shall be taken as 1.0 for the
same.
Geo-technical actions and the bearing or ground capacity shall be computed using the partial factor for
materials as given in Table 2. The design parameters for geotechnical materials shall be obtained from the
characteristic parameters as specified in clause 3.1.1 for computing the geotechnical actions and ground
capacity
TABLE 2
Partial Factor for Soil Parameters (γm) for computing the geo technical actions and bearing
capacity
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3.2.3 Calculation of bearing pressure on soil
When the foundation is subjected to moment about one axis or both axes the base pressure shall be
calculated assuming a uniformly distributed pressure over an effective base area.
The bearing pressure transmitted when subjected to single axis eccentricity in case of rectangular footing is.
σv = Σv/(L-2e)
It shall be ensured that the minimum contact of base area shall not be less than 50% under all four
combinations. In case of circular foundation the bearing pressure transmitted will be worked out as shown
below
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Σv/effective area of contact. The contact area will have uniform pressure.
The effective contact area shall be calculated as follows. The centroid of the contact area shall coincide with
the point of application of load which is the location of eccentricity .Table below gives the contact area for
various e/d ratios.
Area of Contact
When the foundation is supported on Rock, the base Pressure shall be calculated by assuming a linearly
varying pressure over effective base area. The contact pressure diagram will be either triangle or trapezoidal.
The minimum contact area of base of 67% for all four combinations shall be ensured. When the UCS
exceeds or equal to 4 Mpa the strata shall be treated as rock for this purpose of this clause
For the structural design of an eccentrically loaded foundation, a triangular or trapezoidal contact pressure
depending upon the eccentricity based on the factored loads shall be worked out and used both for the
foundations resting on soil and rock .
The ultimate net bearing capacity for soils shall be calculated as per IS: 6403. The bearing capacity shall be
calculated using the partial factor for materials given in Table 2 for the respective combinations. The reduced
dimensions of the foundation have to be used for estimating the ultimate bearing capacity which will lead to
calculation of bearing capacity for each combination. The bearing capacity thus worked out shall be further
divided by the following ground resistance factors to arrive at the allowable ultimate bearing capacity
Ground resistance factor R1 for foundations resting on soil shall be taken as 1.3 for all combinations except
for seismic combination. For seismic combination ground resistance factor R2 can be taken as 1.1. For
foundations resting on rock, the ground resistance factor shall be taken as 4.5.
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Verification of uplift limit state is required for structures subjected to uplift force e.g. an underpass subjected
to uplift due to the ground water level raising up to a high level. The check shall be carried out for the
combinations shown in Table B-1 of IRC: 6-2017. The partial factor for actions shall be adopted as shown in
the above table. Any additional resistance (Rd) to counter the uplift is mobilized either by providing tension
piles or anchors or both, the design additional resistance shall be computed by dividing the calculated
characteristic additional resistances (Rd) by the partial factors as given below
For Anchors 1.1 and for tensile pile resistance as given under pile foundation section (Table 10). For soil
parameters to be used in the computation of the resistance, the partial factors on materials shown in Table 1
shall be applied (Angle of Shearing resistance, effective Cohesion, undrained Shear Strength, , Density).
Verification for uplift shall be carried out by checking the design value of combination of unfavorable uplift
actions is less than or equal to sum of resisting actions and of any additional resistance to uplift
Verification against uplift failure of the block of ground containing the piles and ground anchors shall also be
carried out using partial factors on materials shown in Table 1
While considering the uplift, of the block of ground containing the piles, the shear resistance along the sides
of the block, the self weight of soil in the block and weight of piles shall be added to other resisting self
weights if any with the partial factor shown in Table B-1 of IRC: 6 for stabilizing actions.
Verification of serviceability limit consists of verification contact area of base, bearing pressure and
settlement under the foundation. For these verifications the partial factor on materials shall be taken as 1.0
The contact area of base under foundation shall be verified using the frequent Combination of loads shown in
table B3 of IRC: 6:2017. . The partial factor for buoyancy shall be taken as 1.0
For foundation resting on soil, 90% contact area of the base shall be ensured. In case of foundations resting
on rock, 80% contact area of base shall be ensured The pressure distribution under foundation shall be
worked out based on either trapezoidal on triangular variation. The maximum base pressure shall be checked
under the rare combination of action as per table B.3 of IRC 6 and factor of safety of 2.25for foundations
resting on soil shall be ensured against ultimate bearing capacity. In case of foundations resting on rock a
factor of safety of 7.0 shall be ensured against ultimate capacity
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3.4.2 Calculation of Settlement.
For the calculation of settlement under the foundation the Quasi permanent combination shown in table B-3
of IRC:6 – 2007 shall be used and shall be ensured that settlement and angular deviation is within allowable
limit. The settlement calculation shall be performed as per IS Code. 8009 part1
The allowable settlement shall be as given below for foundations resting on soil. For foundations resting on
rock the settlement shall be limited to 15mm.
TABLE 3
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All the relevant clauses given above will also be applicable for carrying out the verifications with the
following modifications.
(a) The ground resistance factor shall be taken as 1.2 as against 1.3 mentioned in clause 3.2.6 for arriving at
the allowable ultimate bearing capacity under combination 1 and 2 for foundations resting on soil.
(b) The actor of safety of 1.75 shall be ensured on ultimate bearing capacity as against 2.25 mentioned in
clause 3.4.1 while checking the base pressure under rare combination of loads for foundations resting on soil.
(c) Factor of Safety of 6.0 shall be ensured as against 7.0 mentioned in clause 3.4.1 while checking the base
pressure under rare combination of loads for foundations resting on rock.
3.6 Other provisions
Other provisions for open foundation not covered in the above clauses shall be governed by existing
provisions given in sections705 and 707.of IRC 78 part 1 may be refereed to.
This section covers the design of end- bearing pile, friction pile, tension pile and laterally loaded pile
installed by boring or diving, resting on Soil or rock or intermediate Geo-materials. The sub sections will
cover Actions, Combination of actions, estimation of axial capacity of pile, acceptance criteria, design of pile
subjected to axial tension and Pile subjected to lateral loads.
The actions to be considered for the design are shown in Table B.4 of IRC: 6-2017 along with their partial
factors for actions for various combinations. Combinations, to be considered are action combination 1, action
combination 2, seismic combination and accidental combination. Certain actions are not covered in the
above table and the same are indicated below along with their partial factors.
(a) Negative skin friction effect from the ground. The partial factor for this action, in combination 1 and
in accidental combination is 1.35 and for the remaining combinations it shall be taken as 1.0.
(b) Pile foundations are subjected to lateral Loads generated by Geo-technical actions due to different
amounts of surcharge on either side of foundation (e.g near abutment), due to different level of
excavation on either side and pile foundation constructed on slope The partial factor for this lateral
loading in combination 1 is 1.50 and in Combination 2 is1.3 and in other combinations it shall be
taken as 1.0
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(c) Pile foundations in seismic zone are also be subjected to lateral loads due to seismic action. .
4.3 Set value of partial factor (γm) for Geo-technical materials to be used for computation of action and
ground Resistance
The relevant set to be used for computation of action and ground resistance from Geo-technical materials
(soil, rock and intermediate Geo-materials) shall be as shown in Table 4. The partial factors for the relevant
set can be obtained from table no 2.
The vertical ground resistance shall be computed using set 1 value only for materials, in all combinations for
piles subjected to both compressive and tensile forces.. The partial factor for ground resistance for
combination 1 is GR1 and for combination 2 is GR2, GRS for seismic combination and GRA for accidental
combination which shall be obtained from table 5.. For computation of negative skin friction effect on the
piles, the characteristic undrained shear strength or unconfined compressive strength (for calculation of shear
strength,) the material safety factor shown in table 2 shall be used as multiplier and not as a divider to arrive
at the design value from the characteristic value Taking into account the actions, combinations, partial factor
on materials and ground resistance factors, the combinations can be expressed as
Action combination 1 + Partial factor on materials set1 value + Ground resistance factor GR1
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Action combination 2 + Partial factor on materials set 2 or set1 value as per above table + Ground
resistance factor GR2
Seismic combination + Partial factor on materials set 2 or set1 value as per above table + Ground
resistance factor GRS
Accidental combination + Partial factor on materials set2 or set 1 value as per above table + Ground
resistance factor GRA
The following ultimate limit states shall be verified for the pile foundation.
(i)Loss of Equilibrium
Loss of equilibrium if required only need to be checked as the pile foundation is not liable to lose
equilibrium except in case of short pile foundations.
4.4.2 Verification of bearing resistance for piles resting on soil through pile capacity.
4.4.2.1 Estimation of design axial compression load on a pile and pile groups.
The design axial load on a pile shall be estimated for all the 4 combinations described in clauses 4.2 and.4.3.
It shall be ensured that the design axial compression load on a pile or on a group of piles do not exceed the
corresponding axial capacity based on bearing resistance of the ground to avoid bearing resistance failure.
The self weight of pile with associated partial factor should be included while calculating the design axial
compression load under the following circumstances.
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2) The exposed pile length of pile above scour level is large (> 60% of total length)
When the above conditions are not met with, then the common practice of assuming that the weight of the
pile is balanced by that of over burden allowing both to be excluded from load as well as from resistance
can be followed
The pile capacity can be calculated by any one of the following methods.
b) By calculation, from profiles of ground test results obtained from in-situ site investigation
For the methods mentioned in (a, (b) (d) and (e) the static pile load test is required to be conducted as
specified in clause 4.5.3 adhering to all requirements for verifying the theoretical capacity worked out
4.5.1. Calculation of pile capacity using ground parameters from site investigation
The ground parameters can be obtained either from field in-situ tests such as vane shear test, SPT or from lab
tests on samples taken from the site. This method shall be adopted when the capacity is calculated using
equation or charts
Characteristic pile resistance (pile capacity) of the pile Quc is determined by calculating the end bearing
resistance and skin friction resistance along the pile surface based on the soil parameters. The method of
calculation of characteristic pile resistance or ultimate pile resistance (Quc) is given in Appendix – 5.of IRC
78 part 1 The characteristic capacity thus arrived shall be further divided by partial factor for ground
resistance γR and modal factor M in order to arrive at the design pile resistance (pile capacity) Partial factor
for ground resistance will also be depend upon the method of installing the piles. The reduced resistance of a
pile may be obtained either by treating the characteristic pile resistance as a total resistance or by separately
obtaining base and shaft resistances. If the characteristic pile resistance is obtained as a total resistance, then
this resistance is further divided by the combined partial factor for ground resistance. If the pile resistance is
calculated as base and shaft components separately, then these resistances are divided by respective partial
ground resistance factors to obtain reduced resistances (capacity). Both principles are accepted. The partial
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factor for ground resistance is given in table 5.
QRd is the reduced capacity of pile based on partial factor for ground resistance.
TABLE 5
Component Symbol For bored and Driven Piles GRS for GRA for accidental Modal
continuous Seismic combination Factor for
auger Pile Combinati bored and
on auger pile
and driven
piles
For Base γb 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.40 1.25 1.40 1.2
resistance
For shaft γs 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.15 1.25 1.15 1.2
resistance
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Resistance factors shown under GR1 shall be used for arriving at the reduced resistance under action
combination1, Resistance factor shown under GR2 shall be used for arriving at the reduced resistance of
ground under combination 2. GRS resistance factor shall be used for arriving at the reduced resistance under
seismic combination. GRA shall be used for arriving at the reduced resistance under the respective accidental
situations. In order arrive at the design pile resistance or capacity. Q Rd shall be further divided by a modal
factor M.
Qud = QRd / M
QRd is the reduced capacity of pile based on partial factor for ground resistance.
It shall be ensured that the design axial load imposed on piles in all combination Vcd ≤ Allowable design
resistance or capacity of pile Qud
The characteristic ultimate capacity of pile Quc or (Qubc + Qufc) arrived shall be load tested and ensured that
the displacement is less than 10% of the pile diameter.
4.5.2 Calculation of Pile capacity from profiles of ground test results obtained from in-situ site investigation
The static cone penetration test or pressure meter test shall be conducted at the same location of pile
foundations proposed in the project.Complete in-situ profile of the soil at the foundation location shall be
obtained in order to adopt this method. Using the parameters, the capacity of piles based on the resistances
obtained shall be calculated for each location and by adopting the procedure given in Appendix-5 clause 7 of
IRC 78 Part 1 in case of cone penetration tests. This method is strictly applicable when the investigation is
carried out by in-situ method for obtaining the profile of the ground at the proposed location of the
foundation and no equation or charts are used to compute the pile capacity. This is called as calculated
capacity of pile.
The mean calculated pile capacity shall be obtained from the calculated pile capacity for the different
locations. The lowest calculated capacity also shall be identified. Depending upon the number of test
locations the correlation factor (or the weightage factor) has also been suggested. The correlation factor
given in the table 6 shall be used to arrive at the characteristic capacity of pile
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TABLE 6
Correlation factor for obtaining the characteristic capacity of pile from ground profile test results
No. of tests 1 2 3 4 ≥5
The characteristic calculated capacity of pile = Minimum of [Mean calculated capacity/CR1 or Minimum
calculated capacity/CR2]. (Minimum of the two to be taken as characteristic pile capacity)
The characteristic calculated capacity thus obtained shall be further divided by the partial ground resistance
factors shown in Table No. 5 for arriving at the design resistance or capacity of pile. The resistance factor
shall be applied on total capacity as a single factor or can be applied separately on to the friction and bearing
components. If the capacity is arrived using two components the following procedure shall be followed
The characteristic capacity of pile= Minimum of ((mean of base capacity + mean of shaft capacity)/CR1 or
(Minimum of (base capacity + shaft capacity)/CR2).For arriving at the minimum capacity the base and shaft
resistances have to be taken together for the same location
If the mean capacity is governing, then the design capacity of pile=( mean base capacity/CR1x γb + mean
shaft capacity/ CR1x γs )
In case if the minimum capacity is governing, then the design capacity of pile = Minimum ( base capacity/
CR2x γb + shaft capacity /CR2x γs) . Minimum of base and shaft capacity shall be taken for the same
location. Calculated characteristic pile capacity shall be verified by conducting load tests..
Pile capacity can also be arrived by conducting static load tests. Number of load tests can be conducted. The
capacity of pile shall be arrived based on settlement equivalent to 10% of pile diameter. This is called
measured pile capacity. The mean of measured capacity shall be obtained. The minimum measured capacity
shall also be identified.
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The capacity of pile thus arrived shall be divided by the correlation factor to arrive at the allowable
characteristic design resistance or capacity of pile. Depending upon the number of test locations, the
correlation factor has been suggested. The correction factor shall be applied both on the mean capacity and
on the minimum capacity. The correlation factor to be used is given in table 7.
TABLE 7
The characteristic capacity of pile Quc = Minimum of[Mean measured capacity/CR3, or Minimum measured
capacity/CR4]
Design resistance of pile or pile capacity shall be obtained by dividing Q uc by partial factor for resistance
shown in Table 5.
Qud = Quc/γt
4.5.4 Calculation of Pile Capacity from Dynamic testing using wave equation analysis.
Dynamic tests shall be used to estimate the resistance of the ground provided adequate site investigations
have been carried out in the form of boring and field tests. The test results have to be calibrated against static
load test for characteristic capacity. Static load tests shall be conducted and all requirements shall be
satisfied as given in clause 4.5.3
The design value of the pile capacity is derived from the results of wave equation analysis on a number of
representative piles. It shall be assessed as follows.
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TABLE 8
Correlation factors for obtaining the characteristic capacity of pile by dynamic testing
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multiplied by 0.5 to arrive at the design force due to negative skin friction.
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The allowable load on the pile under serviceability limit state shall be calculated from any of the following
methods
(1) By calculation using the ground parameters obtained from site investigation
(2) Directly from static load tests
For method (1) static load tests need to be performed for correlation of pile capacity obtained by calculations
4.7.2 Socketing length for pile
The socket length for piles shall be provided as follows
(a)For hinged piles resting on rock proper seating has to be ensured. The minimum socket length should be
300 mm in hard rock and 0.5 times the diameter of the pile in weathered rock
(b) For moment carrying pile or pile fixed at base the length of socket shall be arrived as per clause 9.2 of
Appendix -5 of Part1 of IRC 78
4.7.3 Calculation of pile capacity using ground parameters from site investigation for serviceability limit
state
The ultimate axial load carrying capacity of the pile is determined by calculating the socketing resistance
and end bearing resistance separately based on the properties of rock obtained by laboratory testing or based
in N value, as out lined in clause 9.1 of appendix-5 of IRC 78 Part 1 The ultimate capacity thus calculated
shall be further divided by the relevant ground resistance factors for the base resistance and socket resistance
given in appendix- 5 of IRC 78 Part 1 to obtain the allowable load on pile under Rare combination given in
table B .3 of IRC 6 ;2017.. Ground resistance factors shall be taken as 6.0 for socket friction and 3.0 for base
resistance. The end bearing component contribution after dividing by ground resistance factor shall be
further limited to 5Mpa. For calculation of socket friction capacity, the top 300 mm depth of rock shall be
neglected. The frictional capacity shall be further limited to a depth of six times the diameter of pile. The
displacement of pile under rare combination of load shall not exceed the limit specified in clause 4.7.5.
4.7.4 Allowable load on pile from static load tests.
The pile load test shall be conducted to satisfy the displacement limit specified in clause 4.7.5. The load thus
obtained from load tests shall be divided by correlation factor given in table 7 of clause 4.5.3 depending up
on the number of tests conducted to arrive at the allowable load under rare combination.
4.7.5 Allowable displacement under allowable load for rare combination
The displacement under allowable load shall be limited to
For piles having diameter less than 600 mm 2% of pile diameter but limited to 10mm
For piles having diameter 600 mm or more 2% of the pile diameter but limited to 18mm
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The displacement under the pile can be estimated theoretically by using IS 14593
4.7.6 Verification of pile capacity under ultimate loads
The characteristic capacity of pile using the partial factor on material set 1 value given in table 2 shall be
computed.. For calculating the characteristic capacity Qu, clause 9 .1 of appendix 5 of IRC 78 Part1 shall be
used .The ultimate frictional and base resistances shall be calculated separately. Calculated resistances shall
be further divided by the partial factors for ground resistance shown in table 9 and added to get the design
capacity. The design capacity shall be compared with the axial forces applied on the pile
GR3 resistance factors are to be adopted to estimate the reduced resistance of the pile under action
combination 1. GR4 values are to be used for combination 2. GRS resistance factor shall be used for arriving
at the reduced resistance under seismic combination. GRA shall be used for arriving at the reduced resistance
under the respective accidental situation. In addition Modal factor of 1.25 shall be used along with the
resistance factors to get the design resistance of piles
The allowable end bearing component after dividing by the resistance factor and modal factor shall be
limited to 8.0 Mpa under all combinations. For calculation of socket friction capacity, the top rock 300 mm
depth of rock shall be neglected. The friction capacity shall be further limited to depth of six times the
diameter of pile.
TABLE 9
Partial Factor for ground Resistance (γr)
Symbol For bored and continuous GRS for GRA for Accidental
component augur flight piles Seismic Combination
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resistance
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The shaft frictional resistance Qufc offered by the pile shall be calculated using clause 2 of Appendix5 of
IRC78 part1
This shall be treated as characteristic shaft tensile resistance of pile Q tk is obtained. This characteristic
resistance is to be further divided by partial factor for ground resistance and modal factor given in table 10
for arriving at the design shaft tensile resistance of pile.
TABLE 10
Partial Factor for Resistance for Tension Piles (γR) in soil
Resistance Symbol GR5 For GR6 For GRS for GRA for Accidental Modal
combination combination 2 Factor
Seismic Combination
1
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made to clause 7 of Appendix-5 of IRC 78 Part1 for the calculation of shaft tensile resistance. Thus obtained
resistance is termed as calculated resistance. The characteristic resistance shall be as given below.
- Qtk characteristic shaft tensile resistance = Minimum of {Calculated mean resistance/CR1 ; Minimum
tensile resistance / CR2}
CR1 and CR2 values are to be obtained from table 6 and shall be multiplied by a factor 1.1 and used.
The Characteristic shaft tensile resistance shall be divided by partial factor for ground resistance given in
table 10 to arrive at the design tensile resistance. Qtd
Qtd= Qtk /γst
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the field test results The total uplift resistance of block shall be
Pile capacity of single pile X Number of piles
4.9. Settlement and Serviceability Limit State
Piles resting in medium to dense soils, the partial factor for ultimate design have been so chosen that
occurrence of serviceability limit state in the supported structure is prevented. Thus the settlement check is
not required. However if settlement is required or the soil is not medium to dense or the soil is a cohesive
the settlement may be calculated as per clause 709.3.4 of IRC 78 Part 1 under quasi permanent load
combination given in table B3 of IRC 6 ;2017 using IS 8009 part 2
4.10 Routine load test
The piles resting on soil will be tested for 1.5 times of the rare combination of loads calculated using table
B.3 of IRC 6;2017. The settlement shall not exceed the settlement arrived based on shear parameters and
settlement parameters. For pile resting on rock the piles may be tested for rare combination of load and the
settlement shall satisfy clause 4.7.5
4.11 Piles Subjected to lateral Load
4.11.1 Ultimate horizontal capacity of pile
The design lateral Capacity of a pile shall be calculated and checked against all combinations of factored
actions shown in Table B-4 of IRC: 6-2017. For arriving at the characteristic lateral capacity the partial
factor on material, set 2 values shown in table 2 shall be used to estimate the geo technical actions and lateral
resistances for combination 2, for seismic combination and for accidental combination. For combination 1
partial factor for set 1 value shall be used. No ground resistance factor needs to be applied in lateral
direction . The characteristic lateral capacity thus arrived shall be multiplied by partial factor shown
in Table B-4 to arrive at the design capacity
The ultimate horizontal capacity of the short pile shall be estimated by using Brinch Hansen’s method or
Broms method for which specialist literature( pile design and construction by M. J . Tomlinson or H.G .
Poulos or any other relevant literature) may be referred to. The piles will be treated as fixed head when pile
caps are provided.
In case of infinitely long piles the passive resistance provided by the lower part of soil pile is infinite. Thus
the ultimate horizontal load which can be carried by the pile is determined solely from the moment of
resistance of the pile. Alternatively piles can be analyzed using special software applicable to pile
foundations taking care of the ultimate behavior of soils. It shall be ensured that the resistance capacity of
pile worked out shall be greater than the requirement
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4.11.2 Ultimate horizontal capacity of piles in a group
The Design horizontal ultimate capacity of group of piles shall be arrived by calculating the passive
resistance using the set 2 material safety factor given in table 2 for combination2, seismic combination and
accidental combinations and set 1 values shall be used for combination1 over a wall depth equal to 6D and
width equal to L+2 B where L .D, B are defined in clause 709.3.5.1 of IRC 78 Part1 and multipled by
partial factor on actions as given In table B-4
However the lateral resistance of a pile group must not exceed the sum of lateral resistance of individual
piles
4.11.3 Horizontal capacity of pile under serviceability limit state
The single pile resistance capacity shall be arrived by conducting lateral load test .The lateral deflection shall
not exceed 1% of pile diameter at scour level.
Arrived capacity shall be checked against the capacity requirement for Rare combination of actions as given
in table B.3 of IRC6 2017 For other combinations no test need to be conducted
4.12. Structural Analysis of pile
The ultimate moment obtained from the horizontal capacity worked out by any one of the above methods
shall be proportioned to the ultimate horizontal load applied on the pile to obtain the design ultimate moment
in the pile.
For serviceability limit state check, the moment in the pile can be obtained by treating the pile as an elastic
beam supported on soil springs using modulus of sub grade reaction or by using Matlock and Reese method
or by Broms method or equivalent cantilever method which is applicable to light loading .The deflection can
be computed by using the above methods or the method giving by Poulos and Davis .The equivalent
cantilever method is applicable to calculation of deflection due to small load and also is an approximate
solution
4.13 Structural design of pile
Structural design of pile shall be carried out both for ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state as per
IRC: 112.
For U.L.S Verification combinations of action given in B-4 along with the relevant partial factor for geo
technical materials to estimate the Geo-technical actions shall be used.
For S.L.S verification combination of action given Table B-3 of IRC: 6-2017 shall be used taking partial
factor on geo technical materials as 1.0 to estimate geo technical action
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4.14 Special Vehicle Loading
4.14.1 Verifications Required.
Verification of Pile capacity and strength checks are required to be carried out under ULS. The partial factor
of 1.15 as given in clause 204.5.4 IRC 6 shall be taken on SV loading for combination 1 and equilibrium
check and the same shall be taken as 1.0 when combination 2 is used
4.14.2 Method of Verification
All the relevant clauses given above will also be applicable for verifications with the following
modifications.
(a) The ground resistance factors (GR) shall be reduced by 15% when using combination 2 for piles resting
on soil when subjected to compressive loads.
(b) The ground resistance factor shall be taken as 1.2 for calculation the group block capacity of piles as
mentioned in clause 4.6.1 for piles resting on soil when subjected to compressive loads.
(c) The factored ultimate resistance of piles computed as given in clause 4.7.6 shall be further increased by
1.25 times to arrive at the ultimate capacity under this loading for piles resting on rock.
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respective base resistance partial factor given in 5.5
Action combination 2 + Partial factor on Material set value 2 + Resistance factor for side resistance and
base resistance
Seismic combination + Partial factor on Material set value 2 + Resistance factor for side resistance and
base resistance
Accidental combination + Partial factor on Material set value 2 + + Resistance factor for side
resistance and base resistance
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5.4 Resistance factors for side and base resistance and limitation of side resistance
5.4.1 Resistance factors for side and base resistance
The partial factor for side resistance shall be taken as 1.0 for all combinations
Te partial factor for ground resistance (bearing capacity) shall be adopted as shown in table 11.
5.4.2 Limitation of side resistance
The following requirement shall also be satisfied for the combinations shown in table B4 for the design of
foundation. The ratio of Characteristic net side resistance (Pp_-Pa) / design net side resistance ((Pp_-Pa) shall
not be less than 1.9 for combination 2and 1.5 for seismic and accidental combinations. The Characteristic net
side resistance shall be calculated by using both for partial safety factor for actions and partial factor on
materials as 1.0. For calculating the design net side resistance the relevant partial factor on actions and on
materials shall be considered.
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The base pressure will be verified for all the combinations shown in Table B4 of IRC6:2017. The partial
factor on materials shall be used. The base resistance capacity will be based on the crushing strength of rock
with resistance factor of 4.5 for all combinations
. The contact area of base shall not be less than a minimum of 80% of the base for combinations 1 and 2 .and
67% for seismic and accidental combination
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All the relevant clauses given above will also be applicable for carrying out the verifications with the
following modifications.
1) The base resistance factor shall be taken as 1.20 for combination 1 and 1.0 for combination 2 as against
1.35 and 1.10 mentioned in clause 5.5 for arriving at the allowable bearing capacity for foundations resting
on soil.
2) Factor of safety of 6.0 shall be ensured as against 7.0 mentioned in clause 5.7 while checking the base
pressure under rare combination of loads for foundation resting on rock. For foundations resting on soil the
allowable pressure will be restricted to 1.5Mpa and further the factor of safety of 1.6 shall be maintained
with respect to ultimate bearing capacity under rare combination of loads
References
1. Euro code 7 Geo technical design part 1 General rules.
2. U.K National Annex to Euro code 7.
3. Euro code 7 Geo technical design worked examples by Andrew J.Board, Bernd Schuppener,
Giuseppe scarpelli trevor ll. Orr.
4. Foundations Design by R. Webster O Brooker
5. Design of pile foundations By Tomlinson and Woodward 5th edition
6. Design of pile foundations following Euro code 7 BY R. FRANK
7. Cyprus National Annex
8. Report from Birmingham university
9. AASHTO LRFD.
10. IS Codes on pile foundations
11. IRC:6-2017 Loads and Load Combination
12. IS 6403 code of practice for determination of bearing capacity of shallow foundation.
13. IS 1904 code of practice for design and construction foundation in soil.
14. IRC-78: Sector VII foundation and Substructure.
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ANNEXURE-1
Explanatory Note
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1. OPEN FOUNDATIONS
1.0 Background
This note gives the limit state approach adopted in the IRC Code. Euro code-7 and BS NA form the basis of
this code and further supplemented by AASHTO LRFD provisions and articles written by several authors, on
Euro code. Pile foundation design and construction practice by M.J Tomlinson and pile foundations analysis
and design published by H.G Poulos have also been followed.
Resisting moment = 1.87 times overturning moment. For seismic condition 1.5/0.9 =1.67times overturning
moment
Check for sliding
Hd ≤ Rd
Hd is the sliding force and Rd is the resisting force inclusive of any passive resistance considered.
Partial factor on Earth pressure 1.50.
Increase in Earth Pressure due to BSNA 1.12
Reduction in Tan δ value as per BSNA 0.92
Present level 1.5 is the factor of safety against sliding. Ignoring passive resistance
1.5 1.66
=
0.9 tan δ
Resisting force required when material safety factor 1.0 is adopted
Tan δ taken as 1.0 for comparison.
1.5x1.12
Increase in factor if BSNA is adopted= 0.9x0.92 = 2 . 02
If no geo technical action is involved then 1.5/0.9X0.92 =1.8 (seismic case)
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i.e., 1.66 H ≤ V tan δ or 2.02 H ≤ V tan δ Increase level from present 1.5 to 1.30
The pressure diagram shown is as per clause and commentary of 10.6.1.3, C.10.6.1.3, 10.6.1.4 and 11.6.3.2
of AASHTO LRFD 2012 edition and also as per the article “How to design structures using Euro code 2
foundations” by Mr. R.webster and O.Brooker Published by concrete center of UK. For foundations resting
on soil, the principle is the centre of gravity of reduced effective area is always concentrically loaded. The
C.G of effective area and the location of applied load should coincide (AASHTO) so that the foundation will
have uniform pressure under ULS condition.
This method is also given in IS: 6403. For foundations resting on rock triangular or trapezoidal shape of
diagram has been recommended. For SLS condition the pressure diagram will be either triangular or
trapezoidal for both these foundations. For structural design of foundations, the shape of diagram will always
be linear. All recommendations are from AASHTO LRFD and some recommended by both codes.
A) Rectangular Foundation:
Table: 1 Eccentricity VS the base area in contact
Sl. No e/B For Uniform Pressure distribution For Triangular Pressure distribution
Contact area Max Pressure Base width of Contact area Max Base width in
in percentage coefficient contact in in percentage Pressure contact
percentage coefficient In percentage
1 0.10 80 1.25 80 100 1.60 100
2 0.15 70 1.43 70 100 1.90 100
3 0.166 67 1.49 67 100 2.0 100
4 0.20 60 1.66 60 90 2.22 90
5 0.23 54 1.85 54 81 2.47 81
6 0.25 50 2.0 50 75 2.66 75
7 0.33 34 2.94 34 51 3.92 51
B) Circular Foundation
Table 2
S. No. e/d For uniform pressure distribution For Triangular Pressure distribution
Contact area Max Pressure Base width in Contact area Max Pressure Base width in
in percentage coefficient contact in percentage coefficient contact
percentage percentage
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1 0.05 87 1.15 82
2 0.75 79 1.20 75
3 0.10 76 1.31 71
4 0.125 70 1.43 65 100 2.0 100
5 0.15 64 1.56 60 93 2.23 91
6 0.20 50 2.0 50 80 2.76 76
7 0.25 39 2.56 41 65 3.55 61.5
8 0.275 32 3.125 37 57 4.150 55.0
9 0.300 28 3.57 32 50 4.96 48.5
10 0.40 19 13.87 23.5
To fix the minimum allowable area of base in contact, combination A2 under ULS which is a critical
condition and frequent combination under serviceability limit state have been taken up with different Dead
Load and Live load ratios to arrive at a conclusion. Dead load live load ratios considered are 50:50 60:40 and
70:30. Combination A2 is chosen as it will be critical combination for arriving at the size of foundation as it
is similar to service load combination
e= 1.41 (M/P) 1.14 (M/P) 1.45 (M/P) 1.11 (M/P) 1.49 (M/P) 1.08 (M/P)
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Assume 50% 50 - 50 - 50 -
base contact at
ULS
For this contact e 0.25B 0.25B 0.25B
= for rectangular
foundation
Corresponding e - 0.20B - 0.20B - 0.18B
for serviceability
limit state (0.25 x
1.14/1.41)
Corresponding - 90% - 90% - 96%
contact area at
SLS
Maximum 2x1.15 = 2.30 2.22x0.875 = 2x1.12=2.24 2.22x0.9 = 2.0 2x1.09 = 2.18 2.08x92 = 1.924
Pressure 1.94
(Maximum 2.0 2.0 2.0
pressure will be
resisted with a
factor of safety
2.0 on ULS
capacity
Conclusion 50% contact at ULS will lead to 90% of contact at serviceability limit state.
FOS for bearing pressure ULS=2.0 FOS for bearing pressure at serviceability limit state not be less than 2.25
Table 4
Foundation Resting on Soil – Circular Footing
Description DL:LL 50:50 DL:LL 60:40 DL:LL 70:30
Combination Serviceability limit Combination Serviceability limit Combination Serviceability
A2 state frequent load A2 state frequent load A2 limit state
combination combination frequent load
combination
Circular Foundation
e for Circular 0.20d 0.20d 0.20d
foundation for
50% contact
Base contact at ULS 50% 50% 50%
Corresponding for - 0.16d - 0.16d - 0.144d
serviceability limit
state
Corresponding base - 91 91 93
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contact at SLS
Maximum 10% Loss of Contact of Base
Maximum base 2x1.15=2.30 2.33x8.75=2.04 2x1.12=2.24 233.09=2.09 2x1.09=2.18 2.23x925=2.06
pressure
Table 5
Checking of Rectangular Foundation for Factor of Safety against Bearing Capacity for Combination
A1 and Rare Combination
Description DL:LL50:50 DL:LL 60:40 DL:LL 70:30 Remarks
Combination A1 Rare Combination
DL: LL Ratios Combination A1 Combination A1 Combination A1 Rare Rare Rare
50:50 60:40 70:30 Combination Combination Combination
50:50 60:40 70:30
Dead Load 0.675P 0.81P 0.945P 0.5P 0.6P 0.7P
(Total Load P)
Live Load 0.5 x 0.75P 0.60P 0.45P 0.50 0.4P 0.3P
1.5 P
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Base % 63 63.70 64.11 96.76 98.82 99.41
CONTACT
Maximum 1.59 1.57 1.56 2.07 2.04 2.01
pressure
coefficient
Factor of 2 x 2.30 / 2.26 = 2 x 2.24 / 2.21 = 2 x 2.18 / 2.17 = 2 x 2.3 / 2.07 = 2 x 2.24 /2.04 = 2 x 2.18 /2.01 =
Safety 2.035 2.03 2.00 2.22 2.20 2.17
Note combination A2 is critical for size of foundation: Both for contact are and base pressure. If A2 is
satisfied all other combination will be automatically satisfied.
Table 6
For information of BSS, if full contact area at serviceability load is insisted there will be no advantage by
adopting limit state method.
Rectangular foundation on soil
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Conclusion 58% contact at ULS and full contact at SLS. FOS at ultimate limit is 2.00, AT SLS = 2.17
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67% contact at
ULS
% of base contact 67 80 67 83 67 87
Based on the above calculation it is recommended to have the following % of contact of base.
If shall be noted if we satisfy one condition the other condition will be automatically satisfied.
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The contact area requirement shall be satisfied using frequent combination. The bearing pressure need to be
checked under rare combination. The combination 2 represents almost serviceability limit state. The factor of
safety automatically will be 2.25 and for rock 7.0. The settlement shall be as given in the table. No code
gives the value of allowable settlement. Only IS codes (N.B.C) has given this value. Hence the limits have
been proposed based on NBC but modified. Settlement calculation has to be carried out using Quasi
Permanent Combination and Partial safety factor on material shall be taken as 1.0. .
1.7 Final Recommendations
(a) For checking the equilibrium the material safety factor as suggested in British National Annex shall be
adopted.
(c) Ground Resistance factor for 3 combinations is 1.3 and for, Seismic Combination 1.1 FOS on ULS
bearing capacity 2.0 and 2.25 in Serviceability Limit State for soil.
For rock a factor of safety of 4.5 at ULS will lead to FOS of 7 at SLS
Analysis of Safety factor on Soil for SV loading for 50% DL: LL ratios
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Combination A1 total FOS DL:LL 50:50 = 1.425 x 1.30 x 1.0 = 1.85
DL:LL 70:30 = 1.395 X 1.30 x 1.0 = 1.81
AV: 1.83
On Ground Strength FOS= 1.30
1.8.2 With S.V loading
For combination A2 1.0 x 1.2 x 1.538 = 1.85 ( 1.85/2.3x100= 80%) on Ground strength = 1.85
For Combination A1: DL: LL 50:50 = 1.25 x 1.2 x 1.0 = 1.5 (82%) on Ground strength = 1.20
DL: LL 70:30 = 1.29 x 1.20 = 1.55 (85%)
So adopt 1.2 for both the combinations for Sv loading for ground resistance
Combination A2 for Normal loading: DL: LL 50:50 = 1.15 x 4.5 x 1.4 = 7.245
DL: LL 70:30 = 1.09 x 4.5 x 1.4 = 6.86 AV: 7
Now with SV loading For combination A2 = 1.0 x 4.5 x 1.4 (6.3) (90%)
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2. Pile Foundation
2.2 Partial factor on material for checking geotechnical capacity and Geo technical actions
Partial factor on material set 1 and set 2 values are same in EC7 and BS NA. Hence adopted the
same.
2.3 Ground Resistance Factor:
The Euro Code gives the flexibility for a particular country through their national annex for
adoption of partial factors for ground resistances so that the load carrying capacity of the pile is
acceptable to that country or at least close to the existing code of practice being adopted by the
country
The ground resistance factors have been adopted from British national Annex for action
combination 1 and 2...The fos for combination 2 will work out to 2.0 with respect to ultimate
carrying capacity.. Committee recommends this value.
For seismic combination Euro code 8 part 5.and Cyprus national annex have been consulted both for
seismic and accidental combinations. The partial factor for ground resistance suggested is as follows:
Component Symbol For bored and Driven Piles GRS for GRA for accidental Modal Factor
continuous auger Seismic combination for bored and
Pile Combination auger pile and
driven piles
GR1 GR2 GR1 GR2 For Vehicle Ship M
collision, Log Collision
Impact and
barge collision
For Base γb 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.40 1.25 1.40 1.2
resistance
For shaft γs 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.15 1.25 1.15 1.2
resistance
Total combined γt 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.40 1.25 1.40 1.2
resistance
2.4 Modal Factor (to be used in case shear parameters are used for estimation of pile capacity)
Modal factor to be used to estimate pile capacity using shear parameter in addition to ground resistance
factors.
When the pile capacity is calculated using the ground parameters and resistance factors, in addition.
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Modal factor to be adopted to arrive at the pile capacity. Modal factor can be chosen by a country to achieve
the desired factor of safety. We have adopted a factor of 1.2 as suggested in BS NA.
So factor of safety 1.2 x 1.7 = 2.04 for bored and CFA Piles. For driven 1.2 x 1.5 = 1.8 for combination 2.
For seismic combination 25% overstressing is allowed as per present code. Retaining the same concept fos
is 1.4x1.2=1.7. For ship impact same value is retained. For other vehicle collisions 1.25 x1.2 =1.5 and for
combination 1 is 1x1.2x1.4= 1.7. So The fos will be 2.04,1.7 and 1.5
The Euro code does not suggest any modal factor and left to individual country.
The present code covers 5 methods for designing the pile. Same 5 methods are retained and the euro code
also covers these 5 methods. The methods are (1) calculation from shear parameters (2) calculation from
ground in situe profiles (3) direct load tests (4) Dynamic tests (5) pile driving formula
For the first method the characteristic capacity is to be arrived using the formula and shear parameters and to
be divided by ground resistance factor and modal factor to arrive at the design resistance
Other methods are capacity from static load testing, ground in situe profiles and dynamic test and using pile
driving formula Correlation factors (weight age factors for methods) are to be used instead of modal factors
when the capacity is computed using field in- situ tests
It is to be noted with the interest that correlation factors differ, for static pile load test, computation from
ground profiles and from dynamic methods. The number increase in same order. In BSNA note states for
structures having sufficient strength and stiffness to transfer load from weak to strong piles the values
can be divided by 1.1 for piles in compression. Using this recommendation
Correlation factors
Number of tests 1 2 3 4
On Mean Value 1.40 1.33 1.29 1.26
On Minimum Value 1.40 1.22 1.11 1.04
The factor safety will be on mean value: for single pile 1.70 x 1.40 = 2.38 and on the min value also same.
For two pile testing: it will be 1.70 x 1.33 = 2.26 or1.70 x 1.22 = 2.07
For 3 pile testing: it will be 1.70 x 1.29 = 2.19 or 1.70 x 1.11 = 1.89
For 2 pile testing the fos will be come 2.00 Roughly.
Correlation factors
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Number of tests 1 2 3 4 5
On Mean Value 1.40 1.33 1.29 1.26 1.24
On Minimum Value 1.40 1.26 1.2 1.17 1.14
Up to 10 locations the factors will vary from 3.30 to 3.1 on mean values.
and on minimum values = FOS 3.23 to 2.89
(d) Conclusions :
a. The FOS is not uniformly 2
b. The correlation factor Increase from static load test to Dynamic load tests which indicate the
reliability of the method.
Minimum 2 or 3 Pile static load test when conducted the FOS will be 2.00 and cannot get away with single
pile test For cone penetration test at least at 4 locations the cone penetration test have to be conducted to
achieve FOS 2.0.
Dynamic test results to be less reliable .The FOS will be higher varying from 3.30 to 3.1 on mean value and
3.23 to 2.89 on Minimum value.
If Signal matching is done then this will be 2.80 to 2.63 on mean values and on min value 2.74 to 2.45.
The code wants the FOS to be 2.75 for this method.
2.6 Calculation of pile capacity for piles resting on rock and intermediate Geo-Materials
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Behavior of pile foundation resting on Rock
The load –penetration curve for rock of medium strength or less (≤ 100 Mpa) has a large plastic component
despite the brittle nature of rock. The displacements required to mobilize the full bearing capacity of such
rocks are very large and that a factor safety of 3 or 4 is required to limit the displacement to less than 2% of
the diameter .Very brittle rocks (≥ 150 Mpa) do not exhibit plastic load -penetration curve and once the
maximum strength is exceeded at any point in the brittle material total collapse occurs. Hence to limit the
displacement, as such large displacements cannot be achieved at the site, the serviceability limit state
approach has been suggested as a principal approach for design and verification by load tests. However only
the capacity of pile at the ultimate state is required to be verified
The allowable load on the pile under serviceability limit state shall be calculated from any of the following
methods
By calculation using the ground parameters obtained from site investigation
Directly from static load tests
For method (1) static load tests need to be performed for correlation of pile capacity obtained by calculation
Euro code does not deal with the pile foundations socketed in rock. Both Poulos and Davis and M. J .
Tomlinson recommend allowable load concept by adopting suitable factor of safety on ultimate strength of
rock. Hence in this code this methodology is retained. The ground resistance factors are adjusted to suit the
present code which means the present code is converted to Euro code approach in this draft. Piles have to be
designed only under ULS using ground resistance factor and modal factor 1.25.The piles also have designed
under rare combination of loads and load tested at site. The ground resistance factors for piles on rock are as
follows.
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FOS for combination A2 for end bearing 2.4x1.25 =3.0 . For socket friction 4.8X1.25= 6.0
FOS for seismic combination and ship accidents for end bearing 1.9x1.25 =2.4 . For socket friction
3.9X1.25= 4.8
FOS for combination A1 and other accidental combinations for end bearing 1.5x1.25 =1.9 . For socket
friction 3.0X1.25= 3.75
For combinations 1and 2 as suggested in BS NA factor 1 and 2 have been adopted . The BSNA also suggests
modal factor, our present code suggests a FOS of 3.0. Hence a modal factor of 1.5 has been suggested so that
under combination 2. a fos of 3.0 is achieved (SLS Case).For other combinations the resistance factor has
been adjusted in the same principles as suggested earlier for other cases
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Poulos and Davis also suggest these methods for ULS verification. Use of special software applicable for
pile foundations has also been recommended
For SLS condition using soil springs, Matlock and Reese method or equivalent cantilever method has been
recommended.
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Analysis on Partial safety factor for using SV loading on piles foundation.
MF x PFAXGR
Combination A2 DL:LL 50:50 = 1.20 x 1.15 x 1.70 = 2.346
DL:LL 70:50 = 1.20 x 1.09 x 1.70 = 2.22
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i) FOS using shear Parameters
ii) FOS using ground test result: Value will be same as above
iii) FOS using static test result:
Factor of safety remains 1.60 and above for normal method and for dynamic method 2.20.
Target for normal methods 2.0 for normal loading: A25% of over stressing when compared to normal load.
Hence can be accepted.
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3. Well Foundations
For φ 250 (kp - ka) (3.91– 0.35) = 3.56 (3.91 – 0.35×1.5) = 3.39 1.05
Fφ φ = 300 (kp - ka) (5.74 – 0.30) = 5.44 (5.74 – 0.30×1.5) = 5.29 1.03
However this will not be governing case. The utilisation will be low in case of action combination 2. When
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action combination 2 is adopted side resistance factor of fos is as follows.
For φ 250 (kp – ka) = (3.91 – (2.89 x 0.85 – 0.42 x 1.3) = 1.91 1.86
0.35) = 3.56
For φ 30 0(5.74 – 0.30) = 5.44 (3.85 x 0.85 – 0.35 x 1.3) = 2.82 1.93
For φ 350 (9.15 – 0.23) = 8.92 5.4 x 0.85 – 0.29 x 1.3) = 4.21 2.11
The fos requirement is 2.0 and 1.6 .for normal and seismic combinations as per present code. Adopting a side
resistance factor of 1.0for all combinations fos will be 1.93 for combination 2. For seismic combination and
accidental combination fos will be 1.55
3.4 Partial Factor on ground Resistance for foundations resting on soil
The partial factor for ground resistance is as given below. Partial resistance factor average for actions in
combination 1 shall be taken as 1.40. Take ground resistance factor as 1.35
Taking 1.4 as partial factor on loads in combination1 as average,the f.o.s on base resistance will work to 1.4
x 1.35 = 1.90. Principle is, actions are factored, when partial factor on materials are not applied
For combination 2 reduction in Nq, Nγ. Due to adoption of set 2 value.
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3.5 Summary of Resistance factor
TABLE 11
Summary of resistance factor are shown for all combinations
On Resistance
3.6 Verification of base resistance and base contact area for wells resisting on soil.
The base pressure will be verified for all the combinations along with the appropriate partial factor on
material and partial factor on resistance. 80% of contact area of base shall be ensured. Maximum base
pressure of 2.5mpa has been limited to
3.7 Verification of Base Resistance and base contact for well resting on rock.
The base pressure will be verified for all the combinations. The partial factor on materials shall be used
for estimating Geo-technical actions and for resistance. The base resistance capacity will be based the
crushing strength of rock with resistance factor 4.5. The base contact area shall be ensured a minimum of
80% and 67% for appropriate combinations.
3.8 Serviceability Limit State Verification
The differential settlement (angular distortion) of the foundation will be verified by using Quasi permanent
combination and the settlement will be restricted as given in clause no. 5.1.4. . The contact area should be
100% foundations resting on soil and 80% resting on rock with FOS mentioned to be checked under frequent
and rare combination. The allowable pressure on soil and FOS has been stipulated .ie 1.25mpa and 2
3.9 Structural Design of Foundation
The structural design of foundation shall be carried out for all the combination as per IRC: 112
3.10 Factors adjusted for SV loading
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Analysis of partial safety factor on soil for SV loading for base resistance
For Combination A1 DL:LL 50:50 = Total FOS= 1.425 x 1.35 x 1.0 = 1.92
DL:LL 70:30 = Total FOS =1.395 x 1.35 x 1.0 = 1.88
Fos on Soil = 1.35
For Combination A2 DL:LL 50:50 = Total FOS= 1.15 x 1.1 x 1.78 = 2.25
DL:LL 70:30 = Total FOS = 1.09 x 1.1 x 1.78 = 2.13
FOSs on Soil = 1.96
For Combination A1 DL:LL 50:50 = Total Fos = 1.25 x 1.20 x 1.0 = 1.50 (78%)
DL:LL 70:30 = Total Fos =1.29 x 1.20 x 1.0 = 1.55 (82%)
Fos on Soil = 1.20
For Combination A2 DL:LL 50:50 = Total Fos = 1.0 x 1.10 x 1.78 = 1.96 (89%)
DL:LL 70:30 = Total Fos = 1.0 x 1.10 x 1.78 = 1.96 (89%)
Fos on Soil = 1.96
Hence Resistance Factor of 1.20 and 1.1 can be taken. For SLS check the FOS shall be reduced to 1.6 against
ultimate bearing capacity while checking under rare combination. For Foundation resting on Rock, base
Resistance Factor of 4.5 is retained. Reference can be made to open foundation calculation.
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