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    MODULE#8 - Compressible Flow

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    Christian
    1) The document discusses compressible fluid flow, where density variations must be accounted for. It focuses on subsonic and sonic compressible flows where Mach number is less than or equal to 1. 2) An energy balance equation is derived for compressible fluid flow that can be used to solve problems involving isothermal and adiabatic subsonic compressible flow. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the energy balance equation to analyze compressible flows in horizontal pipes undergoing pressure changes, assuming isothermal and moderate flow conditions.

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    MODULE#8 - Compressible Flow

    Uploaded by

    Christian
    174 views12 pages
    1) The document discusses compressible fluid flow, where density variations must be accounted for. It focuses on subsonic and sonic compressible flows where Mach number is less than or equal to 1. 2) An energy balance equation is derived for compressible fluid flow that can be used to solve problems involving isothermal and adiabatic subsonic compressible flow. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the energy balance equation to analyze compressible flows in horizontal pipes undergoing pressure changes, assuming isothermal and moderate flow conditions.

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    MODULE#8_Compressible Flow

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    1) The document discusses compressible fluid flow, where density variations must be accounted for. It focuses on subsonic and sonic compressible flows where Mach number is less than or equal to 1. 2) An energy balance equation is derived for compressible fluid flow that can be used to solve problems involving isothermal and adiabatic subsonic compressible flow. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the energy balance equation to analyze compressible flows in horizontal pipes undergoing pressure changes, assuming isothermal and moderate flow conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    174 views12 pages

    MODULE#8 - Compressible Flow

    Uploaded by

    Christian
    1) The document discusses compressible fluid flow, where density variations must be accounted for. It focuses on subsonic and sonic compressible flows where Mach number is less than or equal to 1. 2) An energy balance equation is derived for compressible fluid flow that can be used to solve problems involving isothermal and adiabatic subsonic compressible flow. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the energy balance equation to analyze compressible flows in horizontal pipes undergoing pressure changes, assuming isothermal and moderate flow conditions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MODULE 6

    COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
    LEARNING OBJECTIVES
    ¨  Derive the energy balance equation for compressible
    fluid flow.
    ¨  Solve problems involving both isothermal subsonic

    flow applying the energy balance equation.


    ¨  Apply the theoretical background and problem-

    solving skills needed to successfully analyse basic


    compressible flow problems.
    Compressible Fluid Flow
    ¨  Many important applications of fluid dynamics require
    that density variations be taken into account.
    ¨  The complete field of compressible fluid flow has
    become very large, yet CHE practice involves a
    relatively small area from this field.
    ¨  At ordinary ρ & high vel., Ma (Mach Number) is the
    more basic parameter.
    ¨  Note that Ma = u/a
    where u = velocity of fluid
    a = speed of sound in the fluid under conditions of flow
    Compressible Flow Type
    ¨  Flow type:
    ¤  Ma < 1 ; subsonic
    ¤  Ma = 1 ; sonic

    ¤  Ma > 1 ; supersonic

    ¨  Flow Processes:


    ¤  Isentropic expansion
    ¤  Adiabatic
    ¤  Isothermal *****
    MEB for Compressible Flow
    ¨  The basis for determining whether gas flow is
    compressible or not is not Ma but (ΔP > 10% P1) ;
    compressible flow
    ¨  recall: Bernoulli’s eqn

    ∫ dP/ρ + (g/gc )Δz + ∫ udu/gc = -hf + Ws

    let u = Gν
    then G = u / ν = u ρ
    where
    G = mass velocity
    u = linear velocity
    ν = specific volume = 1/ ρ
    MEB for Compressible Flow
    evaluate:
     ∫ u du/gc = ∫ Gν (G dν) /gc
     if S = k, then G = k
    so ∫ u du/gc = ∫ G2 νdν / gc
    Also
    hf = ∫ 4 f u2 dL / 2 gc D = ∫ 2 f G2 ν2 dL / gc D
    subst into MEB
    ∫ ν dP + (g/gc )Δz + ∫ G2ν dν / gc
    = - ∫ 2 f G2ν2 dL / gc D + Ws
    Consider: Gas flow thru horizontal pipe;
    Isothermal flow (T = k)

     MEB: ⎧⎪ G2νdν 2fG2ν2dL ⎫⎪ ⎧ 1 ⎫


    ⎨∫ νdP + ∫ = -∫ ⎬ • ⎨ 2 ⎬
    ⎪⎩ gc gc D ⎪⎭ ⎩ ν ⎭
    dP G2 dν 2fG2dL
    + =-
    ν gc ν gc D

    where: f = θ (Re , k/D)


    recall for a real gas:
     PV = zmRT/M since ν = V/m, then
    ν = zRT/PM
    Gas flow thru horizontal pipe

    ¨  upon subst: ⎛ G2 ⎞⎛ dν ⎞ 2


    ⎛ M ⎞ 2fG dL
    ⎜ ⎟(PdP ) + ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = -
    ⎜ ⎟
    ⎝ zRT ⎠ ⎝ gc ⎠⎝ ν ⎠ gc D
    2 ⎞ 2
    Evaluate ⎛ M ⎞ 2 ⎛ G ⎛ ⎞ 2fG L
    ¨ 
    ⎜ ( 2
    ) ν 2 ⎟
    ⎟ P2 - P1 + ⎜ ⎟ ln⎜ ⎟ = -
    ⎝ 2zRT ⎠
    ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
    ⎝ gc ⎠ ⎝ ν1 ⎠ gc D
    ¨  above eqn in terms of hydraulic diameter DH
    ¨  P12 - P22 = G2RT/M [4fL/DH + 2 ln (P1/P2)]

    {eq 6-114/HB} assumptions:


    • horizontal pipe
    ¨  for moderate flow, • isothermal flow
    • no shaft work
    i.e. (L/D) < 100 {or u < 100 fps) • moderate flow

    ΔKE ~ neg , then P12 - P22 = 4f G2 L z RT / gc D M


    WEYMOUTH’s equation
    Practice Problems
    20.59/ Foust What is the mass velocity of air that can
    be handled in a 1½” sch 40 horizontal steel pipe,
    300 ft long, if the air flows isothermally at 100oF
    thru the pipe? The pressure drops from 50 to 5 psig
    through the pipe.
    SAMPLE PROBLEM
    ¨  Natural gas, which is essentially methane, is being
    pumped through a 1.016-m-ID pipeline for a
    distance of 1.609 x 105 m at a rate of 2.077
    kmol/s. It can be assumed that the line is isothermal
    at 288.8K. The pressure P2 at the discharge end of
    the line is 170.3 x 103 Pa absolute. Calculate the
    pressure P1 at the inlet of the line. The viscosity of
    methane at 288.8K is 1.04 x 10-5 Pa-s.
    ¨  The flow is maximum when dG/dP2 =0 for constant
    p1 and f.

    ¨  The maximum velocity is


    HOMEWORK
    (1)Dry air w/ an initial gage P of 5.44 atm & a const
    temp of 270C is flowing thru a 50.8 mm (52.5 mm in ID)
    steel pipe at the rate of 170 m3/h of 270C free air;
    that is, at the rate of 170 m3/h of atmospheric air w/ a
    temp of 270C & an absolute pressure of 1 atm. Find the
    Reynolds number for these flow conditions.
     
    (2)Methane enters a 4-mi long 12” ID pipe at 70oF & 75
    psig. It flows at a rate of 300 ft3/s at STP. It is desired
    to lower the cost of pumping by replacing the 12” pipe
    with a 20” ID pipe. If the cost of pumping is P100,000/
    psi drop, what is the saving in the cost of pumping?
    Assume that ZCH4 = 0.995.

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