4 Pump 03 Reciprocating Pump
4 Pump 03 Reciprocating Pump
4 Pump 03 Reciprocating Pump
Pumps can be broadly classified into positive displacement pumps and rotodynamic
pumps (dynamic pressure pump).
The fluid is then forced out to flow and the cycle is repeated.
Among the positive displacement pumps, there are pumps in which there is rotary
action instead of reciprocating action, such as gear pumps, lobe pumps and vane
pumps.
Single acting reciprocating pump
Double acting reciprocating pump
Reciprocating pump
Flow rate:
ALN
Q1 =
60
2 ALN
Q2 =
60
QT QA
Slip = 100%
QT
However, slip can be negative if suction pipe is long, delivery pipe is short and speed
rotation (N) is high.
Following expression can be derived from the geometry and working of the pump.
Displacement of piston:
Velocity of piston:
dx
UP = = R sin t
dt
Continuity equation:
P : Piston
S : Suction
D : Delivery
Acceleration:
Acceleration head represents the energy required to accelerate the water column in
suction or delivery pipe.
dU P
a= = R 2 cos t
dt
LS AP
H aS = R 2 cos t
g AS
LD AP
H aD = R 2 cos t
g AD
2
L 1 AP
H fS = f S R sin t
DS 2 g AS
2
L 1 AP
H fD = f D R sin t
DD 2 g AD
Since HfS and HfD vary with the position of piston (or t), their averages during the
2 2
suction and delivery strokes are 3 fS and 3 H fD , where HfS and HfD are the
H
maximum value of friction head in suction and delivery pipes. Maximum value occur
at =
2
2
2 L 1 AP
H fS max = f S R
3 DS 2 g AS
2
2 L 1 AP
H fD max = f D R
3 DD 2 g AD
2 LS 1 AP
2
2 LD 1 AP
2
P = gQH = gQ H S + H D + f R + f R
3 DS 2 g S
A 3 DD 2 g D
A
AIR VESSEL
Air vessel can be fitted on one or both sides of the pump (on suction and delivery
side)
Volume of air vessel on the delivery side is about 6 to 9 time the volume of cylinder,
and that on the suction side 3 to 4 times the cylinder volume.
Air vessel serves the following functions:
1. Fluctuations in discharge are decreased.
2. Pump can be run at higher speed because there is less danger of separation flow.
3. There is less friction loss and hence saving in work done.
When air vessels are provided, the flow before air vessel on the delivery side and the
flow between air vessel and cylinder on the suction side are varying. Hence
acceleration heads are calculated on in lengths LSA and LSD ;
ALN A R
UD = = P
60 AD AD
AP R
Q = AD U D =
1
QA = QD Q = AP R sin t
If QA is positive, water flows into air vessel and if it is negative, it flows out from air
vessel.
When air vessel is fitted on the suction side, the same expression is valid for QA but
signs get reversed. For air vessel on the suction side, water flow out of air vessel is
QA is positive and into it if it is negative.
2
QA = AP R sin t
Power or work done by a single acting reciprocating pump with air vessel on both
sides is given by:
f (LS LSA ) Q
2
1 LSA AP
2
f (LD LDA ) Q 1 LSA AP
2
2
P = gQ H S + + f R + H D + + f R
2 gDS AS 3 gDS AS 2 gDD AD 3 gDD AD
Similar expression can be written for double acting reciprocating pump with air
vessel.
Example 01
For a single acting reciprocating pump, piston diameter is 150mm, stroke length is
300mm, rotational speed is 50rpm and the water is to be raised through 18m.
Determine theoretical discharge. If the actual discharge is 4 liter per second,
determine volumetric efficiency, slip and actual power required. Take the mechanical
efficiency as 80 percent.
Example 02
A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger diameter of 125m and stroke of
300mm. The length of suction pipe is 10m and diameter 75mm. Find acceleration
head at the beginning, middle and end of suction stroke. If the suction head is 3m,
determine the pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning of stroke when the pump
runs at 30rpm, take atmosphere head as 10.23m of water.
Example 03
What is the minimum speed at which it can be run without causing separation during
suction stroke?
Example 04
A single cylinder double acting reciprocating pump has a piston diameter of 300mm
and stroke length of 400mm. When the pump runs at 45rpm, it discharges 0.039 m3/s
under a total head of 15m. What will be the volumetric efficiency, work done per
second and power required if the mechanical efficiency of the pump is 75 percent?
Example 05
Following details of a single acting, single cylinder, reciprocating pump are given:
L = 500mm D = 125mm Hatm = 10.2m
LS = 5m DS = 100mm HS = 3m
LD = 15m DD = 100mm HD = 10m
Also determine the maximum pump speed if separation is to be avoided on the piston
face. Assume a friction factor of 0.01, for both pipes, a pump slip of 4%, an
atmospheric pressure of 10.3 m of water, and a fluid vapor pressure of 2.4m.
Example 07