Geometry of Shape and Size

What this module is about?

This module is about undefined terms and angles. As you go over the exercises you will
learn to name the real-world objects around you that suggest points, lines and planes.
You will develop skills in naming a point, a line and its subsets. You will also learn to
name the parts of an angle and determine its measure in degrees.

What you are expected to learn?

This module is designed for you to:

1. describe the ideas of

 point
 line
 plane
2. name the subsets of a line
 segment
 ray
3. name the parts of an angle
4. determine the measure of an angle using a protractor
5. illustrate different kinds of angles
 acute
 right
 obtuse

1
 Undefined Terms

The three undefined terms are point, line and plane. These three undefined terms form the
foundation of geometry. Although they will not be defined, they will however be used in defining other
important terms. For example, space is defined as a set of all points. A point is an exact location in
space. It has no length, width or thickness. It is represented by a dot. Look at the tip of your pen. It
suggests a point. A point is named by using a capital letter. The points below are named points P, Q
and R respectively.

 P  Q  R

A line has infinite length, but no width and no thickness. It is an infinite set of points that
extends infinitely in opposite directions. The pen or pencil you are holding right now is a real-world
object that suggests a line. A line is represented by . The arrow suggests that the line
continues without end in both directions.

You can name a line in two ways. One way of naming a line is by using two different capital
letters. Observe the line below. It is named line AB written as AB . The double-headed arrow
placed over AB indicates that the line has no endpoints.

A B
 

Example:

Give six names for the line below.

S T U
  
Answers:

ST, TS, TU, UT, SU, US

The second method of naming a line is by using a small letter. The line below is named line m.

Like a line, a plane is also a set of infinite points. However, a plane has infinite width and length
but no thickness. It is a flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions. The top of your dining table,
the wall of your room and even a page of this module are examples of real-world objects that suggest
planes.

A slanted four-sided figure similar to the one below is used to represent a plane.

2
 You can name a plane in three ways. You may use a capital letter placed at one of its corners.
The plane below is named plane P.

You may use a small letter placed at one of its corners. The plane below is named plane m.

You may name it by using three points not on a straight line. The plane below is named plane
PRQ.

 P  Q
 R

The three points below are collinear. Points are collinear if they are on the same line.

D E F
  

Example:

List all sets of three collinear points in the figure.

D
A C
  
B

E
Answers:
:
A, B, C and D, B, E

3
 Consider the three points below. It is not possible to draw one straight line through the three
points A, B and C. These three points are non collinear points.

A B

C

In the figure below, points A, B, and C are in the same plane. Points such as points A, B, and
C, which are in the same plane are called coplanar points. In the same figure, points A, B, C and D
are not coplanar because they do not lie in the same plane. Points A, B, C lie in plane P, whereas
point D lies in plane Q.

P Q
A

D
B
C

The following statements describe some basic relationships among points, lines and planes

1. Two points determine exactly one line.

.
a. Through two different points B and C below, you can draw one and only one line.

B C
 

In geometry, line means straight line.

b. It is not possible to draw more than one straight line through given two points. In the
following illustration, there is only one straight line that passes through points C and D.
The other line is a curve line.

C D
 

4
 2. Three collinear points are contained in at least one plane.

. R
A
Q  B
P  C

In the figure, points A, B, and C are collinear. They lie in plane P, plane Q and plane R. In
fact, they can be contained in an infinite number of planes.

3. Three non collinear points are contained in exactly one plane.

Q
E
P D

F

In the figure, points D, E, and F are not collinear. They are contained in exactly one plane
P.

4. The intersection of two distinct lines is a point.

In the figure, line m and line n intersect and their intersection is point A.

m
A

5. The intersection of two distinct planes is a line.

In the figure below, planes P and Q intersect and their intersection is line AB.

A B

5
 6. If two points are in a plane, then the line containing the points is in the same plane.

If the two points A and B are in plane P, then the line l which contains them lies also in plane P.

A B
l  
P

7. A line and a point not on the line are contained in exactly one plane.

In the figure, point A does not lie on line BC. This point and line BC are contained in one plane P.
This is the same as saying they determine exactly one plane P.

C

A B
P  

8. Two intersecting lines are contained in exactly one plane.

Example:

Lines a and b which intersect at point P are contained in exactly one plane Q. There is no other
plane that can contain them.

b
Q

9. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, the intersection is a single point.

In the figure, plane P does not contain line m. The intersection of line m and plane P is a single
point Q.

6
 P
Try this out
Set A.

Determine the undefined term suggested by each of the following.

1. the tip of a pencil

2. the top of a coffee table
3. telephone wires
4. the wall of a room
5. the surface of the page of a book
6. the ruler’s edge
7. the tip of a needle
8. a window pane
9. the floor of your bedroom
10. the string on a guitar

Set B.

Write True or False

Use the three-dimensional figure below for exercises 1-10.

A

F I E

J D

B H
G
C
1. Points A, F, B are collinear.
2. Points A, E, B are collinear
3. Points B, G and C are on the same line
4. Points G, C, D are not on the same line.
5. Points A, I, H are coplanar.
6. Points A, F, G are coplanar.
7. Points A, F, G , E are coplanar.
8. Points A, F, B, G are coplanar.
9. Points A. I, C are collinear and coplanar.
10. Points A, F, C are collinear and coplanar.

7
Set C.

Complete the following statements.

1. A ______ is an exact location in space.

2. A ______ has infinite length but no width and no thickness.
3. A ______ has infinite width and length but no thickness.
4. Two points determine exactly one ______
5. Three _________points are contained in at least one plane.
6. Three _________points are contained in exactly one plane.
7. The intersection of two distinct planes is a ________.
8. The intersection of two distinct lines is a ________.
9. Two intersecting lines determine a _________.
10. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, the intersection is a single _____.

The Subsets of a Line

The subsets of a line are segment and ray. A segment has two endpoints. It is named by
its endpoints.

The segment below may be named AC or CA. A vinculum is placed above its name to
distinguish it from the name of a line where the same letters are used.

A C
 
Example:

Write the name of each segment.

E F M N
a.   b.  

Answers:

a. EF or FE b. MN or NM

The length of a segment is the distance between its endpoints.

Example:
If the distance between points C and D below is 9 cm. then the length of segment CD is 9
cm. This is written as CD = 9 cm. Notice that there is no vinculum above CD.

C D
 

8
 A segment may be defined as the union of points A, C together with all the points between
them.

Illustration:
A B C
  

In the above segment, A and C are the endpoints of the segment. There are points between A and
C. These points together with the endpoints A and C make a segment.
In the above figure, point B is just one of the points between A and C.

A point such as point B above is between point A and C if and only if (1) A, B, and C are
distinct points, (2) they are collinear and (3) AB + BC = AC. These three conditions must be
satisfied before it can be said that B is between A and C. The word distinct in the first condition
means that the three points are different from one another.

Examples:

1. Draw points C, D, and E on a line. How many different segments are determined?
Name them.
C D E
  
Answers:

CD, DE, CE

2. If AB =5 cm, BC = 7 cm, and AC = 12 cm. Is B between A and C?

A B C
  

In the figure, A, B, and C are different points on the same line. The sum of the lengths of AB and
BC is equal to the length of AC.

AB + BC = AC
5 cm + 7 cm = 12 cm

Since the three conditions are satisfied, therefore B is between A and C.

Example:
Is F in the figure below between E and G?

F

E   G

9
 In the figure , points E, F and G are not collinear, hence F is not between point E and point G.
Also, EF + FG  EG.

A ray is a subset of a line that has one endpoint and extends forever in one direction.

Example:
The part of the line from point B that goes on indefinitely to the right is a ray. The part of the
line from point B that goes on indefinitely to the left is another ray.

A B C
l   

The ray which starts from point B that goes on indefinitely to the right is named ray BC denoted by BC. Its

endpoint is B. Notice that when you name a ray, you use two capital letters, and its endpoint is written first.

The other ray in the above figure is ray BA, denoted by BA.

Example: Write a name for each figure.

J K N M
a.   b.  

Answers:
a. JK b. MN

Another term you should learn in this lesson is the term opposite rays. Two rays are
opposite if they are subsets of the same line and have a common endpoint.
A B C
  

BC and BA are opposite rays. They are parts of the same line l and their common endpoint is
B. F G
E D  
 

DE and FG are not opposite rays because they are not subsets of the same line.
A B C D
l    

BA and CD are not opposite rays because they do not have a common endpoint.

10
 Example:
D
Name all the points, segments and rays in the figure.

Answers: A B C

The points are A, B, C, and D. The segments are AB, BC, AC, and BD. The rays are BA,
BC, and BD

Try this out

Set A: Use the figure below for exercises nos. 1-10

A B C D
   

1. Name the ray with endpoint at B going in the direction of D.

2. Name the ray with endpoint at C going in the direction of A.
3. Name the segment joining point B with point D.
4. Give two opposite rays with common endpoint C.
5. What is the intersection of ray BD and ray CA?
6. Name the ray opposite BC.
6. Name the ray opposite CA.
7. What point is between points B and D?
8. Give another name for BC
9. Give another name for CB

Set B

Write true or false

Use the following figure

A B C D E
    

1. AB + BD = AD
2. AB + BE = AE
3. AC + CD = AD
4. B is between A and D
5. C is between B and D
6. A, B, C, D are collinear
7. AB = AD – BD
8. DE and BA are opposite rays.
9. Ray BE can be named BD.
10. Ray DA can be named AD.

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 Set C

Fill in the blanks

1. A segment has _________endpoints

2. A __________is a subset of a line with one definite endpoint and extends infinitely in one
direction.

3. _________are two collinear rays with a common endpoint.

Use the figure at the right for exercises nos. 4-8

  
C D E

4. CD + ______ = CE.
5. The ray opposite DE is ________
6. The ray with endpoint C going in the direction of D is _________
7. The ray with endpoint E going in the direction C is __________
8. The point between two other points is ________.

9. If two points P and Q are exactly the same point, then the distance between them is ______

10. The endpoint of each ray in the figure is _______

Angles

An angle is a union of two noncollinear rays with a common endpoint. The common endpoint
is called the vertex of the angle and the two rays are called sides.

Example:

The figure below is an angle. Its vertex is point B and its two sides are BA and BC.
The symbol used for an angle is . The angle in the example can be named  ABC. It can also be
called CBA. The letter representing the vertex is written between the other two letters.

A 

B 
C

12
An angle may be written in other ways.

Example:

Angle DFG can also be named EFG, GFD, GFE, F and a. Angle HIJ can be named
 1.

D
H
E
a 1
F  I 
G J

There are times when it is not advisable to use the vertex letter in naming an angle. Using it
may result to confusion.

Example:

Angle ABC below may be named  B

A 

B 
C

Angle ABC below should not be named B. In the figure, there are three angles with vertex B.
They are ABC, DBC and ABD.

A  C

B 
Example: D

Give three different names for the angle shown below.

P 
 
Answers: Q R
 PQR,  RQP, Q

13
 An angle separates a plane into three sets: the points on the angle, the interior of the angle, and the
exterior of the angle.

Example:

In the figure, points T and S are on ABC.. Point P is in the interior and points Q and R are in
the exterior of the angle.


Q

Exterior Interior
P
B   
T C
R
Exterior

The Measure of an angle

You can determine the measure of an angle in degrees by means of a protractor. You can do
this by placing the center mark of the protractor on the vertex of the angle you want to measure and
then placing the 0 degree mark on one side of the angle. Then read the number where the other side
crosses the scale. You can also use a protractor in constructing an angle of a given measure.

Example:
Measure angle ABC below. A

B C
The measure of ABC as indicated in the protractor is 90 degrees. This can be written in two ways.

 ABC = 900 (Angle ABC equals 90 degrees.)

mABC = 90. (The measure of ABC is 90.)

14
 In this module the measure of an angle is always greater than 0 degree but less than 180
degrees. This restriction will be followed in this module because of the definition of an angle.

Addition of Angles

The measures of two or more angles can be added.

Example

The measure of A is 500 and the measure of  B is 600. Find the sum of their measures.

A 500 B 600

m  A + m  B = 500 + 600.
= 110 0
Example
ABD and CBD are two coplanar angles with a common side BD. If m  ABD = 40 and m 
CBD = 30, find the measure of angle ABC.

A
D

400

B 300 C

m  ABD + m  CBD = 400 + 300

= 70 0

Example:
If mABC = 120, mABD = 2x + 10, and mCBD =3 x [Use the preceding figure] Find
mABD.

mABD + mCBD = mABC

2x + 10 + 3x = 120
2x + 3x = 120 – 10
5x = 110
x = 22
2x + 10 = 2(22) + 10
= 44 + 10
= 54

15
 Kinds of Angles

There are three kinds of angles according to measure. They are the following.

1. Acute angle- is an angle with a measure grater than 0 but less than 90.
ABC below is an acute angle.

450 C
B

2. Right angle- is an angle with a measure of 90.

ABC below is a right angle.

E
F

The symbol in the corner of a right of the figure indicates that the measure of the angle is
90.

3. Obtuse angle – is an angle with a measure greater than 90 but less than 180,

G 1100

H I
Try this out

Set A.

1. Name the angle below in three ways.

B
C

2. Which is the vertex letter in angle STG?

3. Name the three angles in the figure below.

16
 D
F

E G

4. What are the sides of  BET?

5. What is the common side of ABD and CBD?
6. Into how many sets does an angle separate a plane?
7. Is the vertex of an angle in its interior?
8. How many angles are there in the figure?
E

A B
C
D

9. Is the figure below an angle? Why? Why not?

B C

10. Explain why it is not correct to name the angle below  Q?

P R

Q S
Set B. Use the figure below for exercises 1-10. The three angles in the figure are coplanar.

A D

C
B

1. If mABD = 80 and . mCBD = 40, find the m ABC.

2. If mCBD = 30 and mABD = 85, find the mABC
3. If mABD =45.5 and mCBD= 44, find the mABC.
4. If the mCBD = 30.5 and m ABD = 65, find the mABC.
5. If mABC =110 and . mCBD = 40, find the m ABD.
6. If mABC =115 and . mABD = 40, find the m CBD

17
 7. If mABC =84 and . mCBD = 2x, and mABD = 4x, find mABD
8. If mABC =96 and . mCBD = x, and mABD = 2x, find mCBD

Use a protractor for exercises 9-10

9. Construct an angle with a measure of 45 degrees.

10. Construct an angle with measure of 125 degrees.

Set C. Use the figure below for exercise 1 –3.

A •

D• •F •K
•G
• • •
B E C
•H
1. Name all the points in the interior of ABC.
2. Name all the points in the exterior of ABC.
3. Name all the points that are neither on the exterior nor interior of ABC.

Use the figure below for exercises 4-6

E D

A C

In the figure BC and BA are opposite rays.

4. Name all the angles determined in the figure.

5. Tell whether the angles in the figure are acute, right or obtuse.
6. Name the two angles with the same measure.
7. In the figure below, BA, BD and BC are coplanar rays. If ABC is a right angle, find x

A
D

(3x)0
x0
B C

8. Which of the following angles is an acute angle

a. b. c.

18
9. Using your protractor, find the measure of each angle below.

a. b.

10. Draw angles with the following measures.

a. 1250 c. 900
b. 350 d. 1400

Let’s summarize
1. The three undefined terms in geometry are point, line and plane.
2. A line is an exact location in space. It has no length, width or thickness.
3. A line has infinite length, but no width and no thickness.
4. A plane has infinite width and length but no thickness.
5. Two points determine exactly one line.
6. Two distinct lines intersect in only one point
7. Collinear points are points on the same line.
8. Coplanar points are points on the same plane.
9. Three collinear points are contained in at least one plane.
10. Three noncollinear point are contained in exactly one plane.
11. The intersection of two distinct planes is a line
12. If two points are in a plane, then the line containing the points is in the same line.
13. A line and a point not on the line, are contained in exactly one plane.
14. Two intersecting lines are contained in exactly one plane.
15. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, the intersection is a single point.
16. A segment is a subset of a line that consists of two endpoints and all the points between them.
17. A ray is a subset of a line with a definite endpoint and extends infinitely in one direction.
18. An angle is the union of two noncollinear rays with a common endpoint.
19. An angle separates the plane into three sets: the points in the interior of the angle, the points in
the exterior of the angle and the points on the angle itself.
20. A protractor is used to measure an angle in degrees.
21. An angle with a measure greater than 0 but les than 90 is an acute angle.
22. An angle with a measure of 90 is a right angle.
23. An angle with a measure greater than 90 but less than 180 is an obtuse angle.

19
 What have you learned?
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions.

A. Point C. Plane
B. Line D. rectangle

2. It is a set of points that extends forever in opposite directions.

A. Point C. Plane
B. Line D. Space.

3. Which of the following is false?

A. Exactly one plane contains two intersecting lines.
B. Two points determine a line.
C. The intersection of two distinct planes is a line
D. Three collinear points are contained in exactly one plane

4. Which of the following real objects suggest a point?

A. The edge of the beam of a building
B. The corner of the Main street and the 1st Ave.
C. The floor of a newly constructed building.
D. The wall of your room.

5. It is a subset of a line with a definite endpoint and extends infinitely in one direction.
A. Ray C. Opposite Rays
B. Segment D. Plane

6. It is the union of two noncollinear rays with a common endpoint.

A. Plane C. Space
B. Angle D. Segment

7. It is an angle with a measure greater than 0 but less than 90.

A. Acute angle C. Obtuse angle
B. Right Angle D. non of these

8. It is angle with a measure of 90.

A. Acute angle C. Obtuse angle
B. Right Angle D. none of these

9. Which of the following angles is obtuse?

I III.

20
 II. IV.

A. I only C. II only
B. I and II D. I and III

10. It is used to measure an angle in degrees.

A. Compass C. protractor
B. Ruler D. tape measure

Plane Coordinate Geometry

What this module is about?

T h i s m o d u l e w i
Pythagorean theorem. By using the derivation of distance, this module will also define and
discuss the midpoint formula. Furthermore, this module will also define and verify figures
and their characteristics on the coordinate plane using the coordinate proof. This will also enhance
your knowledge of distances between two points and how to get the lengths of segments and sides
of polygons.

What you are expected to learn?

This module is written for you to

1. Derive the distance formula using the Pythagorean theorem.

2. Apply the distance formula in finding lengths of segments.
3. Verify congruence of segments by applying the distance formula.
4. Derive the midpoint formula.
5. Verify the midpoint of a segment using the distance formula.
6. Solve problems that are application of the distance and midpoint formula.

21
 The Distance Formula

When you refer to the distance between any two points on the plane, either horizontally,
vertically or any other positions, then what you mean is getting the length of the segment joining the
two points.

Illustrations: Horizontal Distance

A B

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

The distance between A and B, which is denoted by AB is 4

AB = │5 – 0│= │5│= 5.

Vertical Distance 3 E
The distance between E and F, which is denoted by EF is
EF = │3 – (-1)│ = │4│ = 4. 2

Distance between two points or length of a segment is always a unique

positive real number. That is why it is necessary to use the symbol ││ for 1
absolute value.

If x1 and x2 are the coordinates of A and B respectively on a 0

horizontal number line, then the distance between A and B is denoted by
-1 F
AB = │x2 – x1│

If y1 and y2 are the coordinates of E and F respectively on a -2

vertical number line, then the distance between E and F is denoted by

EF = │y2 – y1│
Examples:

Find the length of the following segments:

a. CD -5 Y 5
b. XY
c. RS
5 5
C (1,4) D (8,4)

X (6,2)

X 0

R (-7,-4) S (0,-4) Y (6,-3)

-5 -5

22
 -5 5
Solution:
a. Points C and D have the same y-coordinate. Therefore, distance CD is denoted by
CD = │8 – 1│ = │7│ = 7

b. Points X and Y have the same x-coordinate. So distance XY can computed as

XY = │2 –(-3)│ = │2 + 3│= 5

c. Points R and S have the same y-coordinate. So distance RS is

RS = │-7 - 0│ = │-7│= 7

Suppose the given segment on a coordinate plane is neither horizontal nor vertical. How are
you going to find the distance?

Let M (x1, y1) and N(x2, y2) be two points on a Cartesian coordinate plane. Let there be
another point A where an imaginary horizontal segment through M intersects an imaginary segment
through N.
Y

N(x2,y2)

M(x1,y1) A(x2,y1)
X

Observe that right triangle MAN is formed on the coordinate plane. The distance between M
and N is equal to the length of the hypotenuse MN of the right triangle. By the Pythagorean
theorem,
(MN)2 = (MA)2 + (NA)2
But in the earlier discussion, you were given the some formula how to get the distance on the
horizontal number line and the vertical number line. You can just call them horizontal distance and
vertical distance. Therefore if you substitute the previous formula to the above formula you will get
(MA)2 = │x2 – x1│ and
(NA)2 = │y2 – y1│
Putting together the formula above and the Pythagorean theorem, you will have

(MN)2 = │x2 - x1│2 + │y2 – y1│2.

Simplifying, you will get the distance formula. The distance between two points M(x 1, y1) and N(x2, y2)
is given by the formula,

MN = √( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1 )2

23
This we can do since the absolute value of a number is non negative, so is the square of a number is
also non negative.

Examples:

1. Use the distance formula to find the length of the given segments in the coordinate plane.

a. AB -5 Y 5
b. LP A
c. RS
d. TU R L
5 5

X 0 P
T

-5 S -5
U

-5
Solutions: In each of the following segments, 5 coordinates of the endpoints from
determine first the
the graphs.

a. AB ; A(2, 7), B(5, 3)

x1 = 2 x2 = 5
y1 = 7 y2 = 3

AB = √( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1 )2
= √(5−2)2+(3−7 )2
= (3) 2  (4) 2

= √ 9+16
= √ 25
AB = 5

b. LP ; L(-1, 5) , P(3, 0)
x1 = -1 x2 = 3
y1 = 5 y2 = 0

LP = √( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1 )2
= √[ 3−(−1 )]2+(0−5 )2

24
 = √(4)2+(−5)2
= √ 16+25
LP = √ 41
c. RS ; R(-3, 5) , S(-5, -4)
x1 = -3 x2 = -5
y1 = 5 y2 = -4

RS = √( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1 )2
= √[−5−(−3)]2+(−4−5)2
= √(−5+3)2 +(−9)2
= √(−2)2+(−9)2
= √ 4+81
RS = √ 85
d. TU ; T(-2, -2), U(5, -6)
x1 = -2 x2 = 5
y1 = -2 y2 = -6

TU = √( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1 )2
= √[ 5−(−2)]2+[−6−(−2)]2
= √(5+2)2 +(−6+2 )2
= √(7)2+(−4 )2
= √ 49+16
TU = √ 65
2. Draw a triangle with vertices A(1, 5), B(3, 1), C(-3, 3). Show that ∆ABC is isosceles.

Solution: a. Plot the given points (vertices) on a Cartesian coordinate plan.

-2 - Y 2 4
4
6 6
A

4 4
C
2 2
B

X
0

25
 -2 -2

-4 -2 2 4
b. To show that ∆ABC is isosceles, find the length of the sides. For the triangle to be
isosceles, at least two of the sides must have the same length.

1. Find AC; A(1, 5), C(-3, 3)

x1 = 1 x2 = -3
y1 = 5 y2 = 3

AC = √( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1 )2
= √(−3−1)2+(3−5)2
= √(−4)2+(−2)2
= √ 16+4
= √ 20
AC = 2 √5

2. Find BC; B(3, 1) , C(-3, 3)

x1 = 3 x2 = -3
y1 = 1 y2 =3

BC = √( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1 )2
= √(−3−3 )2+(3−1 )
= √(−6)2 +(2)2
= √ 36+4
= √ 40
BC = 2 √ 10

3. Find AB; A(1, 5) B(3, 1)

x1 = 1 x2 = 3
y1 = 5 y2 = 1

AB = √( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1 )2
= √(3−1 )2+(1−5)2
= √(2)2+(−4)2
= √ 4+16
= √ 20

26
 AB = 2 √5
Since the length of AC equals the length of AB, then AC ¿ AB . Therefore ∆ABC is an isosceles
triangle.

3. Find the perimeter of a quadrilateral whose vertices are P(-2,2), Q(5, 2), R(4, -3) and
S(-3, -3). What kind of quadrilateral is PQRS?

Solution:
a. Find PQ; the y-coordinate of P and Q is the same

PQ = √[ 5−(−2)]2
= √(5+2)2
= √(7)2
PQ = 7

b. Find QR

QR = √(4−5)2+(−3−2)2
= √(−1)2+(−5)2
= √ 1+25
QR = √ 26
c. Find RS; the y-coordinate of R and S is the same

RS = √(−3−4)2
= √(−7)2
= √ 49
RS = 7

d. Find PS

PS = √[−3−(−2)]2 +(−3−2)2
= √(−1)2+(−5)2
= √ 1+25
= √ 26
The perimeter of quadrilateral PQRS = PQ + QR + RS + PS
= 7+ √ 26 + 7 + √ 26
= 14 + 2 √ 26

27
Based on the computed lengths of the sides, PQ = RS and QR = PS which means that the opposite
sides of the quadrilateral are congruent. Therefore, PQRS is a parallelogram.

4. Show by the distance formula that the following points R(3, 5), S(0, -1) and T(1,1) are collinear.

Solution: To illustrate that the given points R, S and T are collinear, you have to show that the sum
of the lengths of the two short segments is equal to the length of the longer segment.

a. Find RS

RS = √(0−3)2+(−1−5 )2
= √(−3)2+(−6)2
= √ 9+36
= √ 45
RS = 3 √5

b. Find ST

ST = √(1−0)2+[1−(−1)]2
= √(1)2+(2)2
= √ 1+4
ST = √5
c. Find RT

RT = √(1−3 )2+(1−5)2
= √(−2)2+(−4)2
= √ 4+16
= √ 20
RT = 2 √5

Now add ST and RT. ST + RT = √5 +2 √5 =3 √5 which means that ST + RT = RS.

This conclusion satisfies the definition of betweenness and so R, S and T are collinear. To
verify further, plot the three points on the Cartesian coordinate plane.

28
5. The endpoints of the base of an isosceles triangle are A( 1, 2) and B(4, -1). Find the y-coordinate
of the third vertex if its x-coordinate is 6.

Solution:

Let C(6, y) be the coordinates of the third vertex.

Since ∆ABC is isosceles, and AB is the base, then AC = BC.

AC = √(6−1)2+( y−2 )2
BC = √(6−4)2+[ y−(−1)]2
But AC = BC, therefore to solve for y, equate the values of AC and BC.

√(6−1)2+( y−2 )2 = √(6−4)2+[ y−(−1)]2 Y - 5 1

2 0
√ 52+( y−2)2 = √ 22+( y+1 )2
Squaring both sides
25 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 4 + y2 +2y +1 5 C 5
– 6y = -24 (6,y
A )
y = 4 (1,2
)
So the third vertex is C(6, 4).
X
The triangle is shown in the figure B
at the right. (4,-1)

-5 -5
5 1
0
6. A point A(x, 1) is √ 29 units from B(8, 3). Find x.
Solution:

AB = √(8−x)2+(3−1)2 = √ 29
√ 64−16 x +x 2+22 = √ 29
64 – 16x + x2 + 4 = 29 Squaring both sides of the equation
x2 - 6x + 39 = 0
(x – 13) (x - 3) = 0

x – 13 = 0 x–3=0
x = 13 x=3

29
 There are two values of x. Therefore the two points are (13, 1) and (3, 1)

7. Three of the vertices of a square are points A(2, 4), B(-2, 4), C(-2, 0). Find the fourth vertex D(x,
y).

Solution: Plot the points on the coordinate plane.

Y

B(-2,4) A(2,4)

X
C(-2,0) D(x, y)

Try this out

A. Find the distance between the following pairs of points.

1. (0, 4 ), ( 0, 6 )
2. ( 2, -1), ( 7, -1 )
3. ( 4, -3 ), ( -7, -3 )
4. ( 1, 5 ), ( 3, 8 )
5. ( -4, -7 ), ( 0, 5 )
6. ( 2, 8 ), (-5, -1)
7. ( -5, 4 ), ( -3, -3 )
8. ( 6, 2 ), ( 5, -2 )
9. ( -1, 6 ), ( 5, -1 )
10. ( -4, -5 ), ( 6, 0 )

B. Find the perimeter of the polygons with vertices at the given points.

11. ( 1, 2 ), ( 4, 6 ), ( 7, 2 )
12. ( -1, 7 ), ( -1, 1 ), ( -9, 1)
13. ( 2, -2 ), ( -1, -5 ), ( -3, -1)
14. ( 2, -6 ), ( 2. -9 ), ( -3, -6 ), (-3, 9)
15. ( 4, -1 ), ( 7, -2 ), ( 5, -6), (2, -5)
16. ( -2, 4 ), ( 0, 6 ), ( 2, 4 ), (0, 0)
17. ( -5, -4 ), ( -3, -6 ), ( -5, -9 ), ( -8, 8 ), ( -8, -5 )

C. Given the distance(d) between two points D and F and the coordinates of one of the endpoints.
Find the coordinates of the other endpoint if either x or y coordinate is given.

18. d = 13, D(-4, 1), F( x, -4)

19. d = 7, D( 5, 0), F( 1, y)

30
 20. d = 5, D(-4, y), F(0, -3)
21. d = √5 , D(x, 4), F(3, 5)

D. Solve the following problems:

22. Draw a triangle with vertices ( 6, 3 ), ( 2, 7 ), ( 10, 7 ). What kind of triangle is it?
23. Use the distance formula to show that (3, 0), (0, 4), ( 6, -4) are collinear.

24. The distance from (5, 7) to (x, 2) is √ 34 . Find all possible values for x.
25. Find the fourth vertex S of a rectangle whose three vertices are p(-3, 2),
Q(-3, 7) and R(2, 7).

26. The point (5, y) is √ 17 units from (6, 2). Find y.

27. A line segment 5 units long has one of its ends at (3, 1). The y-coordinate of the other
end is 5. Find its x-coordinate.

The Midpoint Formula

The midpoint of a segment is a point that divides a segment into two (2) congruent segments.

Illustrations:
1. C is the midpoint of AB . Then A B
C
AC ¿BC . So AC = CB. X

2. If M is the midpoint of XY then M

XM ¿ MY , thus XM = MY.
T

S
3. S is the midpoint of XY Y
Therefore, RS ¿ST , and RS = ST.
R
From the illustrations given, you can say that the midpoint of a segment should lie between the
endpoints of the segments and the three points must be collinear.

How do you get the midpoint of the segment on the coordinate plane? Consider the
coordinate plane below and the segments on it.
-5 Y 5

5 5

X(-2,3) Y(6,3)
P(-4,2) M

31
X
R
 Q(-4,-
3)
-5 -5

-5 5

If M and R are the midpoints of XY and PQ respectively, how do your determine the
coordinates of M and R?

To get the midpoint of XY , you have to consider that the segment is horizontal, thus the y-
coordinate is the same. Since point M lies between the two endpoints and in the middle, the x-
coordinate of M is the average of the x-coordinates of the two endpoints of the segment and the y-
coordinate is 3.

So the coordinates of M is

−2+6
M(xm, ym) =
[ 2
,3
]
=
( 42 , 3)
= (2, 3)

To get the coordinates of R, consider PQ . Since the segment is vertical, the two endpoints
have the same x-coordinate which is -4. To get the y-coordinate, get the average of the y-coordinates
of the two endpoints. That is

2+(−3)
R(xm, ym ) =
[ −4 ,
2 ]
=
(−4 ,− 12 )

32
 Therefore, to get the coordinates of the midpoint of horizontal segment the formula below is
used. Since the two endpoints have the same y – coordinate the midpoint (M) is

x +x
M
( 2
, y)
1 2

For vertical segments, since the two endpoints have the same x-coordinate, then the formula is
M
How do you get the coordinates of the segment on the coordinate plane which is neither
horizontal nor vertical? AB illustrated below is neither horizontal nor vertical.
Y
B(4
,7)

M V

H
(4,1
X A(2
0 )
,1)

The endpoints of AB are A(2, 1) and B(4, 7). Let M be the midpoint of AB . To
determine the coordinates of M, draw horizontal segment passing through A and a vertical segment
passing through B. The two segments intersect at a point whose coordinates are (4, 1). Get the
coordinates of the midpoint H of the horizontal segment.

H
( 2+42 , 1) or H(3, 1)

Then get the coordinates of the midpoint V of the vertical segment .

1+7
V
( 4,
2 ) or V(4, 4).

The points H and V suggest that the midpoint of M are (3, 4). To check if M is really the midpoint
of AB , we have to show that AM = MB.

AM = √(3−2)2+(4−1)2
= √ 12+32
= √ 1+9
= √ 10

MB = √(4−3 )2+(7−4)2

33
 = √ 12+32
= √ 1+9
= √ 10
Since AM = MB = √ 10 , then M is really the midpoint of AB .
For segments on the coordinate plane which are neither horizontal nor vertical, the formula for
finding its midpoint M is given below.

The Midpoint Formula:

If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are any two points in a coordinate plane, then the midpoint M of AB
has coordinates
M
x1 + x2 y1 + y 2
( 2
,
2 )

Examples:

1. Find the coordinates of the midpoint M of the segments whose endpoints are

a. (3, 5), (7, 1)

b. (0, 1), (-4, 3)
c. (-3, -6), (2, -11)
d. (4, -1), (-7, 3)

Solutions: Using the midpoint formula,

34
 a. (3, 5), (7, 1) c. (-3, 6), (2, 11)
x1 = 3, x2 = 7 x1 = -3, x2 = 2
y1 = 5, y2 = 1 y1 = 6 , y2 = 11

7+3 1+5 −3+2 −6+(−11)

M
( 2
,
2 ) = M M
( 2
,
2 )
10 6
( )
,
2 2 M
( −12 , −172 )
= M(5,3) d. (4, 1), (-7, 3)
x1 = 4 ,x2 = -7
y1 = 1 , y2 = 3
b. (0, 1), (-4, 3)
x1 = 0 , x2 = -4
y1 = 1 , y2 = 3
M
( 4+(−7)
2
,
3+1
2 )

M
( −4 +0 3+1
2
'
2 ) M
( −32 , 42 )=( −32 , 2)
2. M(-1, -3) is the midpoint of ST , If the coordinates of S are (-3, 2), find the coordinates of T.

Solution:
Step 1. Let T have coordinates (x, y). By the midpoint formula, the midpoint of ST is

( x+(−3
2
) y+ 2
,
2 ) =
( x−32 , y+22 )
Step 2. We are given that the coordinates of M is (-1, -3) and M is the midpoint of ST .
Therefore,
x−3
2 = -1
x – 3 = -1(2)
x – 3 = -2
x = -2 + 3
x= 1

y +2
and 2 = -3
y + 2 = 2(-3)
y + 2 = -6
y = -6 -2
y = -8

So the coordinates of T are (1, -6)

35
3. One endpoint P of segment PS and its midpoint R are given. Use the midpoint formula to find
the coordinates of the second segment S.

a. P(3, -4), R(0, 0)

b. P(2, 5), R(5, -1)
c. P(-6, -3), R(0, 1)

Solutions:
a. Let S have the coordinates (x, y). Using the midpoint formula, the midpoint of PS is given as

( x+32 , y −4
2 )
The coordinates of midpoint R are (0, 0) x +3
=0
2
x+3=0
x = -3

y −4
=0
2
y -4 = 0
y = 4

The coordinates of R are (-3, 4)

b. Coordinates of S are (x, y). Applying the midpoint formula, the coordinates of R

is
( x+22 , y +52 )
The coordinates of midpoint R are ((5, -1)
x +2
=5
2
x + 2 = 10
x = 8

y +5
=−1
2
y + 5 = -2
y = -7
The coordinates of R are ( 8, -7)

c. Coordinates of S are (x, y). Using the midpoint formula, the coordinates of midpoint R is
x+(−6) y +(−3 )
given as
( 2
,
2 )
The coordinates of midpoint R are (0, 1). Solving for x and y,
x−6
=0
2
x–6=0

36
 x = 6

y −3
=1
2
y–3=2
y = 2+3
y = 5

Therefore the coordinates of S are (6, 5)

4. The vertices of ∆XYZ are X(1, 4), Y(6, 2) and Z(-2, -1). Find the length of the median to ZY .

Solution:
The median of a triangle is a segment joining the vertex and the midpoint of the opposite side.
Let the midpoint of XY be point P.

Step 1. Get the coordinates of P

6−2 2−1
P
( 2
,
2 )
4 1
(
P 2 2
, )

1
P
( 2, )
2
1
Step 2. Find the length of XP . X(1, 4), P
( 2, )
2
2
XP = √( 2−1 ) +( −4 )2 1
2

−7 2
= √ 1 +( )
2
2

49
= √ 1+
4
53
= √ 4

37
 √53
XP = 2
√53
Hence, the length of median XP is 2 .

5. Find the perimeter of a the triangle formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a triangle whose
vertices are P(-4, 0), Q(2, 3) and R(5, -2).

Solution: Y
Step 1. Let A, B and C be the
midpoints of PQ , QR and PR . Get the
coordinates of each midpoint. Q(2,3)

For the coordinates of A A

0 B
P(-4, 0), Q(2, 3) X
P(-4,0) 0
−4 +2 3+ 0
A
( 2
,
2 ) C
R(5,-2)
−2 3
=A
( ) ,
2 2

=A
(−2 , 32 )
For the coordinates of B

Q(2, 3), R(5, -2)

2+5 3−2
B
( 2
,
2 )
7 1
(
= B 2 2
, )

For the coordinates of C

P(-4, 0), R(5, -2)

−4 +5 0−2
C
( 2
,
2 )
1
=C
( )
2
,−1

Step 2. Find the lengths of AB , BC and AC .

38
 7 2 3 1 2

AB = √( )( )
−1− + −
2
2
2 2
2
9 2
= √( − ) +( )

81 2
2 2

= √85
4
+1

= √ 4
√85
AB = 2

1 7 2 1 2

BC = √( )( )
− + −1−
2 2
2
2
2
6 3
= √( − ) +(− )
2
36 9
2

= √ +
4 4
45
= √ 4
3 √5
BC = 2

2
1 2 3
AC = √( −1−

2
)[
2 2]
+ −(−1)

2
3 3
= √( − ) +( +1)
2 2
2
9 5
= √ 4 (2)
9 25
+

= √4 4
34
+

= √ 4
√34
AC = 2

39
 Step 3. Get the sum of the lengths AB + BC + AC

√85 3 √5 √34
Perimeter of ∆ABC = 2 + 2 + 2

√85+3 √5+ √ 34
= 2
Try this out
A. What are the coordinates of the midpoint of the segment joining each pair of points.

1. (0, 0), (6, 0)

2. (0, 0), (-7, 0
3. (0, 0), (0, -8)
4. (1, 3), (5, 7)
5. (5, -1), (-1, -7)
6. (-8, -2), (0, 0)
7. (-3, -4), (3, -3)
8. (6, -1), (-4, 7)
9. (-1, -1), (-8, -9)
10. (a, b), (c, d)
B. If M is the midpoint of AB , determine the coordinates of B.

11. A(3, 7), M(3, 0)

12. A(5, 2), M(-1, -1)
13. A(-4, -1), M(5, 2)
14. A(3, -4), M(5, 2)
15. A(-5, 6), M(7, 2)
16. A(0, -8), M(4, -4)
17. A(-1, 4), M(1, 1)
18. A(7, 0), M(0, 9)
19. A(-3, -5), M(3, -7)
20. A(a, b), M(c, d)

C. Solve the following problems:

21. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of each side of a triangle with vertices at (3, 5),
(6,-4) and (-1, 1).
22. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of each side of a quadrilateral with vertices at
(-2, -4), (7, -8), (4, -3) and (_5, 3).
23. Find the length of the median to side RP of ∆RPQ whose vertices are R(-3, 2),
P(3, -3) and Q(-1, 6).
24. Find the length of each median of a triangle with vertices at (-1, 6), (-3, -2) and (7, -4).
25. A rectangle has vertices R(-3, 4), S(-3, -4), T(2, -4) and U(2, 4). Show that its
diagonals have the same midpoint.

40
26. Use the distance formula to show that X(1, -1) is the midpoint of the segment with
endpoints A(4, 1) and B(-2, -3).

27. Given R(5, 2), S(a, -2) and T(-3, b). Find a and b so that S is the midpoint of RT .
28. Show that the points (-1, -2), (2, 1) and (-3, 6) are the vertices of a right triangle. Use
the distance formula.
29. Given A(7, 1), R(2, x) and B(-x, 5), find x so that R is the midpoint of AB .
30. Find the perimeter of the triangle in no. 28.

Let’s summarize
1. The distance between two points on the plane is the length of the segment joining the two
points. For horizontal distance between points A and B, the formula to be used is
AB = │x2 – x1│, where the y-coordinate is the same.
For vertical distance between points A and B, the distance is denoted by
AB = │y2 – y1│, where the x-coordinate is the same.
2. The distance between two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by the formula

AB = √( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1 )2
3. The midpoint of a segment is a point that divides the segment into two congruent segments.
4. The midpoint of a horizontal segment can be determined by the formula
x1+ x2
M= 2
5. The midpoint of a vertical segment is determined by the formula
y1 + y2
M= 2
6. The midpoint M of a segment whose endpoints are A(x 1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by
x1 + x2 y1 + y 2
the formula M
( 2
,
2 )
What have you learned
Answer the following questions as indicated.

1. What is the length of PQ ?

P Q

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

41
 Find the length of each side of a triangle whose vertices are J(0, 3), K(-4, 0) and L(1, -1).

2. JK Y
3. KL
4. JL D

What are the coordinates of the midpoint Y(2,3)

of a segment whose endpoints are:
X(-1,1) E
5. A(7, 3), and X(1, -11)
X
6. R(-6, 1) , and S(1, -10) Z(1,-1)

7. Find the perimeter of ∆XYZ in the

figure if X, Y and Z are the midpoints F

of FD , DE and EF respectively.

8. M is the midpoint of PR . If the coordinates of M and P are given, find the coordinates
of R. P(-3, 7) and M(1, 1)

9. If the length of RS is √ 29 , and the coordinates of R are (-5, 1), find the x-coordinate of
S if its y-coordinate is 3.
10. Find the coordinate of the intersection of the diagonal of a rectangle whose vertices are
M(2, 7), N(6, 3), O(-1, -4) and P(-5, 0)

Geometry of Shape & Size-

Quadrilaterals
What this module is about?
This module is about Quadrilaterals. As you go over the exercises, you will
develop skills in identifying Quadrilaterals and their parts and ability to appreciate their
application in daily life. Treat the lesson with fun and take time to go back if you think
you are at a loss.

What you are expected to learn?

This module is designed for you to learn
1. illustrate a Quadrilateral and its parts
2.illustrate the different kinds of Quadrilaterals

42
How much do you know?

Write the letter of the correct answer

1. Quadrilateral ZENY is a ____.

a. parallelogram b. trapezoid c. trapezium d. rectangle
2. A diagonal of quadrilateral ZENY is ____.
a. ZE b. ZN c. ZO d. ZY
3. Y is opposite angle ____.
a. Z b. E c. N d. O
4. DH & ET are the ____ of the Quadrilateral DETH
a. median b. altitude c. bases d. legs
5. If BH  ET then BETH is a/an ____.
a. rectangle b. trapezium
c. isosceles trapezoid d. square

6. BH  ET are the _____ of Quadrilateral BETH.

a. legs b. bases c. median d.
altitude
7. Which is the median of quadrilateral DETH
a. BH b. MP c. EA d. DH
8. What kind of parallelogram is quadrilateral DETH?
a. rhombus b. square c. parallelogram d. rectangle
9. Using the figure at the right, which is a rhombus?
a. ACGH b. DEFG
c. BDGH d. AEFH A B C D E

H G F
10. Which is a rhombus and a rectangle?
a. AEFH b. CEFG c. ADGH d. BDGH

43
 Identifying and Naming Quadrilaterals.
A quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides

Example:

M O D E O
O L

A D E R P M E
You ca name a quadrilateral by its vertices. The order of vertives is very important. You read or write
the four letters clockwise or counterclockwise.
Examples: R O
You can name a quadrilateral at the
Right as.
ROSE or OSER or SERO or EROS
Or RESO or ESOR or SORE
E S

The name of this quadrilateral can be: K L

KLMN or LMNK or MNKL or NKLM
Or NMLK or MLKN or LKNM or KNML
N M

Parts of a Quadrilateral

A quadrilateral has the following parts:

*4 sides *4 vertices *4 angles *2 diagonals

You can take a look on quadrilateral LOVE

O
 the sides are: LO , OV , EV , LE the vertices are: L, O, V, E
 the angles are ∠ L , ∠O , ∠V , ∠ E
 the diagonals are LV & OE
diagonals are segments joining opposite vertices.

The vertices E and O; L and V are opposite vertices. Vertices L and O, O and V, V and E, E and L
are consecutive vertices.

44
 Two sides with a common vertex like LO and OV are consecutive sides. So, OV and
VE , VE EL , EL and LO are other pairs of consecutive sides. On the other hand,
and
LO and EV , OV and LE are opposite sides.

Two angles with a common side like ∠L and ∠O are consecutive angles, the others are
∠O and ∠V , ∠V and ∠E , ∠E and ∠ L , on the other hand, ∠E and ∠O ; ∠ L
and ∠V are opposite angles.
Try this out
O
A. Using quadrilateral COLA, identify

1. two pairs of opposite vertices

2. two pairs of opposite angles
3. two pairs of opposite sides
4. one pair of diagonals P
5. four pairs of consecutive vertices

6. four pairs of consecutive angles

7. four pairs of consecutive sides
8. four sides of quadrilateral PQEM
9. four angles of quadrilateral POQEM
10. two diagonals that can be drawn in
quadrilateral PQEM
M E

B. Fill the blanks: P Q

1) ______ the vertex opposite S

2) ______ is the opposite side of PS
3) ∠Q is opposite _________
4) PQ and QR are _______ sides. S R
5) The diagonals that can be drawn are QS and ______

A
D
6) BC and CD are ___________ sides.
7) B and C are consecutive vertices, B and _____ are also consecutive vertices.
8) AC and _____ are the diagonals of quadrilateral ABCD.

45
 9) ∠ A and ∠ D are ______ angles.
10) ∠ A and _____ are opposite angles.

C. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Use quadrilateral

DETH
1. How many diagonals has quadrilateral DETH?
a. one b. two c. three d. four
2. The sides of quadrilateral DETH are
DH , HT , TE and ______
a. HE b. DT c. DE d. DO

3. ∠ H is opposite of what angle?

a. ∠ E b. ∠ D c. ∠T d. ∠O
4. The opposite side of ET is _________
a. DO b. DE c. HT d. DH
5. The diagonals of quadrilateral DETH are _________
a. DO & OT b. HE & DT c. DH & ET d. DE & HT

Q R
Given: quadrilateral PQRS

1. How many vertices are there in Quadrilateral PQRS?

a. one b. two c. three d. four

2. A pair of consecutive sides is PQ and ______
a. QR b. RS c. PR d. QS
3. A pair of opposite vertices is P and ______ P S
a. R b. Q c. S d. M

4. How many pairs of opposite ∠s has quadrilateral PQRS?

a. one b. two c. three d. four

5. How many pairs of consecutive sides has quadrilateral PQRS?

a. one b. two c. three d. four

46
Parallels & Perpendiculars

Kinds of Quadrilaterals

As you can see the diagram of the different kinds of quadrilaterals, you can notice the
characteristics of the sides of each quadrilateral.

47
 Before you proceed to the definition of each quadrilateral, you must know first the
meaning of the following:

i. parallel line two lines are parallel if they are coplanar and they do not meet.

ii. perpendicular lines two lines are perpendicular if they intersect and form a right

angle.

48
49
50
51
 Kinds of Quadrilaterals

D R

1. Trapezium E
M

If a quadrilateral has no parallel sides, then it is a trapezium. MORE is a trapezium.

2. Trapezoid H O

E P

If a quadrilateral has exactly a pair of parallel sides, then it is a trapezoid.

If HO // EP
, then HOPE is a trapezoid.
S T
3. Parallelogram

P O

If a quadrilateral has two pairs of parallel sides, then it is a parallelogram.

If ST // PO and SP // PO then STOP is a parallelogram.

A. Identify:
N E
______ 1. A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.
______ 2. A quadrilateral with no parallel sides. W H
______ 3. A quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides.
______ 4. Quadrilateral WHEN.

______ 5. Quadrilateral COLD.

52
______ 6. Quadrilateral SORE.

______ 7. Quadrilateral PEAS

P E

S A

53
B. Select the correct word from the set (trapezium, trapezoid, parallelogram)

J K
A
L
O Q
N
M R

D E B P W C
S U V

H T Y H G F

1. quadrilateral DETH
2. quadrilateral DANS
3. quadrilateral SNLU
4. quadrilateral LOVU
5. quadrilateral JMRK
6. quadrilateral OMPV
7. quadrilateral RWCQ
8. quadrilateral WGFC
9. quadrilateral PWGY
10. quadrilateral TEBY

C. Draw the following figures:

1. trapezium ZENY
2. trapezoid BETH
3. parallelogram LOVE
4. parallelogram with diagonals DL ∧ BW
5. trapezoid with diagonals IE ∧ MC

54
 Properties of Quadrilaterals
What this module is about?

This module is about the properties of trapezoids and parallelograms. In this

module, you will learn to compute problems involving the median of a
trapezoid, the base angles and diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid, as well
as problems involving the diagonals, angles and sides of parallelograms

55
 What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to

1. apply inductive/deductive skills to derive certain properties of a trapezoid.

 median of a trapezoid
 base angles of an isosceles trapezoid
 diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid
2. apply inductive and deductive skills to derive the properties of a parallelogram
 each diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles
 opposite angles are congruent
 non-opposite angles are supplementary
 opposite sides are congruent
 diagonals bisect each other.

How much do you know?

True or False

1. The median of a trapezoid is twice the sum of the lengths of its bases.
2. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
3. The diagonals of any trapezoid are congruent.
4. Non-opposite angles of a parallelogram are complementary.

ABCD is a trapezoid with median EF.

D C

E F

A B
5. If DC = 12 cm and AB = 23 cm, what is EF?
6. If EF = 2x + 3, DC = x + 5 and AB = 2(x + 3), what is AB?

56
 Quadrilateral BEST is a parallelogram.
2x + 3
T S

3(x – 1)

B E
7. If BE = 3(x – 1) and TS = 2x + 3, what is BE + TS?

Quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus.

8. If m A = 5x and mC = 4x + 10, what is

mADC in degrees?

Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram. Diagonals DB

and AC intersect at E.

9. Find AC if AE = x + 2 and CE = 3x - 6

Quadrilateral TEAM is a parallelogram.

10.If mT = x and mE = 3x + 20 . find mA?

The Median of a Trapezoid

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. The median of a trapezoid is the
segment joining the midpoints of the non-parallel sides. In the trapezoid ABCD below, EF is the median. It
joins the midpoints E and F of side AD and BC respectively.
D C

E F

57
 A B
Illustration

If the length of the upper base of a trapezoid is 4 cm, and the lower base is 6 cm, what do you
think is the length of the median?

Do the following:

1. Using a ruler draw a segment 4 cm long. Name the segment HT.

2. Draw another segment 6 cm long parallel to segment HT. Name the segment MA.
3. Connect points H and M.
4. Connect points T and A.
5. Using a ruler, carefully determine the midpoints of HM and TA. Name the midpoints of HM and
TA, G and E respectively.
6. Connect points G and E. Carefully measure the length of GE.

What did you discover? Did you discover the following?

1. GE is parallel to HT and MA.

1
2. GE = 2 (HT + MA)

Example 1

ABCD is a trapezoid with median EF. If DC = 8 cm and AB = 14 cm, find EF.

Solution:

Step 1. Write the formula.

1
EF = 2 (AB + DC)

Step 2. Substitute the values of DC

and
AB into the formula. Solve for
EF.

1
EF = 2 (14 + 8)
1
EF = 2 (22)
EF = 11

Therefore, EF is 11 cm.

58
Example 2

EFGH is a trapezoid with median IJ. If HG = 12 cm and IJ =15 cm, what is EF?

Step 1. Write the formula.

1
IJ = 2 (EF + HG)

Step 2. Substitute the values of HG and IJ

into
the formula. Solve for EF.

1
15 = 2 (EF + 12)
15 = EF + 12
2
EF + 12 = 15(2)
EF = 30 – 12
EF = 18

Therefore, EF is 18 cm.

Example 3

ABCD is a trapezoid with median EF. If DC = x + 5, EF = 2x + 1 and AB =4x – 10, find EF.

Solution:

Step 1. Write the formula.

1
EF = 2 (AB + DC)

Step 2. Substitute the values of EF, AB and DC

into the formula. Solve for x.
1
2x + 1 = 2 (4x – 10 + x + 5)
1
2x + 1 = 2 ( 5x –5)
2(2x +1) = 5x – 5
4x + 2 = 5x – 5
4x – 5x = -5 – 2
- x = -7
x=7
Step 3. Substitute 7 for x. Solve for EF

59
 EF = 2x + 1
= 2(7) + 1
= 14 + 1
= 15
Therefore EF = 15 cm.
Try this out

Set A

ABCD is a trapezoid with median EF.

1. If DC = 4 and AB = 10, what is EF?

2. If DC = 7 and AB = 12, what is EF?
3. If AB = 14.5 and DC = 8.5, what is EF?
4. If AB = 10.5 and DC = 6.5, what is EF?
5. IF DC = 10 and EF = 12, what is AB?
6. If DC = 14 and EF = 16, what is AB?
7. If AB = 14.6 and EF = 10.4, what is DC?
8. IF AB = 22.8 and EF = 16.2, what is DC?
9. If DE = 14 what is AE?
10. If BF = 24, what is CF?

Set B

EFGH is a trapezoid with median IJ.

1. If IJ = x, HG = 8 and EF = 12, what is x?

2. If IJ = y, HG = 14, and EF = 20, what is Y?
3. If IJ = x + 2, HG = 10 and EF = 14, what is x?
4. If IJ = y + 3, HG = 14 and EF = 18, what is y?
5. If HG = x , IJ = 16, and EF = 22, what is x?
6. If HG = y, IJ = 24 and EF = 30, what is y?
7. If HG = x – 1, IJ = 21 and EF = 34, what is x?
8. If HG = y – 2, IJ = 20 and EF = 31, what is y?
9. If HI = x + 4 and IE = 6, what is x?
10. If GJ = 10 and FJ = x –4, what is x?

Set C

KLMN is a trapezoid with median OP.

1. If OP = 20, NM = x + 3 and KL = x + 6, what is x?

2. If NM = x – 2, KL = x + 4 and OP = 24, what is x?
3. If OP = 22, NM = x + 4, and KL = x + 8, what is NM?
4. If OP = 24, NM = x – 3 and KL = x + 7, what is KL?
5. If NM = 12, OP = x +3, and KL = x + 10, what is x?
6. If NM = 18, OP = x – 2 and KL = x + 3, what is x?

60
 7. If KL = 30, OP = x + 1 and NM = x – 6, what is OP?
8. If KL = 34, OP = x - 1, and NM = x – 7, what is NM?
9. If NM = 2x, OP = 3x, and KL = 2(x+5), what is OP?
10. If NM = 2x + 2. OP = 3x + 3 and KL = 2(x + 6), what is NM?
Isosceles Trapezoid

An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with congruent non-parallel sides. Trapezoid DAVE

below is an isosceles trapezoid. The nonparallel sides ED and VA are congruent.

Do the following:

1. Using a ruler, draw isosceles trapezoid ABCD with base angles, A and B, on a graphing
paper.

D C

A B

2. Using a protractor, find the measures of A and B. What do you notice?
3. Using the same protractor find the measures of  D and  C. What do you notice?
4. Draw the diagonals AC and BD. Using a ruler, find their lengths. Are the lengths equal?

Perhaps you discovered the following properties of an isosceles trapezoid.

1. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

2. The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

If you know the properties of an isosceles trapezoid, you will find the next set of exercises easy
to solve.

61
Example 1

In isosceles trapezoid ABCD, with base angles,  A and  B. If mB = 40, what is mA?
Solution:

Step 1. Base angles of an isosceles trapezoid

are congruent.
 A  B
m  A = m B (The measures of
congruent
angles are equal)

Step 2. Substitute 40 for mB

mA = 40

Example 2

In isosceles trapezoid ABCD with  A and  B as base angles. If mA = x + 20 and mB =
2x. Find mA.

Solution:

Step 1. Base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are

congruent.

AB
m A = m B (the measures two angles congruent are equal)

Step 2. Substitute x + 20 for m A and 2x for m B.

x+ 20 = 2x
x – 2x = -20
x = 20

Step 3. Substitute 20 for x in m A = x + 20. Then solve for m A.

m A = x + 20
= 20 + 20
= 40

Example 3

In isosceles trapezoid ABCD, AD = 10. What is

BC?

62
Solution:

Step 1. Non-parallel sides of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

BC  AD
BC = AD (Congruent segments have equal lengths)

Step 2. Replace BC with 10

BC = 10

Example 4.

In isosceles trapezoid ABCD, AC = 4x + 4 and BD = 2x + 10. What is x?

Solution:

Step 1 The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are

congruent.
AC  BD
AC = BD ( Congruent segments have equal
lengths)

Step 2. Substitute 4x + 4 for AC and 2x + 10 for BD.

4x + 4 = 2x + 10
4x – 2x = 10 – 4
2x = 6
x=3
Try this out

Set A

PQRS is an isosceles trapezoid

1. Name the two pairs of base angles.

2. Name the nonparallel sides.
3. Name the parallel sides.
4. If mA = 30, what is the mB?
5. If mB = 60, what is mA?
6. If mC = 110, what is mD?
7. If m D = 105, what is mC?
8. If mA = 35, what is mD?
9. If mC = 120, what is mB?
10. If mA = 35 what is mC?
Set B.

EFGH is an isosceles trapezoid.

1. If mE = x + 10 and mF = 50, what is x?

63
 2. If mF = x – 15 and mE = 70 what is x?
3. If mH = x + 20 and mG = 100 what is x?
4. If mG = x – 10 and mH = 135 what is x?
5. If mE = 2x and mF = 46 what is x?
6. If mF = 3x and mE = 39 what is x?
7. If mE = 2x + 5 and mF = 44 what is x?
8. If mF = 2x – 6 and mE = 56 what is x?
9. If mH = 2(x + 4) and mG = 116 what is x?
10. If mG = 2(x –5) and mH = 120 what is x?

Set C.

ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid.

1. If mA = 2x + 10 and mB = 3x – 20 what is

mA?
2. If mA = 2x + 15 and mB = 4x – 11 what is
mB?
3. If mD = x + 15m and mC = 2x –85 what is
mD?
4. If mC = 3y + 12 and mD = 2y + 50, what is
mC?
5. If mC = 4x + 70 and mD = 2x + 90, what is x?
6. If mD = 4x – 20 and mC = 5x – 50, what is x?
7. If AC = 60 cm, what is BD?
8. If BD = 70 cm, what is AC?
9. If AC = 4x – 6 and BD = 2x + 10, what is AC?
10. If AC = 3y + 7 and BD = 6y – 8, what is BD?

Properties of a Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are both parallel and
congruent.

Do the following:

1. On a graphing paper, draw a parallelogram similar to the one below. Name your
parallelogram ABCD.

64
 2. Draw diagonal AC. What do you notice?
3. Using a protractor, find the measures of the opposite angles of parallelogram ABCD. Are
the angles congruent?
4. Using a protractor, find the measures of each pair of non-opposite angles. Add their
measures. Are the angles supplementary?
5. Using a ruler, find the lengths of each pair of opposite sides. Are their lengths equal?
6. Draw diagonal BD. What do you notice?

Were you careful in doing the above activity? You actually proved inductively the following properties
of a parallelogram.

1. Each diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles.

2. The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
3. The non-opposite angles of a parallelogram are supplementary.
4. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
5. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

These properties of a parallelogram can also be proven deductively.

Each diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles

Given: Parallelogram MATH with diagonal MT. H T
Prove: HTM  AMT

M A
Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. Parallelogram MATH with diagonal MT 1. Given
2. MH // TA
2. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in
which both pairs of opposite sides are
3. HMT  ATM (A) parallel.
3. If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then any pair of alternate
interior angles are congruent.
4. MT  MT (S) 4. Reflexive Property of Congruence
5. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in
5. HT // MA which both pairs of opposite sides are
6. HTM  AMT (A) parallel.(Same as reason # 2)

65
 6. If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then any pair of alternate
interior angles are congruent. ( Same
as reason #3)
7. HTM  AMT 7. ASA Congruence

2. The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent

H T
Given: Parallelogram MATH

Prove: H   A

Proof: M A

Statements Reasons
1. Parallelogram MATH 1. Given
2. Draw MT 2. Two points determine a line.
3. MHT  TAM 3. Each diagonal divides a
parallelogram into two congruent
triangles. (First property)
4. H  A 4. Corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are
congruent. (CPCTC)

If you want to prove that M   T, draw diagonal HA. Then follow the above steps.

3. The non-opposite angles of a parallelogram are supplementary

Given: Parallelogram MATH H T

Prove: H and  M are supplementary

M A
Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. Parallelogram MATH 1. Given
2. HT // MA 2. A parallelogram is a
quadrilateral in which both pairs
of opposite sides are parallel
3. H and  M are supplementary 3. If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then the interior
angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary.

4. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent

Given : Parallelogram MATH H T

66
Prove: HT  MA
HM  TA

M A

Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. Parallelogram MATH 1. Given
2. Draw diagonal MT 2. Two points determine a line
3. MHT  TAM 3. Each diagonal divides a
parallelogram into two congruent
triangles.
4. HT  MA 4. Corresponding parts of
HM  TA congruent triangles are
congruent.

5. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Given: Parallelogram LOVE E V

A 2
Prove: EO and LV bisect each other 3 4
1

L O
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. Parallelogram LOVE with 1. Given
diagonals EO and LV
2. LE  VO (S) 2. Opposite sides of a
parallelogram are congruent
3. LE // VO 3. A parallelogram is a
quadrilateral in which both pairs
of opposite sides are parallel
4. 1  2 (A) 4. If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then the alternate
interior angles are congruent.
5. 3  4 (A) 5. Vertical angles re congruent
6. LEA  VOA 6. SAA Congruence
7. EA  OA 7. Corresponding parts of
LA  VA congruent triangles are
congruent
8. EO and LV bisect each other 8. The bisector of a segment is a
point, line, segment, or plane
that divides the segment into

67
 two segments (Definition of
bisector of a segment)

Example 1

JACK is a parallelogram. If mK = 110, what is mA.

Solution:

Step 1. Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent

A  K
m A = mK (Congruent angles have equal
measures)
Step 2. Replace mK with 110
mA = 110

Example 2 ABCD is a parallelogram. If m A = x + 15 and mC = 40,

what is x?

Solution:

Step 1 Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent

A  C
mA = mC ( Congruent angles have equal measures)

Step 2. Replace mA with x + 15 and mC with 40 and solve

for x.
x + 15 = 40
x = 40 – 15
x = 25
Example 3

The figure below is a parallelogram. If mO = 2x + 10 and mE = x + 30, what is mO?
Solution:

Step 1. Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.

O  E
mO = mE (Congruent angles have equal
measures)

Step 2. Substitute 2x +10 for mO and x +30 for mE.

Then
solve for x.
2x + 10 = x + 30
2x – x = 30 – 10
x = 20

68
 Step 3. Substitute 20 for x in mO = 2x + 10 to solve for mO.
mO = 2(20) + 10
mO = 40 + 10
mO = 50

Example 4

Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram. If mA = 60, what is mB?

Solution:

Step 1. Non-opposite angles of a parallelogram are supplementary

A and B are supplementary
mA + mB = 180

Step 2. Substitute 60 for mA and solve for mB

60 + mB = 180
mB = 180 – 60
mB = 120

Example 5

Quadrilateral ETNA is a parallelogram. If mE = x – 60 and mA = 2x, what is mE?

Solution: A N
Step 1. Non-opposite angles of a parallelogram are supplementary.
E and A are supplementary
mE + mA = 180
E T
Step 2. Substitute x – 60 for mE, and 2x for mA.
x –60 + 2x = 180
x + 2x = 180 + 60
3x = 240
x = 80
Step 3. Substitute 80 for x in mE = x – 60. Then solve for mE.
mE = x – 60
mE = 80 – 60
mE = 20
Example 6
In the parallelogram below, mA = 2x and mC = 4x – 80. What is mB?
Solution:

Step 1. Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.

A  C
mA = mC (Congruent angles have equal measures)

Step 2. Substitute 2x for mA and 4x – 80 for mC. Then solve for x.
2x = 4x – 80

69
 2x – 4x = – 80
–2x = – 80
x = 40
Step 3. Substitute 40 for x
mA = 2x
mA =2(40)
=80

Step 4. Non-opposite angles of a parallelogram are supplementary

A and B are supplementary
mA + mB = 180

Step 5. Substitute 80 for mA and solve for mB.

80 + mB = 180
mB = 180 – 80
mB = 100
Example 7
Quadrilateral EFGH is a parallelogram. If EH = 14 cm long, how long is side FG?

Solution:

Step 1. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent

FG  EH
FG = EH (Congruent segments have equal lengths)

Step 2. Substitute 14 for EH in the equation FG = EH

FG = 14

Therefore, FG is 14 cm long.

Example 8

Quadrilateral GEOM is a parallelogram. If MO = 2x + 3 and GE = 4x - 15. What is MO?

Solution:

Step 1. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent

MO  GE
MO = GE (Congruent segments have equal
lengths)

Step 2. Substitute 2x + 3 for MO and 4x – 15 for GE.

Solve for x
2x + 3 = 4x – 15
2x – 4x = –15 – 3
–2x = –18
x=9

70
 Step 3. Substitute 9 for x in MO = 2x + 3
MO = 2(9) + 3
= 18 +3
= 21

Example 9

 CDEF is a parallelogram. If FD = 12 cm, what is the length of FG?

Solution:

The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect

each other.

CE bisects FD
1
Therefore: FG = 2 FD
1
= 2 (12)
=6 cm
Example 10

 CDEF is a parallelogram with diagonals CE and DF intersecting at G. If FG = 3x –7 and

DG = x +21, find FG.

Solution:

Step 1. Draw the figure.

Step 2. The diagonals of a parallelogram

bisect each other.
FG = DG

Step 3. Substitute 3x – 7 for FG and x + 21 for DG in the equation FG DG.

3x – 7 = x + 21
3x –x = 21 + 7
2x = 28
x = 14

Step 4. Substitute 14 for x in the equation FG = 3x – 7 . (See given data)

FG = 3x – 7
=3(14) – 7
=42 – 7
= 35

71
Try this out

Set A

Fill in the blanks

Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.

1. mA = ________
2. mABC = _____
3. mA + mABC = ________
4. mABC + mC = ________
5. mC + mADC = ________
6.  ABD  ________

Quadrilateral EFGH is a parallelogram.

7. HI = __________
8. EI = ________
9. If EG is 16 cm, then EI = ________
10. If HI is 7 cm, then FI = __________

Set B

Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram

1. If mA is 50 , what is mC?
2. If mB is 125 , what is mD?
3. If mA = x and mC = 30, what is x?
4. If mB = y and mD = 115, what is y?
5. If mA = x + 30, and mC = 60, what is x?
6. If mD = 100 and mB = y – 40, what is y?
7. If mA = 50, what is mD?
8. If mD = 130, what is mC?
9. If mB = 2x – 20 and mD = x + 40, what is mB?
10. If mA = 2x – 50 and mC = x + 10 what is mA?

Set C

Use the figure below for exercises 1-10

72
 Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.

1. If AB = 17 cm, then CD = _________

2. If AD = 25 cm, then BC = __________
3. If AE = 5 dm, then CE = __________
4. If BD = 36 cm, then BE = __________
5. If AB = 2x + 10 and CD = 15, then AB = _________
6. If AD = 4x + 15 and BC = 2x + 21 then AD = _________
7. If AB = x + 6 and CD = 14, what is x?
8. If AD = 20 and BC = x – 5, what is x?
9. If AE = 15 and CE = x + 4, what is x?
10. If BE = 2x and DE = 6, what is x?

Let’s summarize

1. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.

2. The median of a trapezoid is a segment joining the midpoints of the non-parallel sides of a
trapezoid.
3. The median of a trapezoid is parallel to its bases and half the sum of the lengths of the bases.
4. An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with congruent non-parallel sides.
5. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
6. The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
7. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
8. Each diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
9. Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
10. Non-opposite angles of a parallelogram are supplementary.
11. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

What have you learned?

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Non-opposite angles of a parallelogram are

A. Complementary C. Adjacent
B. Supplementary D. Congruent

2. A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides

A. Square C. Trapezoid
B. Rectangle D. Rhombus

3. In the figure at the right, DC = 20 cm

And AB = 36 cm. What is EF? D C
A. 16 cm
B. 56 cm E F
C. 28 cm
D. 46 cm A B

73
4. The figure below is a parallelogram. If AD = 2x - 10
and BC = x + 30, then BC =
A. 50 D C
B. 60
C. 70
D. 80 A B
5. The figure below is a rhombus. If m I = 4x and m E = 2x + 60, what is m I in degrees?
E V
A. 100
E. 110
F. 120
G. 130 G I

6. Quadrilateral BEST is a parallelogram. If m B = x + 40 and

m E = 2x + 20, what is m B in degrees?
A. 50 T S
B. 60
C. 70
D. 80
B E

7. The figure below is a parallelogram. The diagonals AC and BD intersect at E. If AE = 2x and

EC = 12, what is x?
A. 5 D C
B. 6
C. 7 E
D. 9

A B

8. Quadrilateral CDEF is a parallelogram. If m C = y and m E = 2y – 40, then m D is

A. 80 F E
B. 110
C. 140
D. 170
C D

9. Into how many congruent triangles is a parallelogram divided by one of its diagonals?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

10. Base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are

A. Complementary C. Congruent
B Supplementary D. Adjacent

74
 Similarity
What this module is about

This module is about similarities on right triangles. As you go over the exercises you will
develop skills in applying similarity on right triangles and solve for the missing lengths of sides using
the famous Pythagorean theorem.

What you are expected to learn

1. Apply AA similarity on Right triangles

2. In a right triangle, the altitude to the hypotenuse separates the triangle into two triangles
each similar to the given triangle and similar to each
other.
3. On a right triangle, the altitude to the hypotenuse is the geometric mean of the segments in
which it divides, each leg is the geometric mean of the hypotenuse and the segment of the
hypotenuse adjacent
to it.
4. Pythagorean Theorem and its application to special right triangles

How much do you know?

Use the figure to answer each of the following: C

1. What is the hypotenuse of rt. ABC?

2. If ∠ C is the right angle of ABC and CD  AB then ABC  BDC  ___.

AD ?
= A B
3. Complete the proportion: CD BD D

4. In rt. PRO, ∠ R is a right angle OR = 24 and PO = 26,

find PR:
O
2
2
4
6
P R
75
 5. In a 30-60-90 triangle the length of the hypotenuse is 14. Find the length of the longer leg.

1
6. In a 30-60-90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is 11 2 . Find the length of the shorter
leg.

7. In a 45 - 45 - 90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is 16. Find the length of a leg.

8. Find the length of the altitude of an equilateral triangle if the length of a side is 6.

9. Find the length of the diagonal of a square if the length o a side is 10 cm.

10. ΔBAC is a right triangle C is right angle CD  AB. Find CD if AD = 14, DB = 6

A B
14 D 6

Similarity on Right Triangle

Let us recall the AA Similarity Theorem.

Given a correspondence between the vertices of two triangles. If two pairs of corresponding
angles are congruent, then the triangles are similar.

B
S

R T
A C

From the theorem, if ABC  RST and A = R, B = S then ΔABC  ΔRST. We can apply
this theorem to prove another theorem, this time in a right triangle.

76
 Theorem: In a right triangle, the altitude to the hypotenuse separates the triangle into to two
triangles each similar to the given triangle and similar to each other.

Given: Right ΔABC with altitude CP

Prove: ΔACP  ΔCBP  ΔABC

B A
P
To prove this theorem, we apply the AA Similarity Theorem

Examples:

P
If you are given ΔPRT a right triangle and RM an altitude to the hypotenuse then we can have
three pairs of similar triangles.

ΔRMP  ΔTRP
M

ΔTMR  ΔTRP R
ΔRMP  ΔTMR

Try this out

T

A. Use the figure to answer each of the following:

1. Name the right triangle of ΔABC
C
2. What is the altitude to the hypotenuse of ΔABC?
3. Name the hypotenuse of ΔABC
4. Two segments of the hypotenuse
Are AD and ____.
5. The hypotenuse of ΔBCD if
CD  AB is ____. A B
D
6. Name the right angle of ΔACD
7. Name the hypotenuse of right ΔBCD
8. ΔADC  _____
9. ΔABC  _____
10. ΔABC  _____

B. Name the pairs of right triangles that are similar.

77
 S
1.
2.
3.
MR T
O

4. S
5.
6.
O R

C. Use the figure at the right. A

1. Name all the right triangles. D

2. In ABC, name the altitude to the hypotenuse.

3. Name the hypotenuse in ADC.
C B
4. Name the hypotenuse of ACB.

One of the segments shown is an altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle. Name the
segment.

5. 6. 7.
E
B
I
H D

G F
A C K
D

Name the three pairs of similar triangles:

M
8.
N
9.
10.
P O

78
 Geometric Mean in Similar Right Triangles

The previous theorem states that:

In a right triangle, the altitude to the hypotenuse divides the triangle into similar triangles, each
similar to the given triangle.

If : ACB is right with C, the right angle

CD is the altitude to the hypotenuse AB. C

Then : ADC  ACB

CDB  ACB
ADC  CDB
A B
D

Corollary: 1. In a right triangle, the altitude to the hypotenuse is the geometric

mean of the segments into which divides the hypotenuse

In the figure:

AD CD C
=
CD DB

B
A D

Corollary 2: In a right triangle, each leg is the geometric mean of the hypotenuse
and the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to it.

In the figure: A
AB AC D
=
AC AD

AB CB
= C B
CB AD

79
Examples:

1. How long is the altitude of a right triangle that separates the hypotenuse
into lengths 4 and 20?

4 a
=
a 20
a2 = 80
a
a = √ 80
4 20
a = √ 16⋅5
a = 4 √5

2. Use the figure at the right to solve for x and y.

2 x
=
x 8
x2 = 16
y
x = √ 16 x

x =4
2
Solve for y 8

6 y
=
y 8
y2 = 48

y = √ 48
y = √ 16⋅3

y = 4 √3

Try this out

A. Supply the missing parts:

RW RT T RS RT
= =
1. RT ? 4. RT ?

80 R
W
S
 WS TS
=
2. ? RS

? TS
=
3. TS RS

Give the indicated proportions. F

5. The altitude is the geometric mean

S
6. The horizontal leg is the geometric mean
7. The vertical leg is the geometric mean
P O
Find: R
2
8. BS B
9. RS
8
10. ST

S T

B. Solve for x and y:

1. 4
x
7 x =
y =

2.
10
20
x=
y x
y=

3.

y x =
x

4 10
81
 y =

4. 5

y x
x=
y=
10

5.

x x =
y
6
y =

10
C.
O

P M
R

Given: Right POM OR  PM,

Find the missing parts:

1. PR = 5, RM = 10, OR =
2. OR = 6, RM = 9, PR =
3. PR = 4, PM =12, PO =
4. RM = 8, PM =12, OM =
5. PO = 9, PR = 3, PM =
6. PR = 6, RM = 8, PO =
7. PR = 4, RM = 12, OM =
8. PR = 4, PO = 6, RM =

82
 9. PR = 8, OR = 12, RM =
10. PM =15, OM = 12, RM =

The Pythagorean Theorem

In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
the lengths of the legs.
B
In the figure:

BCA is right with leg lengths, a c

a and b and hypotenuse length, c.
C A
The Pythagorean Theorem in symbol: b
c2 = a2 + b2

Pythagorean Theorem is named after Pythagoras, a Greek Mathematician of the sixth century BC.
This theorem can be used to find a missing side length in a right triangle.

Examples:

1. In the figure c = 13, b = 12

Find a: c = 13
a=?
c2 = a2 + b2
132 = a2 + 122 b = 12
a2 =132 - 122
a2 =169 – 144
a2 = 25
a = √ 25
a =5

2. Find c, if a = 16 and b = 12

c2 = a2 + b2
c2 = 162 + 122 c=? a = 16
c2 = 256 + 144
c = √ 400
c = 20 b = 12

3. c2 = a2 + b2
82 = 42 + b2
c=
8 a=4

83
b
 b2 = 82 – 42
b2 = 64 –16
b2 = 48
b= √ 48
b = √ 16⋅3
b = 4 √3

Try this out:

A. State whether the equation is correct or not

1.

c a a2 + b2 = c2

2.

r r2 = s2 + t2
t

3.

e e2 = f2 – d2
d

4.

c
a a2 = c2 – b2

84
5.

l
k2 = l2 – m2
k

6.

r p p2 = r2 + q 2

7.

x2 = 32 + 42
x 3

8.

10 x2 = 102 – 72
7

x
9.

4 x x2 = 42 + 62

10.

x x2 = 72 – 52
7

5
85
 B. Write the equation you would use to find the value of x.

1.

4 x

2.

6 x

3. 5

10
7

4.

x
5

Classify each statement as true or false

5. 32 + 42 = 52
6. 102 – 62 = 82

86
 7. 12 + 12 = 22
8. 22 + 22 = 42
9. 72 – 52 = 52
10. 92 + 122 = 152

C. Given the lengths of two sides of a right triangle. Find the length of the third side

1. a = 6, b = 8, c = B

2. a = 5, b = 12, c =
c a
3. a = 12, c = 15, b =

4. b = 4, c = 5, b =
A C
5. a = 24, c = 26, b = b

6. b = 16, c = 20

a b c

7. 7 24 ?

8. 4 6 ?

9. 7 9 ?

√3 ? 12 10
6

Special Right Triangle

Isosceles Right Triangle or 45 – 45 – 90 Theorem:

In a 45 – 45 – 90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the length of a leg times
√2 .

In the figure:
If ABC, a 45 – 45 – 90 triangle C
when AC = BC = s then AB = s √2 . s
s
A 45 4
5 B

87
30 - 60 - 90 Theorem:

In a 30 - 60 - 90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is twice the length of the shorter leg,
and the length of the longer leg is √3 times the length of the shorter leg.

In the figure:
P
If PRT where R is a
right angle and T = 30, 60
Then:
a. PT = 2PR
b. RT = PR √3 T
30 R

Examples:
1.Find the length of the hypotenuse of an isosceles
right triangle with a leg 7 √2 cm long.

7 Hypotenuse = leg ¿ √ 2 .
45 45 = 7 √2 ¿ √2
= 7·2
= 14

2. Find the length of each leg of a 45 - 45 - 90

triangle with a hypotenuse 12 cm long.
45
12 cm hypotenuse
Leg = √2
45
12 12 √2 12 √2
⋅
= √2 = √2 √ 2 = 2 =6 √2 cm

3. Find the length of the longer leg and the length

of the hypotenuse.
30
Longer leg = shorter leg · √3
= 30 · √3
30 m = 30 √3 m

88
 hypotenuse = shorter leg · 2
= 30 · 2
= 60 m
Try this out

A. Use the figure to answer the following:

6 3
0 0

6
A 3 B
0 D 0
1. The hypotenuse of a rt. ABC is ___________.
2. The shorter leg of rt. ABC is ___________.
3. The shorter leg of rt. ADC is ___________.
4. The longest side of rt. ADC is _________.
5. The altitude to the hypotenuse of ACD is ________.
6. The longer leg of rt. ACB is _________.
7. The longer leg of rt. ADC is ________.
8. When CD = 2 then ____ = 4.

9. When CB = 6 then _____ = 6 √3

10. When CB = 6 then _____ = 3

B. Find the value of x in each of the following:

1. 2. 3.
60 60 60
x 10 16
6 x
30 30
30
x

4. 5. 6.
60 60 45
x 26 x
18 7

30 30 45
x

89
7. 8. 9.
60
24 45
60
x
12 30
30
x 45
30
x

10.

45
10

45
x

C. Find the missing lengths, x and y.

1. 2.
45 45
x y y
x

45 45
5

3. 4.

x y
y
x
45 45 45
45 3

x
5. 45 6. 45
y
y 1.5
5

90
 7. 8.
60
x
7
y
30
30
y x 30

60 10

9. 10.

60
10
x y
x
30
y 30
.5
Beyond the Pythagorean Theorem

In symbol c2 = a2 + b2, where c is the hypotenuse and a and b are the legs of a right triangle.

Figure shows acute triangles

Figure shows obtuse triangles

Figure shown right triangle

91
92
Activity:

This activity will help you extend your understanding of the relationship of the sides of a triangle.

Materials: Strips of paper cut in measured lengths of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 units.

Procedure:

1. Form triangles with strips indicated by the number triplets below.

2. Draw the triangle formed for each number triple.
3. Fill out the table:

What kind of
Number triplets Compute c2 Compute a2 + b2
triangle
1. 3 4 5 Right 52 = 25 32 + 42 = 25
2. 2 3 4
3. 2 4 5
4. 5 4 8
5. 6 5 8
6. 4 5 6
7. 2 3 3
8. 3 3 4

After the computation, the completed table will look like this

Kind of Comparison of c with

Number triplets c2 a2 + b 2
triangle (a2 + b2 )
1. 3 4 5 Right 25 25 Equal to
2. 2 3 4 Obtuse 16 13 Greater than
3. 2 4 5 Obtuse 25 20 Greater than
4. 5 4 8 Obtuse 64 41 Greater than
5. 6 5 8 Obtuse 64 61 Greater than
6. 4 5 6 Acute 36 41 Smaller than
7. 2 3 3 Acute 9 13 Smaller than
8. 3 3 4 Acute 16 18 Smaller than

1. What kind of  did you get from triplet no. 1?

2. In triplet no. 1, what is the relation between c 2 and (a2 + b2)?
3. Which triplets showed obtuse triangle?
4. For each obtuse triangle compare the result from c 2 and (a2 + b2).
5. For acute triangles how will you compare the result of c 2 and (a2 + b2)

93
Fill in the blanks with <, =, >:

6. In a right triangle, c2 ____ a2 + b2

7. In an obtuse triangle, c2 ______ a2 + b2
8. In an acute triangle, c2 ____a2 + b2

Let’s Summarize
Theorem: In a right triangle, the altitude to the hypotenuse separates the triangle into two
triangles each similar to the given triangle and similar to each other.

Corollary 1: In a right triangle, the altitude to the hypotenuse is the geometric mean of the
segments into which it divides the hypotenuse.

Corollary 2: In a right triangle, each leg is the geometric mean of the hypotenuse and the
segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to it.

Pythagorean Theorem: The square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the legs.

45-45-90 Theorem: In a 45-45-90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the
length of a leg times √2 .

30- 60 - 90 Theorem: In a 30- 60- 90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is twice the
length of the shorter leg, and the length of the leg is √3 times the
length of the shorter leg.

What have you Learned

Fill in the blanks:

1. The _______ to the hypotenuse of a right triangle forms two triangles each similar to the given
triangle & to each other.

2. The lengths of the ________ to the hypotenuse is the geometric mean of the lengths of the
segments of the hypotenuse.

94
 M
3. In the figure
AB MA
=
MA ?
for nos. 3 & 4
4. If BP = 8
P A
AB = 4 B
Find PM ___

5. If in a right triangle the lengths of the legs are 8 and 15, the length of the hypotenuse is
_______

6. Find the length of an altitude of an equilateral triangle if the length of a side is 10.

7. In a 30 – 60 – 90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is 8. Find the length of the shorter
leg.

8. - 9. ACB is an isosceles right triangle. CD bisects C, the right angle.

Find AB and CB. C

3
B
A D

10. What is the height of the Flag Pole?

2m
8m

95
 Zero Exponents, Negative Integral Exponents, Rational
Exponents, and Radicals
Here is a simple map of the lessons that will be covered in this module:

96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
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