SUMMARY

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Introduction

Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955. He is an American business

magnate and inventor. He is well known for being the co-founder and chief executive
officer of Apple. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he
became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition
of Pixar by Disney. He was credited in the 1995 movie Toy Story as an executive producer.

In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others,
designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal
computers, the Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see
the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface which led to the creation
of the Macintosh. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1984, Jobs
resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company
specializing in the higher education and business markets. Apple's subsequent 1996 buyout of
NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its CEO since
1997.

In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd which was spun off
as Pixar Animation Studios. He remained CEO and majority shareholder until its acquisition by
the Walt Disney company in 2006. Jobs is currently a member of Disney's Board of Directors.

Jobs' history in business has contributed much to the symbolic image of the idiosyncratic,
individualistic Silicon Valley entrepreneur, emphasizing the importance of design and
understanding the crucial role aesthetics play in public appeal. His work driving forward the
development of products that are both functional and elegant has earned him a devoted
following.

Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in over 230 awarded patents or patent
applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user
interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps,
sleeves, lanyards and packages.

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Early Years

Jobs was born in San Francisco and was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs (née Hagopian)
of Mountain View, California, who named him Steven Paul. Paul and Clara later adopted a
daughter, who they named Patti. Jobs' biological parents – Abdulfattah Jandali,
a Syrian Muslim graduate student who later became a political science professor, and Joanne
Simpson, an American graduate student who went on to become a speech therapist, later
married, giving birth to and raising Jobs' biological sister, the novelist Mona Simpson.

Jobs attended Cupertino Junior High School and Homestead High School in Cupertino,

California, and frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto,
California. He was soon hired there and worked with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee. In
1972, Jobs graduated from high school and enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Oregon.
Although he dropped out after only one semester, he continued auditing classes at Reed, such as
one in calligraphy, while sleeping on the floor in friends' rooms, returning Coke bottles for food
money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple. Jobs later stated, "If I
had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had
multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."

In the autumn of 1974, Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of
the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak. He took a job as a technician at Atari, a
manufacturer of popular video games, with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual
retreat to India.

Jobs then traveled to India with a Reed College friend (and, later, the first Apple
employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. He came back a Buddhist with
his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing. During this time, Jobs experimented
with psychedelics, calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things
[he had] done in [his] life". He has stated that people around him who did not share his
countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.

Jobs returned to his previous job at Atari and was given the task of creating a circuit board for
the game Breakout. According to Atari founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari had offered US$100 for
each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little interest or knowledge in circuit

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board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak
could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the
number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.
At the time, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari had only given them $700 (instead of the actual $5000)
and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.

Career

Beginnings of Apple Computer

In 1976, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, with later funding from a then-semi-
retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr. founded Apple.
Prior to co-founding Apple, Wozniak was an electronics hacker. Jobs and Wozniak had been
friends for several years, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez,
introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Steve Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in
assembling a computer and selling it. As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking
for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion.

In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what

turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Steve Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-
Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life,
or do you want to come with me and change the world?" The following year, Apple aired
a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984." At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on
January 24, 1984, emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic
audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium."The Macintosh became the
first commercially successful small computer with a graphical user interface. The development
of the Mac was started by Jef Raskin, and eventually taken over by Jobs.

While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from
that time had described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. An industry-wide sales
slump towards the end of 1984 caused deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Scullery,
and at the end of May 1985 – following an internal power struggle and an announcement of
significant layoffs – Sculley relieved Jobs of his duties as head of the Macintosh division.

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NeXT Computer

Around the same time, Jobs founded another computer company, NeXT Computer. Like
the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced; however, it was largely
dismissed by industry as cost-prohibitive. Among those who could afford it, however, the NeXT
workstation garnered a strong following because of its technical strengths, chief among them
its oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the scientific and
academic fields because of the innovative, experimental new technologies it incorporated (such
as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port).

The NeXT cube was described by Jobs as an "interpersonal" computer, which he believed was

the next step after "personal" computing. That is, if computers could allow people to
communicate and collaborate together in an easy way, it would solve many of the problems that
"personal" computing had come up against. During a time when e-mail for most people was
plain text, Jobs loved to demo the NeXT's e-mail system, NeXTMail, as an example of his
"interpersonal" philosophy. NeXTMail was one of the first to support universally visible,
clickable embedded graphics and audio within e-mail.

Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by such things as the
NeXTcube's magnesium case. This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in
1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development
with the release of NeXT STEP/Intel.

Pixar and Disney

In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer
graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as
capital.

The new company, which was originally based at Lucasfilm's Kerner Studios in San Rafael,
California, but has since relocated to Emeryville, California, was initially intended to be a high-
end graphics hardware developer. After years of unprofitability selling the Pixar Image
Computer, it contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films,
which Disney would co-finance and distribute.

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The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, brought fame and critical acclaim to the
studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next ten plus years, under Pixar's creative
chief John Lasseter, the company would produce the box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998), Toy
Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc. (2001), Finding Nemo (2003), The
Incredibles (2004), Cars (2006), Ratatouille (2007),WALL-E (2008), Up (2009) and Toy Story
3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredible, Ratatouille, WALL-E and Up each received
the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001. In the years 2003
and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief
executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership, and in early 2004 Jobs
announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films once its contract with
Disney expired.

In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up
relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had
agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Jobs
became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately 7% of the
company's stock. Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceed those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and
Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who held about 1% of the company's stock and whose
criticisms of Eisner included the soured Pixar relationship and accelerated his ousting. Jobs
joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger.

Jobs also helps oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses with a seat on a
special six-man steering committee.

Return to Apple

In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in
late 1996, bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. He soon became Apple's interim
CEO after the directors lost confidence in and ousted then-CEO Gil Amelio in a boardroom
coup. In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs
immediately terminated a number of projects such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the
coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the
elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs'
summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims were enough to terrorize a whole

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company."Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly
for the manufacturers to continue making machines.

With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple
products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance the
company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products;
since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000
Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and
became permanent CEO. Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title 'iCEO.'

In recent years, the company has branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital
appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music
software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music
distribution. In 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of
the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and,
with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating
innovation, Jobs also reminds his employees that "real artists ship", by which he means that
delivering working products on time is as important as innovation and attractive design.

Jobs is both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship,
which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and is particularly evident during his keynote
speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple's own World
Wide Developers Conferences.

In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the U.S.
by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in
April. However, a few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its
retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over
the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker. The banner
read "Steve — Don't be a mini-player recycle all e-waste". In 2006, he further expanded Apple's
recycling programs to any U.S. customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping
and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.

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Business Life

Wealth

As of October 2009, Jobs owned 5.426 million shares of Apple, most of which was granted in
2003 when Jobs was given 10 million shares. He also owned 138 million shares of Disney,
which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar. Forbes estimated his net wealth
at $5.1 billion in 2009, making him the 43rd wealthiest American. Jobs has been criticized for his
lack of public philanthropy despite his wealth, particularly in recent years as other billionaires
(such as Bill Gates and Warren Buffet) have pledged significant portions of their fortunes to
charity. As of 2006, Jobs had not appeared on national tallies of charitable donations totaling $1
million or more, as compiled by Indiana University's Center on Philanthropy. Although he may
well have donated significant sums anonymously, some have doubted this assumption, given
Jobs' equally poor track record on corporate philanthropy; after resuming control of Apple in
1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs as a temporary cost-cutting measure
until profitability improved. Despite the company's record-breaking profits and $40 billion cash
on hand, Jobs has not reinstated a philanthropic division at Apple.

Stock options backdating issue

In 2001, Steve Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with
an exercise price of $18.30, which allegedly should have been $21.10, thereby incurring taxable
income of $20,000,000 that he did not report as income. This indicated backdating. Apple
overstated its earnings by that same amount. If found liable, Jobs might have faced a number of
criminal charges and civil penalties. Apple claimed that the options were originally granted at a
special board meeting that may never have taken place. Furthermore, the investigation is
focusing on false dating of the options resulting in a retroactive $20 million increase in the
exercise price. The case is the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,
though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that
Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being
exercised in 2003.On July 1, 2008, a $7 billion class action suit was filed against several
members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.

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Management style

Much has been made of Jobs' aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he "is
considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs. Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said
that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France, “alluding to Jobs' compelling and
larger-than-life persona.

Jobs has always aspired to position Apple and its products at the forefront of the information
technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed
up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in
January 2007 by quoting ice hockey legend Wayne Gretzky.

There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not
where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very beginning and we
always will. —Steve Jobs

Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered
with the creative process of the filmmakers.

In 2005, Steve Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in
response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs. In its 2010 annual
earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."

Personal Life

Jobs married Laurene Powell, on March 18, 1991. Presiding over the wedding was the Zen
Buddhist monk Kobun Chino Otogowa. The couple has a son, Reed Paul Jobs, and two other
children. Jobs also has a daughter, Lisa Brennan-Jobs (born 1978), from his relationship with
Bay Area painter Chrisann Brennan. She briefly raised their daughter on welfare when Jobs
denied paternity, claiming that he was sterile; he later acknowledged paternity.

In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman

reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs
from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez
in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan." In another unauthorized
biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that
Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time 41 meant it was unlikely the couple could

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have children. Jobs is also a Beatles fan. He has referenced them on more than one occasion at
Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked
about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:

My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative
tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the
parts. Great things in business are not done by one person; they are done by a team of people.

In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City
with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin,
and PrincessYasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help
of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north
tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 front man Bono. Jobs had never moved in.

In 1984, Jobs purchased a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14 bedroom Spanish

Colonial mansion, designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California, also known
as Jackling House. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in
the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept an old BMW motorcycle in the
living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. Since the early 1990s, Jobs has lived in a house
in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14
Silicon Valley CEOs there August 7, 1996.

He allowed the mansion to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build
a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his
plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion,
on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to
another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with
experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that
same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In
January 2007 Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.

He usually wears a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by St. Croix, Levi's 501 blue jeans,

and New Balance 991 sneakers. He is a pescetarian.

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His choice of car is silver 2006 Mercedes SL 55 AMG, which has no license plates. That is,
according to Jobs, because they always got stolen.

Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting when Jobs first
criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes." On October 6, 1997, in
a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-
troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the
shareholders." In 2006, Steve Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market
capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:

Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's
stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be
different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.

Honors

He was awarded the National Medal of Technology from President Ronald Reagan in 1984

with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor), and a Jefferson Award
for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under"
(aka the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.

On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune
Magazine.

On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria

Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for
History, Women and the Arts.

In August 2009, Jobs was selected the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers on a survey
by Junior Achievement.

On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune Magazine.

In November 2009 Jobs was ranked #57 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.

In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its
essay by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once
ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to

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become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not
be designed and sold as a consumer product.' How wrong can you be".

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