History of Microprocessors

Contents
Generation of Microprocessors...................................................................................................................2
First generation (1971 – 73)....................................................................................................................2
Second Generation (1974 – 1978)...........................................................................................................2
Third generation microprocessors (1979 – 80)........................................................................................2
Fourth Generation (1981 – 1995)............................................................................................................3
Fifth Generation (1995 – till date)...........................................................................................................3
Intel Microprocessors..................................................................................................................................4
INTEL 4004...............................................................................................................................................4
INTEL 4040...............................................................................................................................................5
INTEL 8008...............................................................................................................................................6
INTEL 8080...............................................................................................................................................7
INTEL 8085...............................................................................................................................................8
INTEL 8086...............................................................................................................................................9
INTEL 8088.............................................................................................................................................11
INTEL 80186 & 80188............................................................................................................................12
INTEL 80286...........................................................................................................................................14
INTEL 80386...........................................................................................................................................15
INTEL 80486...........................................................................................................................................16
INTEL PENTIUM.....................................................................................................................................18
INTEL PENTIUM PRO..............................................................................................................................19
INTEL PENTIUM II...................................................................................................................................21
INTEL PENTIUM II XEON.........................................................................................................................21
INTEL PENTIUM III..................................................................................................................................22
INTEL PENTIUM IV.................................................................................................................................24
INTEL DUAL CORE..................................................................................................................................25
INTEL CORE 2.........................................................................................................................................26
INTEL CORE i3....................................................................................................................................27

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 Intel Quad Core.....................................................................................................................................28
INTEL CORE i5....................................................................................................................................28
INTEL CORE i7........................................................................................................................................29
Other Microprocessors..........................................................................................................................30
Basic Architectures of Microprocessors.................................................................................................31
Princeton architecture.......................................................................................................................31
Harvard architecture.........................................................................................................................32

Generation of Microprocessors
We divide the years of development of microprocessors as 5 generations

First generation (1971 – 73)

 Intel Corporation introduced 4004, the first microprocessor in 1971.
 It is evolved from the development effort while designing a calculator chip.
There were three other microprocessors in the market during the same period:
o Rockwell International’s PPS-4 (4 bits)
o Intel’s 8008 (8 bits)
o National Semiconductor’s IMP-16 (16 bits)
 They were fabricated using PMOS technology which provided low cost, slow speed and
low output currents
 They were not compatible with TTL.

Second Generation (1974 – 1978)

 Marked the beginning of very efficient 8 – bit microprocessors.
 Some of the popular processors were:
o Motorola’s 6800 and 6809
o Intel’s 8085
o Zilog’s Z80
 They were manufactured using NMOS technology.
 This technology offered faster speed and higher density than PMOS
 It is TTL compatible

Third generation microprocessors (1979 – 80)

 This age is dominated by 16 – bits microprocessors
 Some of them were:

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 o Intel’s 8086/80186/80286
o Motorolla’s 68000/68010
 They were designed using HMOS technology
 HMOS provides some advantages over NMOS as
o Speed-power-product of HMOS is four times better than that of NMOS
o HMOS can accommodate twice the circuit density compared to NMOS
 Intel used HMOS technology to recreate 8085A and named it as 8085AH with a higher
price tag.

Fourth Generation (1981 – 1995)

 This era marked the beginning of 32 bits microprocessors
 Intel introduced 432, which was bit problematic
 Then a clean 80386 is launched.
 Motorola introduced 68020/68030.
 They were fabricated using low-power version of the HMOS technology called HCMOS.
 Motorola introduced 32-bit RISC processors called MC88100

Fifth Generation (1995 – till date)

 This age the emphasis is on introducing chips that carry on-chip functionalities and
improvements in the speed of memory and I/O devices along with introduction of 64-
bit microprocessors.
 Intel leads the show here with Pentium, Celeron and very recently dual and quad core
processors working with up to 3.5GHz speed.

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Intel Microprocessors
INTEL 4004

Figure 1: Intel 4004

 Introduced in 1971.
 It was the first microprocessor by Intel.
 4-bit microprocessor
 Its clock speed was 740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second.
 Bus width: 4 bits
 Min. feature size: 10 micron
 4 KB program memory
 640 bytes data memory
 3-level deep stack
 No interrupts
 16-pin DIP

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 Figure 2: Intel 4004 architecture

INTEL 4040

Figure 3: Intel 4040 Processor

 Introduced in 1974.
 4-bit microprocessor
 Clock speed 740 KHz

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 2 x 4 KB program memory
 640 bytes data memory
 7-level deep stack
 No interrupts
 4004 object-code compatible
 24-pin DIP

INTEL 8008

Figure 4: Intel 8008 Processor

 Introduced in 1972.
 8-bit microprocessor
 Its clock speed was 500KHz.
 Could execute 50,000 instructions per second.
 16 KB memory
 Interrupts
 48 instructions, data oriented
 TTL compatible
 Address stack contains eight 14-bit registers including program counter
 Contains seven 8-bit data registers
 18 pin DIP

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 Figure 5: Intel 8008 Architecture

INTEL 8080

Figure 6: Intel 8080 Processor

 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 Was 10 times faster than 8008.
 Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.

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 Figure 7:Intel 8080 architecture

INTEL 8085

Figure 8: Intel 8085 Processor

 Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of memory.

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 It had 246 instructions.
 Over 100 million copies were sold.

Figure 9: Intel 8085 architecture

INTEL 8086

Figure 10: Intel 8086 Processor

 Introduced in 1978.
 It was first 16-bit μP.
 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz, depending on the version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.

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 It had 29,000 transistors.
 Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
 It could access 1 MB of memory.
 It had 22,000 instructions.
 It had Multiply and Divide instructions.

Figure 11: Intel 8086 architecture

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INTEL 8088

Figure 12: Intel 8080 Processor

 Introduced in 1979.
 It was also 16-bit μP.
 It was created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086.
 It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus.
 Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
 This chip became the most popular in the computer industry when IBM used it for its
first PC.
 8088 and 8086 functionally identical but 8088 lower performance,

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 Figure 13: Intel 8088 architecture

INTEL 80186 & 80188

Figure 15: Intel 80188 Processor

Figure 14: Intel 80186 Processor

 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit μPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.
 80188 was a cheaper version of 80186 with an 8-bit external data bus.
 They had additional components like:

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 o Interrupt Controller
o Clock Generator
o Local Bus Controller
o Counters
 80186 run all 8088 and 8086 software, but have 10 new instructions.
 80188 in function is identical to 80186 but lower performance.

Figure 16:Intel 80186 architecture

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INTEL 80286

Figure 17: Intel 80286 Processor

 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 24-bit.
 It could address 16 MB of memory.
 It had 1,34,000 transistors.
 It could execute 4 million instructions per second.
 80286 run all 8086, 80186 program, but has extra instruction, more powerful than
8086.

Figure 18: Intel 80286 architecture

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INTEL 80386

Figure 19: Intel 80386 Processor

 Introduced in 1986.
 It was first 32-bit μP.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of memory.
 It had 2,75,000 transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 33 MHz depending upon the various versions.
 Different versions:
o 80386 DX
o 80386 SX
o 80386 SL
 Intel 80386 became the best selling microprocessor in history.
 83086 has various operation mode, which allow it to act as 80286 chip or multiple
8086 chip, as well as a set of instruction capable of 32 bit operations such as arithmetic.

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 Figure 20: Intel 80386 architecture

INTEL 80486

Figure 21: Intel 80486 Processor

 Introduced in 1989.
 It was also 32-bit μP.

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 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the various versions.
 It had five different versions:
o 80486 DX
o 80486 SX
o 80486 DX2
o 80486 SL
o 80486 DX4
 8 KB of cache memory was introduced.

Figure 22: Intel 80486 architecture

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INTEL PENTIUM

Figure 23: Intel Pentium Processor

 Introduced in 1993.
 It was also 32-bit μP.
 It was originally named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of memory.
 Could execute 110 million instructions per second.
 Cache memory:
o 8 KB for instructions.
o 8 KB for data.

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 Figure 24: Intel Pentium architecture

INTEL PENTIUM PRO

Figure 25: Intel Pentium PRO Processor

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 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit μP.
 It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 21 million transistors.
 It was primarily used in server systems.
 Cache memory:
o 8 KB for instructions.
o 8 KB for data.
o It had L2 cache of 256 KB.

Figure 26: Intel Pentium PRO architecture

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INTEL PENTIUM II

Figure 27: Intel Pentium II Processor

 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was 233MHz to 500 MHz.
 Could execute 333 million instructions per second.
 MMX technology was supported.
 L2 cache & processor were on one circuit.

INTEL PENTIUM II XEON

Figure 28: Intel Pentium II XEON Processor

 Introduced in 1998.
 It was also 32-bit μP.
 It was designed for servers.
 Its clock speed was 400MHz to 450 MHz.
 L1 cache of 32 KB & L2 cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2MB.

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 It could work with 4 Xeons in same system.

INTEL PENTIUM III

Figure 29: Intel Pentium 3 Processor

 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit μP.
 Its clock speed varied from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz.
 It had 9.5 million transistors.

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 Figure 30: Intel Pentium 3 architecture

AGU: Address Generation Unit

IEU: Integer Execution Unit
SSE: Intel's Streaming SIMD Extensions Execution Unit
BTB: Branch Target Buffer
BHB: Branch History Buffer

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INTEL PENTIUM IV

Figure 31: Intel Pentium 4 Processor

 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
 L1 cache was of 32 KB & L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 42 million transistors.
 All internal connections were made from aluminum to copper.

Figure 32: Intel Pentium 4 architecture

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INTEL DUAL CORE

Figure 33: Intel DUAL CORE Processor

 Introduced in 2006.
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit μP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have their own internal bus and L1 cache, but share the external bus and
L2 cache
 It supported SMT technology.
o SMT: Simultaneously Multi-Threading
o E.g.: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT.

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 Figure 34: Intel DUAL CORE Cache system

INTEL CORE 2

Figure 35: Intel CORE 2 Processor

 Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit μP.
 Its clock speed is from 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz.
 It has 291 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core and 4 MB of L2 cache.
 It is launched in three different versions:

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 o Intel Core 2 Duo
o Intel Core 2 Quad
o Intel Core 2 Extreme

Figure 36: Intel CORE2 architecture

INTEL CORE i3

Figure 37: Intel CORE i3 Processor

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 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit μP.
 It has 2 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 512 KB of L2 cache and 4 MB of L3cache.

Intel Quad Core

INTEL CORE i5

Figure 38: Intel COREi5 Processor

 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit μP.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.

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INTEL CORE i7

Figure 39: Intel COREi7 Processor

 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit μP.
 It has 6 to 8 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million transistors.
 It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.

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 Figure 40: Intel COREi7 architecture

Other Microprocessors
Research on the following

1. Mobile processors
2. Quantum microprocessors
3. Intel Atom microprocessors
4. AMD microprocessors
5. MIPS technologies

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Basic Architectures of Microprocessors
• Microprocessor architectures represent that conceptual design and fundamental
operation of the structure. Two basic architectures are:
Princeton architecture
Von-Neumann proposed single memory storage for both data and storage in this
“storage program” architecture. This allowed computers to become more flexible.
• Microcontrollers based on the Von-Neumann architecture have a single _data_ bus
that is used to fetch both instructions and data.
• Program instructions and data are stored in a common main memory. When such a
controller addresses main memory, it first fetches an instruction, and then it fetches
the data to support the instruction.
• The two separate fetches slows up the controller’s operation.
• The Von-Neumann architecture’s main advantage is that it simplifies the processor
design because only one memory is accessed (one memory interface). “ The von
Neumann Bottleneck”
• In microcontrollers, the contents of RAM can be used for data storage and program
instruction storage. For example, the Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller Von-
Neumann architecture.
• Example : An Instruction “Read a byte from memory and store it in the accumulator”
as follows:
– Cycle 1 :- Read instruction
– Cycle 2 - Read data out of RAM and put into Accumulator

Figure 41: Von -Neuman Architecture

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Harvard architecture
This has physically different memory locations for Data and Instruction storage.
Although early computers used this architecture, recently it is more popular in general
purpose small microcontrollers (such as PIC controller).
 Processors based on the Harvard Architecture have separate data bus and an
instruction bus. This allows execution to occur in parallel.
 As an instruction is being “pre-fetched”, the current instruction is executing on the
data bus. Once the current instruction is complete, the next instruction is ready to
go. This pre-fetch theoretically allows for much faster execution than Von-Neumann
architecture, on the expense of complexity.
 The Harvard Architecture executes instructions in fewer instruction cycles than the
Von-Neumann architecture. For example, the Intel MCS-51 family of
microcontrollers and PIC microcontrollers uses Harvard Architecture. The same
instruction (as shown under Von-Newman architecture) would be executed as
follows:
– Cycle 1: - Complete previous instruction
 Read the “Move Data to Accumulator” instruction
– Cycle 2: - Execute “Move Data to Accumulator” instruction
 Read next instruction
 Hence each instruction is effectively executed in one instruction cycle.

Figure 42: Harvard Architecture

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