Automotive technologies: the UK’s current capability

Energy & Fuels Road Map

Inputs to the
Automotive roadmap
technologies: the included
UK’s currentrecent
capabilityUK & EU studies
and the Pass Car, Commercial Vehicle & ICE roadmaps
 Inputs:
– ERTRAC roadmap “Energy Carriers for Powertrains”
– E4Tech “A Harmonised Auto-Fuel Biofuel Roadmap for the EU to 2030”
– Element Energy (LowCVP) “A Fuel Roadmap for the UK”
– Auto Council Passenger Car & Commercial/Off-Highway Vehicle Roadmaps

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 Energy Roadmap
Automotive shows
technologies: the UK’slong
current term transition
Automotive
capability from gasoline
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction Mainstream Phasing out

UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy: RED/FQD/ Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated
Air Quality Energy Policies
Targets: Vehicle CO2: “Tailpipe” CO2 Well to Life Cycle based
Requirements Wheel CO2 Requirements

UK GHG (ref 1990): -29% -35% -50% -80%

High level targets derived

from fuels, renewable
energy & air quality
directives

2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050

Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy 3
 Energy Roadmap
Automotive shows
technologies: the UK’slong
current term transition
Automotive
capability from gasoline
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction Mainstream Phasing out

UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy: RED/FQD/Air Quality Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
Targets: Vehicle CO2: “Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements Well to Wheel CO2 Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990): -29% -35% -50% -80%

Indicative Energy
Mix:

Gasoline

Diesel

Electricity
Main energy
Natural vectors colour Indicative energy mix
Gas coded to match highlights increased use
energy mix of alternatives to liquid
Hydrogen indicators fossil fuels
Niche fuels
2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy 4
 Energy Roadmap
Automotive shows
technologies: the UK’slong
current term transition
Automotive
capability from gasoline
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction Mainstream Phasing out

UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy: RED/FQD/Air Quality Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
Targets: Vehicle CO2: “Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements Well to Wheel CO2 Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990): -29% -35% -50% -80%
Electricity
Indicative Energy Natural Gas (Inc Power to Nat Gas
Mix: Liquid Electricity Liquid Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Others Fossil Biofuels Fossil
Biofuels Fossil
(including gas)
(including gas)
Subject to sustainable feedstock availability
E20+
Current <E5
Gasoline Protection grade for E10 E5 + ‘Drop-in’ bio-gasoline (EN228)
E10 Longer Term Protection
Grade (if required)

Diesel Next step from E5/E10 either E20

Moving beyond E10 would require
a sustainable mix of "food" and with backwards compatibility issues
Electricity increasingly "non-food" crop or more use of “drop-in” bio content
biofuels – supply of the latter is a to retain standard fuel specifications
Natural significant challenge
Gas

Hydrogen

Niche fuels
2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy 5
 Energy Roadmap
Automotive shows
technologies: the UK’slong
current term transition
Automotive
capability from gasoline
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction Mainstream Phasing out

UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy: RED/FQD/Air Quality Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
Targets: Vehicle CO2: “Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements Well to Wheel CO2 Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990): -29% -35% -50% -80%
Electricity
Indicative Energy Natural Gas (Inc Power to Nat Gas
Mix: Liquid Electricity Liquid Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Others Fossil Biofuels Fossil
Biofuels Fossil
(including gas)
(including gas)
Subject to sustainable feedstock availability
E20+
Current <E5
Gasoline Protection grade for E10 E5 + ‘Drop-in’ bio-gasoline (EN228)
E10 Longer Term Protection
Grade (if required)

Diesel

Electricity

Natural
Gas Introduction of E10 most likely in Assume that protection
E20 could also include
2017 - dependent on Renewable grade available as required
Hydrogen butanol up to equivalent
Transport Fuels Obligation target to enable continued
oxygenate levels
being raised by Government operation for older vehicles
Niche fuels
2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy 6
 Energy Roadmap
Automotive shows
technologies: the UK’slong
current term transition
Automotive
capability from gasoline
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction Mainstream Phasing out

UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy: RED/FQD/Air Quality Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
Targets: Vehicle CO2: “Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements Well to Wheel CO2 Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990): -29% -35% -50% -80%
Electricity
Indicative Energy Natural Gas (Inc Power to Nat Gas
Mix: Liquid Electricity Liquid Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Others Fossil Biofuels Fossil
Biofuels Fossil
(including gas)
(including gas)
Subject to sustainable feedstock availability
Unlikely to go beyond B7 blend wall unless
vegetable oil availability increases or
Gasoline alternatives such as microbial or microalgal
oils are successfully developed in volume
Current <B7
Diesel
B7 + ‘Drop-in’ Biodiesel (including HVO) (EN590 spec)

Electricity

Natural HVO as “drop in” component

Gas already used in current fuels Potential growth in HVO
production capacity to provide
Hydrogen low carbon, sustainable drop-in
biodiesel and bio-naphtha
Niche fuels
2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy 7
 Energy Roadmap
Automotive shows
technologies: the UK’slong
current term transition
Automotive
capability from gasoline
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction Mainstream Phasing out

UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy: RED/FQD/Air Quality Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
Targets: Vehicle CO2: “Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements Well to Wheel CO2 Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990): -29% -35% -50% -80%
Electricity
Indicative Energy Natural Gas (Inc Power to Nat Gas
Mix: Liquid Electricity Liquid Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Others Fossil Biofuels Fossil
Biofuels Fossil
(including gas)
(including gas)

Gasoline
Wide range of “niche” fuels – only likely to move
into mainstream if supported by policy drivers
(GHG/Air Quality) and associated economics/
Diesel availability/ supply infrastructure and fiscal regimes)

Electricity

Natural
Gas

Hydrogen Depending on GHG

benefit/economics
Niche fuels LPG/CNG/LNG/H2/B30/E85 etc
2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy 8
 Energy Roadmap
Automotive shows
technologies: the UK’slong
current term transition
Automotive
capability from gasoline
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction Mainstream Phasing out

UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy: RED/FQD/Air Quality Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
Targets: Vehicle CO2: “Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements Well to Wheel CO2 Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990): -29% -35% -50% -80%
Electricity
Indicative Energy Natural Gas (Inc Power to Nat Gas
Mix: Liquid Electricity Liquid Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Others Fossil Biofuels Fossil
Biofuels Fossil
(including gas)
(including gas)

Gasoline Direct use of electricity in transport in Power to gas technology

line with Auto Council Pass Car and offers potential solution for
Commercial Vehicle roadmaps renewable electricity “storage”
Diesel

Electricity Increasing Decarbonisation (direct use dependent on EV/PHEV growth/battery breakthrough)

Power to Gas (H2 & CH4)
Natural
Gas
Renewable electricity to Hydrogen Lower Carbon NG/LNG
& Synthetic Methane dependent on
Hydrogen ‘Green’ H2
success of H2 Fuel Cell vehicles
and economics of supply
Niche fuels
2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy 9
 Energy Roadmap
Automotive shows
technologies: the UK’slong
current term transition
Automotive
capability from gasoline
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction Mainstream Phasing out

UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy: RED/FQD/Air Quality Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
Targets: Vehicle CO2: “Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements Well to Wheel CO2 Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990): -29% -35% -50% -80%
Electricity
Indicative Energy Natural Gas (Inc Power to Nat Gas
Mix: Liquid Electricity Liquid Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Others Fossil Biofuels Fossil
Biofuels Fossil
(including gas)
(including gas)

E20+

Gasoline E5 + ‘Drop-in’ bio-gasoline (EN228)

Diesel
B7 + ‘Drop-in’ Biodiesel (including HVO) (EN590 spec)

Electricity Potential use for “green” H2

and Synthetic Methane to Gas to Liquids & Refining
Natural substitute for fossil Natural (replacing fossil Natural Gas)
Gas Gas in refineries Lower Carbon NG/LNG

Hydrogen ‘Green’ H2

Niche fuels
2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy 10
 Energy Roadmap
Automotive shows
technologies: the UK’slong
current term transition
Automotive
capability from gasoline
Council
& diesel fuels to a majority renewable energy portfolio
Key:
Introduction Mainstream Phasing out

UK: Energy Roadmap for Passenger Cars, Commercial & Off-Highway Vehicles
Policy: RED/FQD/Air Quality Security of Supply/Sustainability/Integrated Energy Policies
Targets: Vehicle CO2: “Tailpipe” CO2 Requirements Well to Wheel CO2 Life Cycle based Requirements
UK GHG (ref 1990): -29% -35% -50% -80%
Electricity
Indicative Energy Natural Gas (Inc Power to Nat Gas
Mix: Liquid Electricity Liquid Gas: H2+CH4)
Liquid
Others Fossil Biofuels Fossil
Biofuels Fossil
(including gas)
(including gas)
Subject to sustainable feedstock availability
E20+
Current <E5
Gasoline Protection grade for E10 E5 + ‘Drop-in’ bio-gasoline (EN228)
E10 Longer Term Protection
Grade (if required)

Current <B7
Diesel
B7 + ‘Drop-in’ Biodiesel (including HVO) (EN590 spec)

Electricity Increasing Decarbonisation (direct use dependent on EV/PHEV growth/battery breakthrough)

Power to Gas (H2 & CH4)
Gas to Liquids & Refining
Natural Biomethane (replacing fossil Natural Gas)
Gas ‘Fossil’ NG/LNG Lower Carbon NG/LNG

Hydrogen Depending on GHG H2 - Steam Reforming ‘Green’ H2

benefit/economics
Niche fuels LPG/CNG/LNG/H2/B30/E85 etc
2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Source: Automotive Council, ERTRAC, E4tech, Element Energy 11
The roadmap
Automotive showsthe
technologies: some complex
UK’s current interactions
capability
Automotive but
Council
provides some clear future messages

 Key Roadmap messages:

– Roadmap shows long term (2050) transition from current gasoline & diesel fuels to a
majority renewable energy portfolio
– Introduction of E10 most likely in 2017 - dependent on Renewable Transport Fuels
Obligation target being raised by Government
– Auto & Oil Industry preference for any further increases in bio content should feature
“drop-in” fuels that retain existing fuel specifications
– Increasing use of electricity in battery electric and plug-in vehicles but also potential for
“power to gas” – electricity to Hydrogen & synthetic Methane – which can be stored
– Renewable gases may be best used in refinery processes rather than directly in transport
to substitute for fossil Natural Gas – this reduces carbon content of liquid fuels
– “Niche” fuels (LPG/CNG/LNG/H2/B30/E85) only likely to move into mainstream if
supported by policy drivers and associated economics/ availability/ supply infrastructure
– Fuel specifications and standards must be defined at EU level at a minimum and
preferably on a global scale, sufficiently in advance of fuel & vehicle market introductions

The road map provides an insight into pathways to meet the UK 2050 80% GHG reduction
target. It does not represent definitive pathways being pursued by Auto Council members
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 Roadmap
Automotive for Light
technologies: the Duty, Commercial
Vehicle and
UK’s current capability
Off-Highway energy – Team members & affiliations

 Team:
Neville Jackson - Ricardo (Chair) Celine Cluzel - Element Energy
Richard Pearson - BP Adam Chase - E4tech
Felix Balthazar - Shell Richard Stark - Associated British Foods
Jamie Turner - Jaguar LandRover Liam Lidstone - Energy Technologies Institute
Steve Faulkner - Caterpillar Ed Bower - Ricardo (Facilitator)
Jonathan Murray - LowCVP

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