Atomic Structure

CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Sub topics
Introductioin of an atom
Dalton’s atomic theory
Fundamental particles
Discovery of electron, proton, neutrons
Atomic models
Max. Plank’s Quantum theory.
Atomic number, mass number, number of neutrons.
Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones
Spectrum
Hydrogen Spectrum
Bohr’s theory
Radius of Hydrogen atom
Energy of electron
de Broglie’s wave theory
Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle
Schordinger’s
Orbitals
Quantum numbers
Pauli’s Exclusion principle
Aufbau Principle
Hund’s Rule
1
ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY
SYNOPSIS - 1
Introduction of an atom:
Matter is mode up of molecules
Molecules are made up of atoms.
An atom is the smallest particvle which cannot be further sub-divided.
In Greek Atom means individuals.
The central part of the atom is called nucleus.
There are three fundamental particles in an atom i.e. electrons, protons
and neutrons.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Ø John Dalton first explains the structure of an atom.
Ø According to this theory all matter are composed of extremely small
particles called Atoms.
Ø After discovery of electron, proton and neutron, these studies revealed
that atom consists of still smaller particles such as electron, proton and
neutron, into which it may be divided.
Ø According to this theory an atoms which consists of small particles i.e.
electrons, protons and neutrons.
Accoriding to this theory
Ø Elements are made up of very small particles of matter, called atoms
(derived from the Greek word atomos).
Ø Atoms are indivisible.
Ø The atoms of an element have the same weight.
Ø The atoms of different elements have different weights.
Ø The atoms of elements take part in a chemical reaction.
Ø The atoms of an element combine in a simple numerical ratio with
those of other element(s) to form a compound.
Ø An atom is defined as the smallest part of an element that takes part
in a chemical reaction.
Fundamental Particles
Discovery of Electron, Protons & Neutrons
Discovered by J.J. Thomson.
Electron was discovered by cathode ray experiment.
Cathode rays
A discharge tube is a long glass tube, at the two ends of which are sealed
two metal plates.
These plates can be connected to a high-voltage source and are called
electrodes.
2
The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the source is called

the cathode, and the one connected to the positive terminal is called the
anode.
There is also a side tube which can be connected to an exhaust pump,
used for lowering the pressure of the gas inside the discharge tube.
When a high voltage is applied across the terminals, and the pressure
inside the tube is 0.01-0.001 mm of mercury, the end of the tube opposite
the cathode starts glowing.
This phenomenon is called fluorescence. Investigations have shown that
some invisible rays, starting from the cathode, fall on the opposite wall of
the tube, causing fluorescence.
These rays were named as cathode rays.
Exhaust pump
High-voltage source
Cathode rays produced in a discharge tube
The characteristics of cathode rays

Sir J.J.Thomson and others found that cathode rays have the following
characteristics.
Cathode rays was disovered by Crooks
Cathode rays are the stream of electrons
Cathode rays travel in straight lines.
Cathode rays are deflected towards anode
Positive rays have one or more units of +ve charge.
Ex: H  the charge is +1
H 2 the charge is +2
The charge and mass of an electron
1. The charge to mass ratio (e/m) of an electron was determined by
J.J.Thomson to be 1.78 × l08 C/g (coulomb per gram).
2. In 1908, R.A.Millikan determined the charge of an electron to be 1.6 ×
10 –19 C.or 4.802  1010 esu.
3. THe e/m value of the electron is called its specific charge.
1
4. Electron has a mass of of that of the hydrogen atom.
1836
3
5. Absolute mass of the electron = 9.111028 grams or 9.1110 31 kg or

0.0005486 amu.
The Proton
An atom is electrically neutral. But the electrons present in it are negatively
charged particles.
Hence, the atom must also contain some positively charged particles so
that the overall charge on it becomes zero.
These particles should be found in the discharge tube itself, when cathode
rays are formed.
Anode rays
Goldstein repeated the cathode-ray experiment using a perforated
cathode.
He observed that there was a glow on the wall opposite the anode.
So, some rays must be travelling in the direction opposite that of the
cathode rays, i.e., from the anode towards the cathode.
These rays were called anode rays or canal rays (as they moved through
the perforations, or canals, in the cathode).
It was found that these rays contained positively charged particles, and
so, J.J.Thomson called them positive rays.
Positive rays Cathode rays Positive Red

from anode from Cathode rays glow
Anode Cathode
High-voltage source
Anode rays
The characteristics of anode rays

Ø Goldstein discovered the protons in an anode ray experiment.
Ø Anode rays are also called as canal rays or positive rays.
Ø They travel in straight lines.
Ø Cause mechanical motion.
Ø Anode rays cause heating effect.
Ø They get deflected both in electric and magnetic filed but in opposite
direction to that deflections caused by cathode ray.
e
Ø The value of anode rays is not constant and depends on the nature of
m
gas inside the discharge tube.
4
The charge and mass of a proton

Charge
The charge on a proton is the same (1.6 × 10–193) as that on an electron,
but with opposite sign. It is taken as a unit of positive charge. So, a
proton has a unit positive charge, i.e., +1.
Mass
The mass of a proton is the same as that of a hydrogen atom, i.e., 1 amu.
A proton is about 1840 times heavier than an electron. Its absolute mass
is 1.67 x 10–24 g (or) 1.67 × 10–27 kg.
The Neutron:
Ø Neutron was discovered by Chadwick.
Ø Neutron is lightly heavier than (about 0.18%) proton.
e
Ø The value of neutron is zero as it does not possess any charge.
m
Ø The discovery of neutrons became late as it does not possess any charge.
WORK SHEET - 1
Single Answer Type

1. Cathode rays are discovered by
1) Crooks 2) J.J. Thomson 3) Goldstein 4) Newton
2. Matter is
1) Not continuous 2) Made up of tiny particles
3) Both 1 & 2 4) None of the above
3. In Greek ‘Atomos’ means _________
1) Divisible 2) Indivisible
3) Large substances 4) None of the above
4. According to Dalton, the smallest part of an element that takes part in a
chemical reaction is called an _________
1) Atom 2) Article 3) Compound 4) None of these
5. The e/m ratio of electron was determined by ___________
1) Dalton 2) Sommerfeld 3) J.J. Thomson 4) Stoney
6. The mass of an electron is about
1) 1840 times that of a hydrogen atom
1
2) times that of a hydrogen atom
1837
1
3) times that of a hydrogen atom4) None of the above
18
7. The mass of an electron is ____________
1) 1.6 x 10–19C 2) 9.1 x 10–31Kg 3) 9.1 x 10–27Kg 4) None of these
5
8. An atom is ___________
1) Positively charged 2) Negatively charged
3) Neutral 4) None of the above
e
9. The value of proton is
m
e e
1) less than value of electron 2) equal to value of electron
m m
e
3) greater than value of electron 4) all the above
m
e
10. The value of electron is
m
1) 1.758820  1011 ckg 1 2) 1.75882 1011 ckg 1
3) 1.758802 1012 kg 1c 4) 1.75882  1013 kg  1c
11. Charge of electron is determined by
1) J.J. Thomson 2) Mullikan 3) Crookes 4) Chadwick
12. The electrode connected to the –ve terminal of the source is called _________
and the one connected to the positive terminal is called the __________
(i) (ii)
1) Anode Cathode
2) Cathode Anode
3) Anode Anode
4) Cathode Cathode
13. Which of the following is/are characteristics of cathode rays?
1) They are a stream of particles 2) They travel in straight lines
3) They are negatively charged 4) All the above
14. The idea of ‘Anu’ and ‘paramanu’ was introduced by
1) Democritus 2) William Crookes
3) John Dalton 4)Maharishi Kanada
15. The term ‘atom’ was given by
1) John Dalton 2) Democritus
3) William Crookes 4) Maharishi Kanada
16. The first atomic theory was given by
1) Democritus 2) John Dalton
3) William Crookes 4) Maharishi Kanada
17. Which is not correct about electrons?
1)Named by J.L. Stoney 2) Discovered by Chadwick
3) Present inside the nucleus 4) It has maximum e/m ratio
18. The charge of an electron was determined by __________
1) Millikan 2) Thomson 3) Dalton 4) Curie
6
19. The charge to mass ratio of proton is 9.55 × 10 4 C/g and charge on the
proton is + 1.6 × 10–19C. The mass of the proton would be
1) 1.67  1024 Kg 2) 1.67  10–27 Kg
3) 1.67  10–24 Kg 4) 1.67  10–24 g
20. The specific charge for positive rays is much less than the specific charge
for cathode rays. This is because
1) Positive rays are positively charged.
2) Charge on positive rays is less.
3) Positive rays comprise ionised atoms whose mass is much higher.
4) Experimental method for determination is wrong.
21. Which of the following is correct for cathode rays in discharge tube
1) independent of the nature of the cathode
2) independent of the nature of the gas
3) is observed in pressence of electric and magnetic field
4) all the above
Multi Answer Type

22. Which one of the following statement is/are correct about cathode rays?
1) The particles constituting cathode rays have a fixed charge to mass
ratio.
2) Cathode rays bend towards the positive plate in the presence of an electric field.
3) J.J. Thomson concluded that the particles constituting cathode rays
are a universal constituent of all atoms.
4) None
23. Anode rays are also called as ____________
1) Canal rays 2) Positive rays 3) Cathode rays 4) Negative rays
24. The smallest unit of an element is :
1) Paramanu 2) Atom 3) Element 4) Molecule
25. Charge of a proton is:
1) + 1.602 × 10-19 Coulombs 2) +4.8 × 10-10 esu
3) - 1.602 × 10-19 Coulombs 4) -4.8 × 10-10 esu
Reasoning Answer Type

26. Statement I : A light paddle wheel, placed in the path of the cathode rays,
rotates. Statement II :Cathode rays are a stream of particles.
1) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true
2) Statement-I, Statement-II both are False
3) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
4) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
7
27. Statement - I : Cathode rays are deflected towards positive plate in an

electric field
Statement - II: These consist of negatively charged particles.
1) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true
2) Statement-I, Statement-II both are False
28. Statement I : Similar atoms combine to form molecules.
Statement II : Dissimilar atoms combine to form elements.
1) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true and Statement-II is the correct
explanation of Statement-I.
2) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true but Statement-II is not the
correct explanation of Statement-I.
4) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true
29. Statement I : Anode rays were discovered by Goldstein.
Statement II: Anode rays bend towards the negative plate in an electric
field.
1) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true and Statement-II is the correct
explanation of Statement-I.
2) Statement-I, Statement-II both are true but Statement-II is not the
correct explanation of Statement-I.
Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
Cathode rays are produced in a discharge tube.
30. When a high voltage is applied across the terminals, and the pressure
inside the tube is 0.01 –0.001 mm of mercury the end of the tube opposite
the cathode start glowing, this is called _________
1) Phosphorescence 2) Fluorescence
3) Lightening 4) None
31. There is a side tube which can be connected to an exhaust pump, for
1) lowering the pressure of the gas inside the discharge tube.
2) raising the pressure of the gas inside the discharge tube.
3) It has no use 4) None
32. The rays that come from the cathode are called ____________
1) Cathode rays 2) Anode rays
3) alpha rays 4) None of the above
8
Writeup-2
J.J Thomson discovered cathode rays
33. Which of the following is never true for cathode rays?
1) They possess kinetic energy
2) They produce heat
3) They are electromagnetic waves
4) They produce mechanical pressure
34. The discharge tube experiment in which cathode rays are emitted has
shown that
1) All forms of matter contain electrons.
2) All nuclei contain positive charge.
3) Protons are positively charged.
4) Mass of proton and that of neutron are almost equal.
Writeup-3
The charge to mass ratio of an electron was determined by J.J. Thomson.
35. The charge of an electron is
1) 3.2 x 10–19C 2) 4.8 x 10–19C
3) 1.6 x 10–19C 4) None
36. The e/m ratio of an electron is ___________
1) 1.48 x 10 9C/g 2) 1.78 x 10 8C/g
3) 1.6 x 10 –19C/g 4) None of the above
37. The mass of an electron in gms is
1) 1.6 x 10–16g 2) 9.1 x 10–28g
3) 9.1 x 10–25g 4) 3.2 x 10–17g
Writeup-4
Anode rays are also called as canal rays or positive rays. The specific
charge (e/m ratio) of the anode rays was not constant but changed with
the gas in the tube. The specific charge of the anode rays was found to be
maximum when gas present in the discharge tube was hydrogen.
38. Specific charge (e/m) of anode rays depend on ___________ .
1) Temperature 2) Pressure
3) Gas in discharge tube 4) depends on the anode
39. Anode rays contain __________ particles .
1) Positively charged 2) Negatively charged
3) Neutral 4) Both 2 and 3
Writeup-5
The charge to mass ratio of electrons was given by J.J Thomson.
40. Particles in cathode rays have same charge to mass ratio as
1)  - particles 2)  - rays 3)  -rays 4) Protons
41. The charge to mass ratio of protons is
1) 9.55  10–4 C/g 2) 9.55  104 C/g
3) 1.76 × 108 C/g 4) 1.76 × 10–8 C/g
9
42. The charge to mass ratio of  - particles is approximately.....the charge to

mass ratio of protons
1) twice 2) half 3) four times 4) six times
Matrix Matching Type

43. Column-I Column-II
a) J.J. Thomson 1) Paramanu
b) Cathode rays 2) Found Cathode rays
c) Atom 3) Dalton
d) Fundamental particle 4) Electron
a) Atomic theory 1) Maharshi Kannada
b) Sub - atomic particles 2) Fundamental particle
c) Atomos 3) John Dalton
d) Paramanu 4) Greek word
5) Rutherford
a) Mass of proton 1) Hydrogen
b) Proton 2) 1.67 x 10–24g
c) Lightest element 3) Proton
d) Highest e/m value 4) H+
5) Electron
10
SYNOPSIS - 2
Atomic Models
Atom contains fundamental particles electrons, protons and neutrons.
But the systematic arrangement of particles in an atom depicts the atomic
model of an atom. J.J.Thomson.
Thomson model of an atom.
Ø According to Thomson atom is like water melon and electrons are
embedded like seeds in water melon.
Ø It is also known as water melon model or plum pudding model.
Ø According to Thomson, electrons are embedded in the positively charged
mass distributed uniformly thoughout the atomic sphere.
Ø It cannot explain electrical neutrility of the atom. i.e. he could not explain
how both positive and negatively charged particles protect their identity
being together.
Ø Later Rutherford conducted  -ray scattering experiment to test Thomson’s
model of an atom.
Rutherford’s model of an atom or Rutherford   ray scattering experiment
Ø Rutherford proposed atom model based on   ray scattering experiment
Ø According to rutherford scattering of a narrow beam of   particles as
they passed through a thin gold foil and it is covered with fluorescent
Zns (Zinc sulphide) screen.
Ø When   particles struck the screen then a tiny flash of lights was
produced at that point.
Ø During the experiment most of   particles passes through the foil
undeflected.
Ø A small fraction of   particles were deflected by small angles.
Ø Some of these particles deviated slightly from their path. They were
repelled to a small extent by a positive charge. Very few of the particles,
the ones at the centre, almost retraced their path. This meant that they
were strongly repelled by a small positively charged body at the centre of
the atom. This positively charged body is called the nucleus.
Ø Since the electron has negligible mass, the mass of the atom is
concentrated in the nucleus.
Ø Rutherford also theorised that electrons revolve round the nucleus at

large distances from it.
Ø Rutherford estimated the diameter of the nucleus to be of the order of
10 –13 cm and that of the atom to be of the order of 10 –8 cm. Thus, the
diameter of the nucleus is about 105(= 1,00,000) times smaller than that
of the atom.
11
Nucleus of atom
- particles
Rutherford’s explanation of - particle

scattering on the basis of his nuclear model
The electrons revolve round the nucleus in their own orbits, just like
planets around the sun in solar system. Hence this theory is also called
Rutherford’s planitary theory of an atom.
Nucleus
(Protons+neutrons)
Electron
 Atomic number
Ø It is denoted by ‘Z’
Ø The total number of protons and equal to the number electrons in the
atom is called atomic number.
 Mass number
The sum of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is
called mass number.
Ø It is denoted by ‘A’
Ø Mass number (A) = number of protons + neutrons
[A] = P + n
= Z+number of neutrons (P = Z)
A=Z+n
 Number of neutrons in an atom (n) = A - Z
Representation
z XA A = Mass number
Z = Atomic number
X= Symbol of the Element
12
The number of elect rons, protons and neutrons in some atoms

Number of particles
Atomic Mass
Element Symbol Number Number
Electrons Protons Neutrons
(Z) (A)
(Z) (Z) (A-Z)
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 1 0
Helium He 2 4 2 2 2
Lithium Li 3 7 3 3 4
Beryllium Be 4 9 4 4 5
Boron B 5 11 5 5 6
Carbon C 6 12 6 6 6
Nitrogen N 7 14 7 7 7
Oxygen O 8 16 8 8 8
Fluorine F 9 19 9 9 10
Neon Ne 10 20 10 10 10
Sodium Na 11 23 11 11 12
Magnesium Mg 12 24 12 12 12
Aluminium Al 13 27 13 13 14
Silicon Si 14 28 14 14 14
Phosphorus P 15 31 15 15 16
Sulphur S 16 32 16 16 16
Chlorine Cl 17 35 17 17 18
Argon Ar 18 40 18 18 22
Potassium K 19 39 19 19 20
Calcium Ca 20 40 20 20 20
 Isotopes
Element having same atomic number but different mass number are
called isotopes.
Examples:
1 2 3
1H 1H 1H
i) Protium Deuterium Tritium ii) 17 C 35 ,17 C 37 iii) 6 C 12 , 6C 14
 Isobars
Elements having same atomic mass but different in atomic number are
called isobars.
eg: 18 Ar 40 , 19 K 40
 Isotones
Atoms of different elements with different mass numbers, but have same
number of neutrons.
eg: 16 S 32 , 15 P 31
13
 Max Plank’s Quantum Theory:
Ø Radiant energy is not emitted (or) absorbed continuously but

discontinuously in the form of small packets of energy called Quanta.
Ø Energy is emitted in the form of quanta and propagated in the form of
waves.
Ø Energy of radiation is directly proportional to frequency of radiation.
 E 
 E  h h = Plank’s Constant
= 6.625 x1027 erg  sec
= 6.625 x 1034 joule  sec

Ø Energy is emitted (or) absorbed in the form of (or) its multiple number.
WORK SHEET - 2
Single Answer Type

1. Neutrons are ___________
1) Positively charged 2) Electrically neutral
3) Negatively charged 4) None of the above
2. Neutron was discovered by ___________
1) Dmitri Mendeleev 2) Dalton
3) James Chadwick 4) Rutherford
3. The symbol for neutron is ____________
1) 11 n 2) 10 n 3) 00 n 4) 12 n
4.  - Particle Scattering experiment was done by __________
1) Thomson 2) Rutherford 3) Chadwick 4) Dalton
5. The concept of nucleus was given by __________
1) Ernest Rutherford 2) J.J. Thomson
3) James Chadwick 4) John Dalton
6. The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom is known as
the ______ of the atom.
1) Atomic number 2) Mass number
3) Isotope 4) None of the above.
7. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of alpha particles showed for the
first time that atom has
1) Nucleus 2) Electrons 3) Protons 4) Neutrons
8. Nucleus of an atom contains:
1) neutrons only 2) protons only
3) protons and neutrons 4) The particles emitted in radioactivity.
14
9. Rutherford’s model is related to explain

1) Discovery of neutrons. 2) Spectrum of Hydrogenic species
3) Planetary motion of electrons around nucleus 4) All of these
10. The space between nucleus and electrons in an atom is
1) full of electromagnetic radiation 2) full of air
3) empty 4) none of the above
35 37
11. Cl and 17
17 Cl are ___________
1) Isotopes 2) Isobars 3) Isotones 4) None
12. Isotope of hydrogen is
1) Deuterium 2) Tritium 3) Both 1 & 2 4) None
13. Nuclide symbol is expressed as
1) ZAx 2) XA Z 3) AZX 4) None
14. The atoms of an element which differ in the number of neutrons are
called
1) Isobars 2) Isotopes 3) Isotones 4) None
35
15. Number of neutrons in 17 cl is __________
1) 19 2) 18 3) 16 4) 15
16. The average atomic mass of chlorine is ________
1) 35 amu 2) 35.5 amu 3) 36.75 amu 4) 42.5 amu
17. Mass number of atom represents the number of
1) Protons only 2) Protons and neutrons
3) Protons and electrons 4) Neutrons and electrons
18. The atomic weight of an element is 23 and atomic number is 11. The
number of protons, electrons and neutrons respectively present in the
atom of the element are
1) 11, 11, 12 2) 12, 12, 11 3) 11, 12, 11 4) 12, 11, 12
19. Atoms consists of electrons, protons and neutrons. If the mass attributed
to neutron were halved and that attributed to the electrons were doubled
atomic mass of 162 C would be approximately
1) same 2) doubled 3) halved 4) reduced by 25%.
20. The nitride ion in lithium nitride is composed of
1) 7 protons + 7 electrons 2) 10 protons + 7 electrons
3) 7 protons + 10 electrons 4) 10 protons + 10 electrons
21. The Z and A values of an element are 25 and 55. The number of
electrons protons and neutrons in its most stable ion respectively are
1) 25,25,30 2) 23,25,30 3) 22,25,30 4) 20,25,309.
22. The charge on the atom containing 17 protons, 18 neutrons and 18
electrons is
1) -1 2) -2 3) 0 4) +1
15
23. Nucleons are

1) only protons 2) only neutrons 3) both protons and neutrons
4) electrons, protons and neutrons
24. Atom having maximum number of neutrons is
1) Cl 37 2) K 39 3) Mg24 4) Cu 64
25. Which of the following contains more no of neutrons
1) S32 2) Na23 3) Fe56 4) Ca40
26. Tritium atom contains
1) 1e, 1p, 1n 2) 1e, 1p, 2n 3) 2p, 2e, 1n 4) 1e, 1p, 3n
27. Lighest isotope in the periodic table is
1) Tritium 2) Deuterium 3) Protium 4) All the above
28. The lightest radioactive isotope in periodic table is
1) Tritium 2) Deuterium 3) Protium 4) All the above
29. Isotopes exhibhits similar
1) physical properties 2) chemical properties
3) physical and chemical 4) neither physical nor chemical properties
30. Isobars differ in
1) Neucleons 2) mass number 3) atomic number 4) both 1 & 3
31. The number of neutrons in the radio active isotope of hydrogen is
1) 2 2) 3 3) 5 4) 1
Multi Answer Type

32. Which of the following is/are correct?
1) Electron has unit negative charge. 2) Proton has unit positive charge
3) Neutron has no charge 4) None of the above
33. Identify the incorrect statements in the following.
1) Mass of neutron is same as the mass of proton.
2) Neutron is lightest particle in the atom.
3) Neutrons are present out side of the nucleus.
4) Neutron has neutral charge.
35
34. indicates, nuclide
17 cl
1) Contains 17 electrons 2) Contains 18 neutrons

3) Contains 17 protons 4) None of the above
35. Nucleons are
1) The fundamental particles present in the atomic nucleus.
2) The protons present in the atomic nucleus.
3) The protons and neutrons present in the nucleus.
4) The particles emitted in radioactivity.
36. Choose the correct statement
1) There are 20 protons in calcium atom.
2) There are 8 electrons in oxygen atom.
3) There are 6 electrons in carbon atom.
4) There are 12 protons in hydrogen atom.
16

37. Statement I : Most of the  - particles went straight through the foil.
Statement II: Atom is mostly empty.
1.Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2. Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3. Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4. Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
38. Statement I :In a neutral atom the number of protons and electrons are
same.
Statement II :Neutron has no electric charge.
Statement I.
Statement I.
39. Statement Iz : Atomic number is the characteristic of an element.
Statement II : Every element has its own atomic number which no
other element can have.
Statement I.
Statement I.
Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
Rutherford discovered Nucleus.
40. Rutherford estimated the diameter of nucleus to be of the order
1) 10–5 cm 2) 108 cm 3) 10 –13cm 4) 10 –8cm
41. The positively charged body is called as ___________
1) Neutron 2) Neutrino 3) Nucleus 4) Electron
42. Diameter of the nucleus is about __________ times smaller than that of
theatom.
1) 108 2) 109 3) 105 4) 102
17
Writeup-2
Rutherford has done alpha particles scattering experiment
43. Rutherford’s  - particle dispersion experiment concludes?
1) All –Ve ions are deposited at small part.
2) Proton moves around the nucleus.
3) All +Ve ions are deposited at small part.
4) Neutrons are charged particles.
44. When alpha particles are sent through a thin metal foil, most of them go
straight through the foil because
1) Alpha particles are much heavier than electrons
2) Alpha particles are positively charged
3) Most part of the atom is empty space
4) Alpha particles move with high velocity
45. Rutherford’s alpha particles scattering experiment eventually led to the
conclusion that
1) Mass and energy are related
2) Electrons occupy space around the nucleus
3) Neutrons are deep in the nucleus
4) The point of impact with matter can be precisely determined..
Writeup-3
A
The nuclide symbol is expressed as ZX
46. In 18
8 O number of electrons is
1) 18 2) 10 3) 8 4) 9
47. Number of neutrons is given by
A
1) A + Z 2) 3) A – Z 4) A + 2Z
Z
37
48. Mass number of 17 cl is
1) 37 2) 38 3) 40 4) 39.
Writeup-4
The number of neutrons present in a nucleus is given by A- Z
49. The number of neutrons present in bivalent +vely charged zinc ion with
mass number 70
1) 32 2) 30 3) 40 4) 28
50. The number of neutrons present in protium is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3
51. An atom has net charge of –1. It has 18 electrons and 20 neutrons. Its
mass number is
1) 37 2) 35 3) 39 4) 20
18
Writeup-5
The number of protons present in an atom explains the atomic number.
Mass number is represented on the left hand side of the symbol of the
element in subscription. Mass number always explain about total number
of nucleons.
52. The mass number of sulphur is:
1) 31 2) 32 3) 28 4) 24
53. In sodium eleven protons are present. Then its atomic number is:
1) 11 2) 12 3) 13 4) 14

(Symbol) (Atomic number)
a) Fluorine 1) 20
b) Silicon 2) 14
c) Potassium 3) 9
d) Calcium 4) 19
a) Proton 1) Chadwick
b) Neutron 2) 1.007277 amu
c) Electron 3) 1.008665 amu
d) Number of neutrons 4) J.J.Thomson
5) A - Z
( Number of neutrons)
a) Tritium 1) 2
16
b) 8 O 2) 8
37
c) 17 cl 3) 7
13
d) 6 C 4) 20
5) 30
19
SYNOPSIS - 3
 Spectrum
Ø Sun light or light from an incadescent filament lamp gives a continuous
spectrum.
Ø When a gas or a vapour of metal is kept in a discharge tube and higher
potential is applied a line spectrum is formed.
Ø The spectrum obtained by the emission of energy by the excited atoms
are called emission spectrum.
Ø When white light is passed through a gas and the emergent beam of
light is allowed to fall on a photographic plate, the spectrum obtained is
called absorption spectrum.
 Hydrogen Spectrum
Ø All the spectrums hydrogen spectrum is very simplest.
Ø It contains a number of group of lines. They can be classified into various
series.
Ø In this series only one series is visible to the naked eye and is termed as
the visible region of hydrogen spectrum.
Ø Visible region was discovered by Balmer hence it is called Balmer series.
Ø Balmer proposed a equation to the wave number and wave length is
called Rydberg equation i.e.
1 v  1 1
v   R 2  2 
 c  n1 n2 
where n1  2 is constant for all the lines in Balmer series.

n2  3, 4,5.....
Ø R = Rydberg constant its value 1,09,677 cm1
Ø Where, R is a universal constant, known as Rydberg constant. Its value is
109,678 cm 1 , n1 and n2 are integers (such that n2  n1 ). For a given spectral
series, n1 remains constant while n2 varies from line to line in the same
series.
Ø The value of n1  1,2,3,4 and 5 for the Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett
and Pfund series respectively. n2 is greater than n1 by at least 1.
Ø Maximum number of lines produced when an electron jumps from nth
n  n  1
level to the ground level  .
2
20
Ø The electron emitt energy and come back to lower energy levels. It is
coming directly in one step (or) in multiple steps.
Ø If coming from higher levels to first energy level directly in one step (or)
through steps. It gives Lyman series.
Ø In the same way, coming from higher energy levels to 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th
energy levels it gives Blamer, Paschen, Bracket, P fund series respectively.
 Series of Hydrogen Spectrum
Spectral series Value of n1 Value of n2 Spectral region

Lyman series 1 2,3,4,5,……. Ultra violet
Balmer series 2 3,4,5,6,……. Visible
Paschen series 3 4,5,6,7,……. Near infrared
Brackett series 4 5,6,7,8,……. Infrared
Pfund series 5 6,7,8,9,……. Far infrared
Bohr Model of the Atom

Bohr’s atomic model is based on quantum theory of radiation and the
classical laws of physics. The important points of Bohr model are:
Main Postulates of the Bohr Theory
Ø Electrons revolve round the nucleus only in certain orbits its energy
remains consant hence these orbits are called stationaryorbits &
stationary states.
Ø These orbits are denoted by KLMN ...letters are 1, 2, 3, 4, ..... numbers.
Ø The angular momentum of the revolving electron is an integral multiple
h
of 2 [Angular Momentum of the electron is quantized].
21
3 etc
2
1
– Electron in its most stable
+ ‘ground state’ orbit, i.e.
principal quantum number
h
i.e., mvr  n
2
Where n is integer (n =1,2,3,4…………)
m = mass of the electron
v = velocity of the electron
r = radius of the circular orbit
h = Planck’s constant
Ø Energy is emitted in the form of radiation when an electron jumps from
outer orbit to inner orbit. Energy is absorbed when electron jumps from
lower orbit to higher orbit.
Ehigher - Elower = hv.
Where h is Planck’s constant and v is the frequency of radiation.
So, these orbits (or shells) are also called energy levels.
The electron shells in an atom
5. An electron absorbs energy while jumping from a low-energy level

to a high-energy level.
Suppose the energy of the K shell of an atom is 4 units and that of
the L shell is 7 units. Then an electron in the K shell will have to be
given 3 units of energy for jumping to the L shell.
6. An electron gives out energy while jumping from a higher energy
level to a lower energy level.
Thus, for the atom mentioned above, an electron in the L shell will give
out 3 units of energy while jumping to the K shell.
 Defects of Bohr’s Theory:

Ø It fails to explain the spectra of multi – electron atoms.
Ø It fails to explain fine spectrum (spectral lines consist of several closely
packed lines) of hydrogen.
22
Ø It does not provide an explanation why angular momentum of the electron

should always be an integral multiple of h/2ð.
Ø It does not explain splitting of spectral lines into a group of finer lines
under the influence of magnetic field (Zeeman Effect) and electric field
(stark effect).
 Radius of Hydrogen atom:
Bohr successfully calculated the radii and energies of various orbits
of hydrogen.
n2 h 2
Radius of an orbit 
4 2 mZe2
For hydrogen atom, r  0.529 108  n2 cm
 0.529  n 2 A
or rn  r1  n 2 A
and for hydrogen-like mono electron species such as He+,Li2+, Be3+
0.529 n 2 A
rn 
Z
Where, Z = Atomic number of the species.
 Total energy of Electron:

Total energy of electron is equal to the sum of kinetic energy and potential
energy.
TE of an electron = KE + PE
1
KE =  mV 2 .
2
 Ze 2
PE 
r
2 2 me4
Energy of an electron in the nth orbit 
n2h2
For hydrogen atom,
21.79 x 1019
En  J / atom
n2
13.6
 eV/atm
n2
313.6 kcal
 per mole
n2
The value of ‘n’ increases KE decreases and PE and TE increases.
23
WORK SHEET - 3
Single Answer Type

1. Bohr model was given by ___________
1) Niels Bohr 2) John Dalton
3) Rutherford 4) James Chadwick
2. The orbit nearest to nucleus is:
1) K Shell 2) L Shell 3) M-Shell 4) N-Shell
3. According to Niel’s Bohr each orbit has:
1) Definite shape 2) Definite energy 3) Definite volume 4) None
4. Electrons revolve around nucleus only in certain permissible :
1) elliptical orbits 2) square orbits 3) circular orbits 4) None
5. An electron _________ energy while jumping from a low energy level to a
high energy level.
1) absorbs 2) releases
3) neither absorbs nor releases 4) either absorbs or releases
6. An electron _________ energy while jumping from a higher energy level to
a lower energy level.
1) Releases 2) Absorbs
3) Neither absorbs nor releases 4) either absorbs or releases
7. Bohr’s model of atom explains
1) Existence of sub-orbits 2) Particle nature of electrons
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None
8. The first, second, third and fourth orbits are respectively designated are
1) P, Q, R, S 2) A, B, C, D 3) K, L, M, N 4) S, P, D, F
th
9. As we move from first orbit to n orbit, the energy of the orbit
1) increases 2) decreases 3) remains same 4) None
10. Which of the following is true regarding the size of the orbits?
Size of th e orb its
1) 2)
K L M N K L M N
24

3) 4)
K L M N K L M N
11. Electrons are moving around the nucleus with high velocity in certain
definite circular paths called:
1) Orbits 2) Shells 3) Both 1 and 2 4) None
12. The splitting of spectral line under the effect of applied electric field is
called:
1) Zeeman’s effect 2) Photo electric
3) Stark’s effect 4) Crompton effect
13. Bohr’s model failed because of the:
1) Planck’s quantum theory 2) Electromagnetic wave theory
3) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
4) Photoelectric effect
14. Bohr’s model could explain successfully
1) The spectrum of helium
2) The spectrum of species containing only one electron
3) The spectrum of multi electron atom
4) The spectrum of hydrogen atom
15. According to Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom:
1) Total energy of the electron is quantised
2) Angular momentum of the electron is quantised
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of the above
16. Which statement does not form part of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen
atom?
1) Energy of the electron in the orbit is quantised
2) The electron in the orbit nearest the nucleus is in the lowest energy.
3) Electrons revolve in different orbits around the nucleus.
4) The position and velocity of the electrons in the orbit can not be
determined simultaneously.
25
17. The ratio of the wave numbers of the radiation corresponding to the third
line of Balmer series and the second line of the Paschen series of hydrogen
spectrum is
1) 21/16 x 9/4 2) 25/16 x 9/4 3) 21/25 x 9/4 4) 16/25 x 9/4
18. The limiting value of wave number in Lyman series of hydrogen atoms is
1) 109678 cm 1 2) 109678/2 cm 1
3) 109678/5 cm 1 4) 2 x 109678 / 3 cm 1
19. The shortest  for the Lyman series is (given R = 109678 cm-1)
1) 912 A0 2) 700 A0 3) 600 A0 4) 811 A0
20. What are the values of n 1 and n 2 respectively for H  line in the Lyman
series of hydrogen atomic spectrum?
1) 3 and 5 2) 2 and 3 3) 1 and 3 4) 2 and 4
21. The first emission line of hydrogen atomic spectrum in the Balmer series
appears at (R = Rydberg constant)
5R 3R 1 7R 9R
1) cm 1 2) cm 3) cm 1 4) cm 1
36 4 144 400
22. The velocity of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom is
2.19 106 ms 1 . Its velocity in the second orbit would be
1) 1.10 106 ms 1 2) 4.38 106 ms 1 3) 5.5 105 ms1 4) 8.76 106 ms 1
23. The energy of the second Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom is - 3.41 eV. The
energy of the second orbit of He+ would be
1) -0.85eV 2) -13.6eV 3) -1.70eV 4) -6.82eV
24. Line spectrum is characteristic of
1) atoms 2) molecules
3) any substance in the solid state 4) any substance in the liquid state
25. The band spectrum is caused by
1) molecules 2) atoms
3) any substance in solid state 4) any substance in liquid state
26. In Hydrogen atom electron is present in the N shell. If it loses energy, a
spectral line may be observed in the region
1) infra-red 2) visible 3) ultra-violet 4) any of these
27. When the electron of 5th orbit jumps into the first orbit the number of
spectral lines produced in hydrogen spectrum is
1) 5 2) 10 3) 20 4) 1
28. The electron present in 5th orbit in excited hydrogen atoms returned
back to ground state. The no. of lines which appear in Lyman series of
hydrogen spectrum
1) 5 2) 10 3) 4 4) 6
29. The electronic transition that emits maximum energy is [n = represents
orbit]
1) n5  n4 2) n4  n3 3) n2  n1 4) n3  n2
26
30. The wave number of the H  - line in Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum
is
1) 5R / 36 2) 3R / 16 3) 21R / 100 4) 3R / 4
31. If the mass of the electron is reduced to half the Rydberg constant
1) remains unchanged 2) becomes half
3) becomes double 4) becomes one fourth
32. Rydberg constant is
1) Same for all elements 2) Different for different elements
3) A universal constant
4) Is different for lighter elements but same for heavier elements
33. Which of the following gives neither emission spectrum nor absorption
spectrum
1) He+ 2) H2 3) H+ 4) He
3 4 The following electronic transition corresponds to the shortest wave length
(n = no. of orbit)
1) n5  n1 2) n5  n3 3) n5  n2 4) n5  n4
35. When the electron jumps from n = 5 to n = 2 level, the spectral line
observed in the hydrogen spectrum belongs to
1) Balmer series 2) Lyman series 3) Bracket series 4) Pfund series
36. Which of the following transition is associated with coloured spectral line
1) n = 5 to n = 3 2) n = 4 to n = 2 3) n = 2 to n = 1 4) n = 3 to n = 1
37. Among the first lines Lyman, Balmer, Paschen and Brackett series in
hydrogen atomic spectra which has higher energy?
1) Lyman 2) Balmer 3) Paschen 4) Brackett
38. When an electron in an excited hydrogen atom jumps from an energy
level for which n=-5 to a lower level for which n = 2 the spectral line is
observed in the ...............series of the hydrogen spectrum.
1) Balmer 2) Lyman 3) Brackett 4) Pfund
39. For the electron moving in the circular orbit in the hydrogen atom, the
forces of attraction of the nucleus is balanced by the force equal to
1 2  mV 2 e 2 m
1) mV 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2r Vr 2
40. Bohr’s model of atom can explain the spectrum of all except
1) H 2) He+ 3) Li++ 4) He
41. The potential energy of electron, revolving in an orbit of radius ‘r’ in the
atom with atomic number Z is
1) Ze 2/r 2) -Ze 2 /r 3) Ze 2/r 2 4) mv 2 /r
42. Bohr’s model of atom explains
1) zeeman effect 2) photo electric effect
3) stark effect 4) hydrogen atomic spectrum atomic hydrogen
27
43. According to Bohr's theory energy is..................... when an electron moves

from a lower to a higher orbit.
1) Absorbed 2) emitted 3) No change 4) both 1 and 2
Multi Answer Type

44. The orbits of atom can be represented by
1) K shell 2) L shell 3) M-shell 4) N-shell
45. Which of the following statements form part of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen
atom?
1) Energy of the electrons in the orbit is quantised.
2) The electron in the orbit nearest to the nucleus has the lowest energy.
3) Electrons revolve in different orbits around the nucleus.
4) The position and velocity of the electron in an orbit can’t be determined
simultaneously
46. The circular paths in which the electrons revolve are called
1) orbits 2) shells 3) main energy levels 4) None
47. Bohr’s atomic model is based on the following postulates that:
1) Atom consists of nucleus
2) Electron revolves only in certain energy levels
3) An electron remains moving with continuous loss of energy
4) None
48. Bohr’s atomic model could not explain:
1) Zeeman effect 2) Stark effect
3) Wave nature of electron
4) Spectra of atoms having more than 1 electron

49. Statement I : Orbits are also called as energy levels.
Statement II :Energy of an electron remains constant so long as it revolves in a
given orbit.
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
50. Statement-I : Bohr’s orbits are called stationary orbits because electrons
in these orbits are stationary.
Statement-II : The energy of each orbit is constant. 1) Both
Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement
I.
Statement I.
28
51. Statement I: When an electron jumps from a higher energy orbit to a lower
energy orbit, the difference in energy is emitted as radiation.
Statement II: The electron is in a particular orbit its energy is constant,
such these orbits are called stationary orbits or stationary shells.
Statement I.
Statement I.
52. Statement I: Bohr’s orbits are called stationary orbits.
Statement II: The angular momentum of the electron revolving in a
h
stationary orbit is equal to integral multiples of .
2 
Statement I.
Statement I.
53. Statement- I: It is not essential that all the lines available in the emission
spectrum will also be available in the absorption spectrum
Statement- II: The spectrum of hydrogen atom is only absorption spec-
trum
Statement I.
Statement I.
54. Assertion(A): Line spectrum of Li 2 and He are identical
Reason(R): Isoelectronic species produce identical spectrum
1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
3) (A) is true but (R) is false 4) (A) is false but (R) is true
55. Assertion(A): The angular momentum of an electron in an atom is
quantised
Reason(R): In an atom only those orbits are permitted in which angular
h
momentum of the electron is whole number multiple of
2π
29
56. Assertion(A): In an atom, the velocity of electrons in the higher orbits

keeps on decreasing
Reason(R): Velocity of electron is inversely proportional to the radius of
the orbit
57. Assertion(A): Each principal level of quantum number n contains a total
of n sub levels
Reason(R): Each orbital can hold two electrons and each sub level of
quantum number l contains a total of 2l+1 orbitals
Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
Bohr’s model was the first in the series of modern concepts, which
explained many properties of atom.
58. Electrons revolve round the nucleus only in certain permissible circular
orbits called __________
1) orbitals 2) shells 3) cages 4) None
59. In which year Neil’s Bohr presented a model of the atom?
1) 1918 2) 1923 3) 1913 4) 1927
60. Suppose the energy of the K shell of an atom is 3 units and that of the
L shell is 6 units. Then an electron in the K shell will
1) have to absorb 3 units for jumping to the L shell
2) have to release 3 units for jumping to the L shell
3) Both 1 & 2 4) None
Writeup-2
Atom consists of several “stationary states” or “stationary obrits”. These
states are designated by the n values. Each stationary state is divided
into “sub-states”. These sub-states are called “sub-energy levels”. The
number of sub-states depend on the value of n. The sub-states are
designated by the l values.
61. In n = 3, the corresponding shell is:
1) K 2) L 3) M 4) N
62. The P orbital has _____ number of sub - shell states.
1) 5 2) 1 3) 7 4) 3
63. Modern views about the structure of atom proves that electrons revolve in
____ orbits around the nucleus
1) Circular 2) Elliptical 3) Helical 4) Zig-zag
30
Writeup-3
Atom consists of ‘stationary states’ or ‘stationary orbits’. The states are
designated by the n values. Each stationary state is divided into states
are designated by the n values. Each stationary state is divided into sub
state.
64. If n = 4 the corresponding shell is:
1) K 2) L 3) M 4) N
65. The maximum number of electrons in an atom in n = 4 is:
1) 4 2) 8 3) 16 4) 32
66. The maximum number of electrons in n=2 is:
1) 8 2) 4 3) 32 4) 16
Writeup-4
Bohr’s theory could not explain the wave nature of electron established
later by de Broglie. It could not explain the Zeeman and stark effects.
Bohr’s theory correlates velocity of light, electronic mass, planck’s constant
and electronic charge.
67. According to Bohr’s theory the angular momentum of electron in 5th
orbit is:
2 .5 h 5 h 25h 6 h
1) 2) 3) 4)
   
68. Who established the wave nature of electron ?
1) Bohr 2) de-Broglie 3) Sommerfeld 4) Thomson
69. Bohr’s theory correlates the _______
1) Velocity of light 2) Electronic mass
3) Plancks constant 4) All of these

a) n = 1 1) M-shell
b) n = 2 2) L-shell
c) n = 3 3) K-shell
d) n = 4 4) N-shell
5) F-shell
a) Bohr’s Model 1) Stationary orbits
b) Orbits 2) K- shell
c) n=1 3) Modern concept
d) K,L,M,N, shells 4) Circular in shape
5) Elliptical
31

a) n = 1 1) k h / 2 
b) n = 2 2) Mh / 2 
c) n = 3 3) Lh / 2 
d) n = 4 4) Nh / 2 
5) h / 2 
73. List - I List - II
2πze 2
A) Energy 1)
nh
2π 2 mz 2 e4
B) Velocity 2)
n2h2
2π 2 mz 2 e 4
C) Rydberg constant 3)
h 3c
n2 h2
D) Radius 4)
4π 2 mz e2
4π 2 mz 2 e4
5)
n2 h2
32
SYNOPSIS - 4
 Particle and Wave Nature of Electron (De Brogle’s Wave Theory):
De Broglie wave theory:
The wave nature of electron was first proposed by de Broglie.
According to de Broglie theory all moving particles have wave properties.
Wave properties are important only for particles of small mass and high
velocity.
h h
de Broglie’s equation is    (Momentum p = mass  velocity)
mv p
Electrons revolves in those orbits, whose circumference must be equal to
integral multiple of wave length 2 r  n
where r = radius of the orbit
  wavelength
Number of waves in an orbit = n
NUmber of revolutions of an electron per second in an orbit
Velocity of electron
 .
circumference
Bohr’s theory and de Broglie concept:

Ø If the two ends of the electron wave meet to give a regular series of crests
and troughs electron wave is said to be in phase i.e. the circumference of
Bohr’s orbit is equal to an integral multiple of the wavelength of electron
wave.
2 r  n
Ø If the two ends of the electron do not meet to give a regular series of
crests and troughs, wave is said to be out of phase. i.e. the circumference
of Bohr’s orbit is not equal to whole number multiple of the wave length
of electron wave.
2 r  n
33
 HEISEN BERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE:

Ø It is impossible to determine accurately and simultaneously the position
and momentum of a particle in an atom. It is called Heisenberg’s
uncertainty principle.
h
Mathematically, the law is for electron x . p 
4
h
x.mv 
4
x = uncertainty in position
p = uncertainty in momentum.
WORK SHEET - 4
Single Answer Type

1. With the help of planck’s equation and Einstein’s equations, the equation
derived by de-Broglie is:
h m
1) E  h  2) E  m c 2 3)   4)  
mv h
2. The de-Broglie wavelength wavelength of Tennis ball in Kg is:
1) 5.0 × 10–3 2) 6.6 × 10–34 3) 9.1 × 10–31 4) 4.0 × 10–2
3. de-Broglie equation is a relationship between:
1) Position of an electron and its momentum
2) Wavelength of an electron and its momentum
3) Mass of an electron and its energy
4) Wavelength of an electron and its frequency
4. Azimuthal quantum number proposed by:
1) Bohr 2) Sommerfeld 3) Rutherford 4) Gold smith
5. The dual character of wave and particle of the electron was suggested
first by:
1) Max planck 2) de-Broglie 3) Neils Bohr 4) Sommerfeld
6. The exact path of an electron in an orbital cannot be determined. This
statement is based upon:
1) Hund’s rule 2) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
3) Bohr’s rule 4) Aufbau rule
7. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle excludes for a moving particle the
simultaneous and precise determination of its:
1) Position and radius 2) Position and momentum
3) Charge and energy 4) Charge and position
34
8. Wave nature of matter is not experienced in out daily life because the
value of wavelength is:
1) Very large 2) Very small 3) Both 1 and 2 4) None
9. The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron in the Bohr orbit is:
1) Equal to the circumference of the first orbit
2) Equal to half the circumference of the first orbit.
3) Equal to one quarter on the circumference of the first orbit.
4) None
10 The wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing 200 g and moving
at a speed of 5 mh -1 is of the order
1) 10 10 m 2) 10 20 m 3) 10 30 m 4) 10 40 m
11. The momentum of electron is
1) directly proportional to wave length
2) inversly proportional to wave number
3) inversly proportional to wave length 4) unable to be determined
Multi Answer Type

12. Which of the following is correct?
1 1
1)   2)   p 3)   m  4)   p
m
13. Which of the following is correct for Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle?
1) It determine the position and velocity of a sub-atomic particle.
2) The position and momentum of sub-atomic particle can be measured
only with in some limits.
3) This principle is applicable to only particles of small mass like electron,
proton etc.
4) For larger objects, the uncertainty becomes insignificant.

14. Statement I: The wave nature of an electron was confirmed by Davisson
and Germer in their electron diffraction experiment using
Ni crystals.
Statement II: de-Broglie extended the idea of character to all the matter
particles.
1. Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
Statement I.
35
15. Statement I: Louis de-Broglie, the French physicist proposed that light,
matter also has dual character.
Statement II: Heisenberg derived the relationship for the calculation of
wavelength    of the wave associated with a particle of mass
m, moving with velocity  .
Statement I.
Statement I.
16. Assertion(A): The faster a particle moves, the greater its momentum and
the shorter is the wave length that is associated with it.
h
Reason(R): Because λ  and P  mv
p
3) (A) is true but (R) is false
4) (A) is false but (R) is true
17. Assertion(A): deBroglie equation has significance for any microscopic or
submicroscopic particles
Reason(R): deBroglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass of
the object.
18. Assertion(A): An electron cannot exist in the nucleus
Reason(R): The deBroglie wavelength of an electron is much smaller
than the diameter of the nucleus
1 9 Assertion(A): The position of electron can be determined with the help of
an electronic
microscope
Reason(R): The product of uncertainty in
momentum and the uncertainty in the position of an electron cannot be
less than a finite limit
36
20. Assertion(A): It is not possible to predict position and the velocity of an

electron exactly and simultaneously
Reason(R): Electron moving with high speed possesses both the particle
nature and the wave nature
Comprehension Type
Thomson’s model, Rutherford’s model, Bohr’s model, Sommerfeld model,
quantum theory all treated electron as a particle. According to de-Broglie’s
equation electron behaves both as a material particle and as a wave.
21. The equation   h m  was dedicated by:

1) Heisenberg 2) de-Broglie 3) Einstein 4) Planck
22. The de-Broglie equation suggests that an electron has:
1) Particle nature 2) Wave nature
3) Particle and wave nature 4) Radiation behaviour
23. The de-Broglie equation is applicable to:
1) Proton only 2) Neutron’s only
3) Electrons only 4) Any particle in motion

a) E = mc2 1) de-Broglie
b) E  h  2) Max-planck
h
c)   3) Einstein
m
h
d) x.p  4) Heisenberg
4
5) Hund
a) x 1) Uncertainty in momentum
b) p 2) Uncertainty in velocity
c)  3) Mass of the particle
d) m 4) Uncertainty in position
5) Planck’s constant
37

Particle Velocity
a) Electron 1) 1.2 × 105
b) Helium 2) 25
c) Bullet 3) 1.4 × 103
d) Tennis ball 4) 350
5) 150
Ze 2
A) nodal plane 1)
2r
h
B) p-orbital 2) λ 
mv
C) deBroglie 3) Spherical
D) Kinetic energy 4) Probability of finding
of electron an electron is zero
5) Dumb bell
38
SYNOPSIS - 5
 SCHRODINGER’S WAVE EQUATION :
Ø Schrodinger’s wave equation is
 2  2  2 8 2 m
   2  E  v   0
x 2 y 2 z 2 h
Where  = wave function m= mass of electron
h= plank’s constant E= Total energy of the
electron
V= Potential energy of election x,y,z are co-ordinates
Ø  -indicates the amplitude of the wave,  -indicates maximum probability
2
of finding an electron at a certain point.

Ø The probability of finding an electron at a certain distance from the
nucleus is called radial probability
 ORBITALS
Ø The space around the nucleus of an atom in which there is a maximum
probability of finding an electron that is about 95% is called an orbital.
Ø The curves obtained by plotting probability function D  4 r 2 dr 2 and
radial distance (r) are called radial probability distribution curves.
Ø The number of radial nodes = n - l - 1 where.
The number of peaks obtained in a curve = n - l
where n = principal quantum number
l = Azimuthal quantum number
The plane where the probability of finding the electrons is zero   0  is
2
Ø
called a nodal plane.
Ø The number of nodal planes in an orbital = l
Orbital No. of nodal planes Nodal plane
S 0 Nil
px 1 YZ
py 1 ZX
pz 1 XY
d xy 2 YZ, ZX
d yz 2 ZX, XY
d zx 2 XY, YZ
d x 2  y2 2 YZ, ZX
Ø When the number of nodal planes increases, the energy of the orbital
increqases. So the energy order of the orbitals is s  p  d  f .
39
WORK SHEET - 5
Single Answer Type

1. Which of the subshell has double dumbell shape?
1) s 2) p 3) d 4) f
2. The correct Schrodinger’s wave equation for an electron with E as total
energy and V as potential energy is:
2  2  2  2  2  2  8 2
1) x 2  y 2  z 2  E  V    0 2) x 2  y 2  z 2  m h 2  E  V    0
 2   2   2  8 2 m  2   2   2  8 2 m 2
 
3) x 2 y 2 z 2   E  V    0 4) x 2  y 2  z 2  h  E  V    0
h2
^ ^
3. In the equation H   E , H is known as:
1) Magnetic operator 2) Schrodinger operator
3) Hamiltonian operator 4) None
4. Which of the following statement is correct?
1) An orbital describes the path of an electron in an atom.
2) An orbital is a region where the electron is not located.
3) An orbital is a function which gives the probability of finding the electron
in a given region.
4) All of these
5. The probability of finding the electron around the nucleus is:
1) Zero for all orbitals 2) Not determined
3) Zero for some orbitals 4) All the above
6. What does , h , E & V in Schrodinger’s wave equation represents.
 h E V
1) Planck’s constant Wave function Total energy Potential energy
2) Wave function Planck’s constant Total energy Potential energy
3) Wave function Planck’s constant Potential energy Total energy
4) Total energy Planck’s constant Potential energy Wave function
7. The wave mechanical model of an atom is based upon:
1) de-Broglie concept of dual nature of motter.
2) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
3) Schrodinger’s uncertainty principle.
4) All the above
8. The electron density of 3d xy orbital in YZ plane is
1) 50 % 2) 95 % 3) 33.33 % 4) Zero
9. The orbital that has equal number of nodal spaces and nodal planes
1) 2p 2) 3p 3) 4p 4) 5p
40
10. In the plots of radial distribution function for the hydrogen 3s orbital
versus ‘r’, the no. of peaks are
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
1 1 Which one of the following expressions represent the electron probabil-
ity function (D)
1) 4r dr  2 2) 4r 2 dr  3) 4r 2 dr  2 4) 4r dr 
12. According to aufbau principle the electron has a tendency to occupy that
subshell which has......... energy.
1) lowest 2) highest 3) no energy 4) both 1 and 2
13. The maximum probability of finding electron in the d xy orbital is
1) Along with x - axis 2) Along the y - axis
3) At an angle of 450 from the X and Y axis
4) At an angle of 900 from the x and y axis
Multi Answer Type

14. Which of the following is correct for an orbit?
1) It represents planar motion of an electron
2) Orbit are circular or elliptical in shape
3) Orbits are non-directional in character hence they cannot explain
shapes of molecules.
4) The orbit cannot accomodate more than two electrons.
15. Identify the correct statement.
1) The information about the electron at a point in an atom can be obtained
from the orbital wave function  .
2) The probability of finding an electron at a point with in an atom is
proportional to square of the orbital wave function  2
3)  is referred as probability amplitude.
4)  for an electron in an atom represents an atomic orbital.

16. Statement I: An orbital represents three dimensional motion of an
electron around the nucleus.
Statement II: The most common method is to represent an orbital is an
electron cloud in terms of small dots.
Statement I.
Statement I.
41
17. Statement I: Orbits are non-directional in character hence they cannot

explain shapes of molecules.
Statement II: Concept of orbital is in accordance with Heisenberg’s
principle.
Statement I.
Statement I.
18. Statement I: The probability of finding an electron at a point within an
atom is proportional to square of the orbital wave function
2 .
Statement II:  is an amplitude of the electron wave and is called wave
function.
Statement I.
Statement I.
19. Assertion(A): A spectral line will be observed for a 2Px  2Py transition
Reason(R): The energy of 2Px and 2Py

orbitals is the same
20. Assertion(A): The Px orbital has maximum electron density along the x
axis and its nodal plane is yz plane
Reason(R): For a given atom, for all values of n, the p-orbitals have the
same shape, but the overall size increase as n increases
21. Assertion(A): ψ indicates the amplitude of electron - wave
Reason(R): ψ 2 denotes probability of finding an electron in the space
around the nucleus
42
Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
Schrodinger set up a mathematical model for hydrogen atom. This theory
was based upon these two evidences.
i) The probability or statistical character
ii) The wave nature of an electron.
22. The symbol  is an amplitude of the electron wave and is called:
1) Wave function 2) Hamiltonian operator
3) Planck’s constant 4) Potential energy of electron
23. The solutions of schrodinger’s wave equation are called:
1) Schrodinger solution 2) Hamiltonian operator
3) Wave function 4) All
24. Based on quantum mechanics a new model of atom was developed during
1920. This model is known as:
1) Mechanical model 2) Planck’s mechanical model
3) Quantum mechanical model 4) All of these
Writeup-2
An orbital may be defined as that region of space around the nucleus
where the probability of finding an electron is maximum
25. An orbital is:
1) A circular path of an electron. 2) A rectangular space.
3) A region in space defined by the properties of the wave equation.
4) Another name for electron shell.
26. Electrons in an s-orbital are free to occupy any position with in a:
1) Square 2) Cube 3) Sphere 4) Dumbbell volume
27. The region of space where there is maximum probability of finding an
electron is maximum is:
1) An orbit 2) An orbital
3) A stationary state 4) Sub-shell

a) Schrodinger wave equation 1) Spherically symmetrical
b) s-orbital 2) 2n2
c) p-orbital 3) H^   E 
d) The maximum number of 4) Dumb-bell shape
electron in an orbit 5) Two
43

A) No of electrons present in an orbit 1) 2
B) Number of orbitals in an orbit 2) 2
C) Number of electrons in an orbital 3) n 2
D) Number of sub shells in an orbit 4) 2n 2
5) n+1
I) Radial probability distribution curve of 3s orbital a) 1.1A 0
II) Distance of maximum probability of 1s electron b)1s orbital
III) Radial node for a nodes c) 3 peaks, 2s
electron
2 radial
IV) No spherical nodes d) 0.53A 0
I) ψ 2 depends only upon distance a) p orbitals
II) ψ 2 depends upon distance and on one direction b) d orbital
III) ψ 2 depends upon distance and on two directions c) f -orbital
IV) ψ 2 depends upon distance and on three directions d) s -orbitals
SYNOPSIS - 6
 QUANTUM NUMBERS
Ø A set of numbers used to provide a complete description of an electron in
an atom are called quantum numbers.
Ø There are four quantum numbers. They are
Principal Quantum Number (n)
1. It was proposed by Niels Bohr.
2. It is denoted by n.
3. N values are 1, 2, 3, 4......... or K, L, M, N ....... respectively.
4. It indicates the size and energy of the orbit.
5. Maximum number of electrons in an orbit = 2n 2
Total number of orbitals  n 2
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
1. It was proposed by Sommerfield.
2. It is denoted by l.
3. N values are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4......... respectively.
4. It indicates the shape of the orbit.
44
Orbital Shape l value

s Spherical 0
p Dumbbell 1
d Double Dumbbell 2
f Four fold Dumbbell 3
Magnetic Quantum Number (m)

1. It was proposed by Lande.
2. It is denoted by m.
3. m values are +l.....0 .......-l
4. The total m values = 2l + 1
5. It indicates the orientation of orbitals in space.
6. Maximum number of orbitals in a sub shell = 2l + 1
7. The number of orbitals in an energy level = n 2 .
Spin Quantum Number (s)

1. It was proposed by Goudsmit and Unlenbeck.
2. It is denoted by s.
1 1
3. s values are  and 
2 2
1
4. The clockwise  direction spin is represented by 
2
and
1
anticlock wise  direction spin is represented by 
2
5. It indicate the direction of the spin of the electron.
45
WORK SHEET - 6
Single Answer Type

1. Which of the following is used to identify the various energy levels available
with the atom?
1) Avogadro number 2) Quantum number
3) Wave number 4) Both 1 and 3
2. Who proposed principal quantum number?
1) Arnold sommerfeld 2) Heisenberg
3) Louis de-Broglie 4) Neils Bohr
3. Principal quantum number deontes:
1) Sub-energy levels 2) Main energy level
3) Nucleons 4) Both 1 and 2
4. Principal quantum denoted by:
1) s 2) l 3) m 4) n
5. Which one of the following has least energy?
1) n = 1 2) n = 2 3) n = 3 4) n = 4
6. The total number of orbitals in ‘n’ is:
1) n2 2) 2n2 3) 2n + 1 4) 2n – 1
7. i) If the principal quantum number is 3, the azimuthal quantum
number can have values.
ii) A subshell with n = 5, l = 3 can accommodate.... electrons.
iii) Which one is not true for a principal energy level having n = 3?
(i) (ii) (iii)
1) 0, 1, 2 14 There are siz electrons with l = 2
2) 1, 2, 3 15 There are nine orbitals
3) 3, 2, 1, 0, –1, –2, –3 10 There are three subshells
1 1
4) , 6 There are a maximum of 18
2 2
electrons
8. In a main energy level, the subshell with lowest energy:
1) s 2) p 3) d 4) f
9. Magnetic quantum number was proposed by:
1) Neils Bohr 2) Sommerfeld 3) Lande 4) All the above
10. Magnetic quantum number is denoted by:
1) n 2) l 3) m 4) s
11. The values of ‘m’ depends on:
1) l 2) m 3) n 4) s
46
12. Magnetic quantum number specifies:

1) Size of orbitals 2) Shape of orbitals
3) Orientation of orbitals in space 4) Nuclear stability
13. Which of the following orbital does not make any sense?
1) 2s 2) 2f 3) 6p 4) 4s
14. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is(are) not permitted?
1 1
1) n  3, l  3, m  0, s   2) n  3, l  2, m  2, s  
2 2
1 1
3) n  3, l  1, m  2, s   4) n  3, l  0, m  0, s  
2 2
15. Which of the following atomic number can have the following set of
quantum numbers? n = 3, l = 2, m = + 2, s = – 1/2
1) 1 2) 18 3) 14 4) 26
16. Beryllium fourth electron will have the four quantum numbers
n l m s
1) 1 0 0 + 1/2
2) 1 1 1 + 1/2
3) 2 1 0 + 1/2
4) 2 0 0 –1/2
17. A neutral atom of an element has two ‘K’ eight ‘L’ nine ‘M’ and two ‘N’
electrons. The total number of electrons present in the orbitals having l
value 1 are
1) 6 2) 8 3) 10 4) 12
18. The quantum number which cannot say any thing about an orbital is
1) n 2) l 3) m 4) s
19. An impossible set of four quantum number of an electron is
1) n = 4, l = 2, m = -2, s = + 1/2 2) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2
3) n = 3, l = 2, m = -3, s = + 1/2 4) n = 5, l = 3, m = 0, s = - 1/2
20. An orbital made of four lobes can have the following quantum numbers
1) n = 2, l = 2, m = 0 2) n = 3, l = 1, m = -2
3) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0 4) n = 3, l = 3, m = -3
21. For the azimuthal quantum number ‘l’ the total number of magnetic
quantum numbers is given by
(m  1) m 1 2m  1 2m  1
1) l  2) l  3) l  4) l 
2 2 2 2
22. Number of electrons of manganese with magnetic quantum number value
‘0’ is
1) 1 2) 8 3) 12 4) 13
47
23. The principal quantum number (n) and azimuthal quantum number (k)
for the circular path present in the fourth main energy level are
1) n = 4, k = 1 2) n = 4, k = 2
3) n = 4, k = 3 4) n = 4, k = 4
24. The sub-energy level having minimum energy is
1) 3d 2) 5p 3) 4s 4) 4p
25. The direction of spin of an electron is represented by
1) n 2) l 3) m 4) s
26. The azimuthal quantum number and the principal quantum number of
the 17th electron are
1) l = 1, n = 3 2) l = 3, n = 2
3) l = 1, n = 17 4) l = 2, n = 1
27. The quantum numbers n = 3, l = 1, m = +1 and s = +1/2 represent
the unpaired electron present in
1) Sodium atom 2) Aluminium atom
3) Fluorine atom 4) Potassium atom
28. ‘n’ and ‘l’ values of an orbital ‘A’ are 3 and 2 and of another orbital ‘B’ are
5 and 0. The energy is
1) B is more than A 2) A is more than B
3) A and B are of same energy 4) All the above
29. The number of orbitals present in any main energy level is equal to
1) n 2) n2 3) 2n2 4) n + l
30. The total number of orbitals present in 5th orbit is equal to
1) 5 2) 25 3) 50 4) 7
3 1 The number of electrons in any sub energy level can never exceed
1) n2 2) 2n2 3) (2l + 1) 4) 2(2l+1)
32. The m value not possible for a 4f-electron is
1) -4 2) +3 3) 0 4) -2
33. The max. number of electron that can be accomodated in all the orbitals
for which l = 3 is
1) 2 2) 6 3) 10 4) 14
34. The magnetic quantum No. 'm' for the outer most electron in the Na
atom is ...............
1) 0 2) +1 3) -1 4) -2
35. Which is correct with respect to 'p' orbitals
1) They are spherical
2) They have a strong directional character
3) They are five fold degenerate
4) They have no directional character
48
Multi Answer Type

36. Which of the following statements are correct?
1) Principal quantum number (n) can have values of .... 1, 2, 3, 4, ..... 
2) As ‘n’ value increases, the radius of the orbit increases.
3) The maximum number of electrons can be accommodated in a shell is
given by 2n 2.
4) In N-shell the maximum number of electrons accommodated is 32.
37. Which of the following is correct?
1) K-shell  2 electrons 2) L-shell  8 electrons
3) N-shell  18 electrons 4) M-shell  32 electrons
38. Choose the incorrect option(s)?
1) s < p < d < f
2) n = 4 contain four subshells
3) ‘l’ gives the values of the orbital angular momentum of the electron in
h
terms of units.
2
4) Least energy shell is K.
39. Which one of the following correct?
1) Principal quantum number was given by sommerfeld.
2) ‘m’ describes the orientation of the orbital in space around the nucleus.
3) For a given value of ‘l’ , the ‘m’ values are 2l + 1
4) For f-sub-level, m-values are –3, –2, –1 0, +1, +2, +3
40. Which of the following information is correct about magnetic quantum
number?
1) It gives the number of permitted orientation of subshells.
2) It tells about the zeeman effect.
3) It is denoted by the letter ‘m’ 4) None of the above

41. Statement I: The maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated in M shell is 18.
Statement II: Principal quantum number determines shape of the orbit.
Statement I.
Statement I.
49
42. Statement I: Each main energy level (or shell) consists of a number of
different subshells.
Statement II: Angular momentum quantum number ( l ) can have only
positive integral values from 0 to n – 1.
Statement I.
Statement I.
43. Statement I: For given values of l , ‘m’ values ranging from – l to + l
including zero.
Statement II: ‘m’ was proposed by Lande to explain zeeman and stark
effects.
Statement I.
Statement I.
44. Statement I: Magnetic quantum number was proposed by Zeeman.
Statement II: The number of degenerate orbitals of s - subshell = 0
Statement I.
Statement I.
Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
The state of an electron in any atom is described by its location with
respect to the nucleus and by its energy. The energy and angular
momentum of an electron are quantized, i.e., an electron in any atom
can have only certain permissible values of energy.
These permissible states of an electron in any atom called orbitals, are
identified by a set of found numbers called quantum numbers.
45. The region where probability of finding an electron is possible is called
a/ an :
1) Orbit 2) Orbital 3) Nucleus 4) Atom
46. The values of l depends on:
1) n 2) l 3) s 4) m
50
47. For a given value of ‘n’ the value of l is:

n n 1
1) n + 1 2) 3) n – 1 4)
2 2
Writeup-2
Principal quantum number – ‘n’
Orbital quantum number – ‘ l ’
Magnetic quantum number – ‘m’
Spin quantum number – ‘s’
48. Spin quantum number is denoted by:
1) Lande 2) Neils Bohr 3) Unlenbeck and Goudsmit 4) None.
49. Clock wise spin motion of electron is represented by:
1 1
1)  2)  3)  4) All the above
2 2
50. Anti clock wise, spin motion of electron is represented by:
1 1
1)  2)  3)  4) None
2 2

a) Principal quantum number 1) m
b) Subsidiary quantum number 2) s
c) Magnetic quantum number 3) n
d) Spin quantum number 4) l
5) Angular momentum quantum number
52. Match the column - I with column - II (A and B)
Column - I Column - II
A - values of l B - subshells
a) n = 1 1) l = 0, 1, 2 p) 2s, 2p
b) n = 2 2) l = 0 q) 1s, 2s
c) n = 3 3) l = 1, 0, 2 r) 3s, 3p, 3d
d) n = 4 4) l = 0, 1 s) 1s
5) l = 0, 1, 2, 3 t) 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

a) ‘m’ 1) d-sub level
b) ‘s’ 2) p-sub level
c) l = 2 3) s-sub level
d) l = 0 4) Lande
5) Unlenbeck and Gound smit.
51

a) Principal Quantum Number 1) Shape of orbitals
b) Azimuthal Quantum Number 2) 2n2
c) Magnetic Quantum Number 3) m – space orientations
d) Spin Quantum Number 4) Spin of an electron
5) Energy and size of an orbit
a) Principal quantum number 1) Shape of an orbital
b) Magnetic number 2) Orientation of an orbital
c) Azimuthal quantum number 3) Spinning of an electron
d) Spin quantum number 4) Size of an orbital
I) Wave number a) ms 1
II) Frequency b) nM
III) Wavelength c) s 1
IV) Velocity d) m 1
SYNOPSIS - 7
 PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
Ø No two electrons in the same atom can have the same values for all the
four quantum numbers.
Ø Each electron in an atom is designated by a set of four quantum numbers.
Ø An orbital accommodates two electrons with opposite spin: These two
electrons have same values of principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum
number but the forth, i.e., spin quantum number will be different.
Example:
N  z  7   1s 2 2s2 2 p3
 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p1x 2 p1y 2 p1z
   
Principal quantum number (n) = 1 2 2 2 2
Azimutal quantum number (l) = 0 0 1 1 1
Magnetic quantum number (m) = 0 0 +1 -1 0
1 1
2 2
Spin quantum number (s) = 1 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 2
52
 AUFBAU PRINCIPLE :
Ø The subshell with minimum energy is filled up first and when this obtains
maximum quota of electrons, then thenext subshell of higher energy
starts filling”.
Ø Electron filling follows energy ranking.
Ø The energy value of an orbital increases as its n  l  value increases.
Ø If two orbitals have the same value for n  l  , the orbital having lower n
value is first filled.
Ø The sequence in which the various subshells are filled in the following
HUND’S RULE:
Orbitals of the same kind should be half filled before electron pairing
takes place.
Orbitals having the same values for n and l are called degenerate orbitals.
Unpaired electrons have parallel spin.
Half filled and completely filled degenerate orbitals give greater stability
to atoms.
Chromium (Z = 24) and copper (Z = 29) have anomalous electronic
configuration due to this reason.
Electronic configuration of chromium atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6 3d5
4s1 but not 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2.
53
WORK SHEET - 7
Single Answer Type

1. Any p-orbital can accommodate upto:
1) Four electrons 2) Two electrons with parallel spins
3) Six electrons 4) Two electrons with opposite spins
2. The order of filling various sublevels with electrons is the order of their
energies. This is:
1) Auf-bau principle 2) Pauli’s principle
3) Hund’s rule 4) nl × principle
3. The increasing order of energy of the orbitals 1s, 2s and 2p is:
1) 2p < 2s < 1s 2) 2s < 2p < 1s 3) 1s < 2s < 2p 4) 2p > 3d > 4s
4. The orbital diagram in which the aufbau principle is violated is:
2s 2p 2s 2p
1)     2)    
2s 2p 2s 2p
3)     4)    
5. Aufbau principle fails to explain the configuration of element with atomic
number.
1) 18 2) 21 3) 24 4) 27
6. According to Aufbau’s principle, which of the three 4d, 5p and 5s orbitals
will be filled with electrons first?
1) 4d 2) 5p
3) 5s 4) 4d and 5s will be filled simultaneously
7. The atomic orbitals are progressively filled in the order of the increasing
energy’. This statement is known as:
1) Hund’s rule 2) Exclusion principle
3) Aufbau rule 4) de-Broglie rule
8. The electronic configuration of nitrogen is 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 1x 2p 1y 2Pz1 . This is in
accordance with
1) Aufbau principle 2) Pauli’s rule
3) Hund’s rule 4) Bohr Bury principle
9. The presence of five unpaired electrons in 3d orbitals of manganese atom
is according to
1) Pauli’s principle 2) Hund’s rule
3) Aufbau principle 4) de-Broglie’s theory
10. If Pauli’s exclusion principle is not known, the electronic arrangement of
lithium atom is:
1) 1s2 2s1 2) 1s1 2s2 3) 1s3 4) 1s2 2s1 2p1
54
11. Nitrogen, phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth atoms have s

unpaired electrons in their p-orbitals because of:
1) Pauli’s principle 2) Hund’s rule
3) Aufbau principle 4) All the above
12. Nitrogen has the electronic configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 1x 2p 1y 2p 1z and not
1s 2 2s 2 2p 2x 2 p 1y 2p 0z . This is determined by:
1) Aufbau principle 2) Pauli exclusion principle
3) Hund’s rule 4) Uncertainty principle
13. The fact that the two electrons in an orbital must have opposite spins is
deduced from?
1) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity
2) Pauli’s exclusion principle
3) Aufbau’s rule
4) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
14. The principle which excludes the possibility of presence of a third electron
in an orbital is:
1) Aufbau rule 2) Hund’s rule
3) Pauli’s exclusion principle 4) None of these
Multi Answer Type

15. Which of the following is correct statement?
1) Electronic configuration of atoms is based on certain rules like (n + l )
values.
2) Among 3d and 4s electrons occupy 4s first
3) When two or more sub-levels with same (n + l ) value are available,
electrons enter that sub-level which has least ‘n’ value.
4) Among 3d, 4p and 5s; electrons enter 3d first followed by 4p, than 5s.
16. The orbital with relative energy 5
1) 5p 2) 5s 3) 4p 4) 3d
17. Which of the following is correct statement
1) K-shell can accommodate 2 electrons
2) Maximum number of electrons in L-shell is 6 electrons
3) Maximum number of electrons, accommodated in N-shell is 32 electrons
4) Maximum number of electrons, accommodated in M-shell is 18 electrons

18. Statement I: The increasing order of energy of the orbitals is 1s<2s<2p.
Statement II: Electrons occupy orbitals with high energy first.
Statement I.
Statement I.
55
19. Statement I: The arrangement of electrons in the atomic orbitals is based

on the increasing order of their energy
Statement II: Moeller’s diagram is necessary to write electronic
configuration.
Statement I.
Statement I.
20. Statement I: When two or more sub-levels with same (n + l ) value are
available, electrons enter the sub level which has least n
values.
Statement II: Among 3d and 4s electrons, electron occupy 4s level first.
Statement I.
Statement I.
21. Statement I: 1s orbital possesses lower energy than 2s orbital.
Statement II: Pauli’s exclusion principle states that an orbital can have
m ax i m u m of two electrons and these must have
opposite spins.
Statement I.
Statement I.
22. Statement I: The electronic configuration of carbon can be written as
1s 2 2s 2 2 p 1x 2p 1y .
Statement II: The electronic configuration of nitrogen is
2 2 1 1 1
1s 2s 2 p 2p 2 p .
x y z

Statement I.
Statement I.
56
Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
Electrons occupy orbitals with lower energy first. Electronic Configuration
is a representation of the occupation of electrons in the orbitals in the
increasing order of their energies.
23. Which of the following represent the energy of the orbital?
1) n + l 2) n – l 3) l + m 4) n + s
24. Which of the following has more energy?
1) 1s 2) 2s 3) 3p 4) 3d
25. No two electrons in an atom can have:
1) The same principal quantum numbers only .
2) The azimuthal quantum numbers only .
3) The same magnetic quantum numbers only .
4) An identical set of four quantum numbers.
Writeup-2
Pairing of electrons take place in a sub - shell only after all the orbitals
are singly filled.
In p sub - level pairing of electrons take place with 4th electron according
to Hund’s rule.
Similarly pairing of electrons starts with 6th electron and 8th electron in d
and f sub - levels respectively.
26. The orbital diagram, in which both Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s
rule are violated?
2s 2p
1) 2)
3) 4)
27. Quantum numbers of an atom can be defined on the basis of
1) Hund’s rule 2) Aufbau’s principle
3) Pauli’s exclusion principle 4) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
28. The electronic configuration in the valence shell of silicon is:
3s 3p
   
The rule violated is:

1) Auf-bau principle 2) Paul’s rule 3) Hund’s rule 4) All
57

a) K shell 1) 3s, 3p
b) L shell 2) 4s 4p
c) M shell 3) 2s 2p
d) N shell 4) 1s
5) 4d
(n + l value)
a) l = 0 1) 2 s = 2 + 0 = 2
2p = 2 +1 = 3
b) l = 0 2) 1s = 1 + 0 = 1
l =1
c) l = 0 3) 4s  4  0  4
l =1 4p  4 1  5
l =2
4d  4  2  6
4f  4  3  7
d) l  0 4) 3s  3  0  3
l 1 3p  3 1  4
l 2 3d  3  2  5
l 3
5) 1s = 1 + 1 = 2
58
KEY & HINTS
WORK SHEET – 1 (KEY)

1) 1 2) 3 3) 2 4) 2 5) 3
6) 2 7) 2 8) 3 9) 1 10)
11) 1 12) 2 13) 4 14) 4 15) 1
16) 2 17) 3 18) 1 19) 4 20) 3
21) 4 2 2 ) 1 ,2 ,3 2 3 ) 1 ,2 2 4 ) 1 ,2 2 5 ) 1 ,2
26) 1 27) 1 28) 3 29) 2 30) 2
31) 1 32) 1 33) 2 34) 1 35) 2
36) 2 37) 1 38) 3 39) 1 40) 2
41) 2 42) 2 4 3 ) A-2 4 4 ) A-3 4 5 ) A-2

B-4 B-2 B-4
C-1 ,3 4 C-4 C-1
D-4 D-1 D-3 ,4
11. Proton mass is more

e 1.602  10 19 C
12. 
m 9.109  1031
 1.75882 1011 c / kg
59

1) 2 2) 3 3) 2 4) 2 5) 1
6) 2 7) 1 8) 3 9) 3 10) 3
11) 1 12) 3 13) 3 14) 2 15) 2
16) 2 17) 2 18) 1 19) 4 20) 2
21) 1 22) 1 23) 3 24) 4 25) 3
26) 2 27) 1 28) 1 29) 1 30) 4
31) 1 3 2 ) 1 ,2 ,3 3 3 ) 2 ,3 3 4 ) 1 ,2 ,3 3 5 ) 1 ,3
3 6 ) 1 ,2 ,3 37) 1 38) 2 39) 1 40) 3
41) 3 42) 3 43) 3 44) 3 45) 2
46) 3 47) 3 48) 1 49) 3 50) 3
51) 3 52) 2 53) 1 5 4 ) A-3 5 5 ) A-2

B-2 B-3
C-4 C-4
D-1 D-5
5 6 ) A-1
B-2
C-4
D-3
15. 17 Cl 35 no. of neutrons  A  Z  35  17  18

18. Na 23
11
No. of electrons = No.of protons = Atomic No. = 11

No.of neutrons = A - Z = 23 - 11 = 12
21. Z = 25, A = 55
 No. of e   No.of protons = Z = 25
No. of neutrons = A - Z = 55 - 25 = 30
22. No. of protons = 17
No. of e  = 18 i.e. Cl 1
No. of neutrons = 18
24. i) 17 Cl 37 no. of Neutrons = 37 - 17 = 20
60
ii) 19 K 39 no. of Neutrons = 20

iii) 12 Mg 24 no. of Neutrons = 12
iv) 29 Cu 64 no. of neutrons = 25
25. i) 16 S 32  n  A  Z  16
ii) 11 Na 23  n  A  Z  12
iv) 26 Fe56  n  20
iv) 20 Ca 40  n  20
26. Tritium = 1T 3 it contains
i.e. 1 p,1n
49. Zn 2
A  70
Zn Atomic no. = 30
Zn 2  28.
No.of neutrons = A  Z  70  30  40
50. Protium is H1 1
 No. of neutrons = 1 - 1 = 0
51. No. of electrons = Z = 18
Charge = -1
39
 Z  19 i.e. 10 K
Mass no. = 39
61

1) 1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 5) 1
6) 1 7) 3 8) 3 9) 1 10) 2
11) 3 12) 3 13) 3 14) 3 15) 3
16) 3 17) 1 18) 1 19) 1 20) 3
21) 1 22) 1 23) 2 24) 1 25) 1
26) 4 27) 2 28) 3 29) 3 30) 1
31) 2 32) 2 33) 3 34) 1 35) 1
36) 2 37) 1 38) 1 39) 2 40) 2
41) 2 42) 4 43) 1 4 4 ) 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 4 5 ) 1 ,2 ,3
4 6 ) 1 ,2 ,3 4 7 ) 1 ,2 4 8 ) 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 49) 1 50) 4
51) 2 52) 2 53) 3 54)1 55) 1
56) 1 57) 2 58) 2 59)3 60) 1
61) 3 62) 4 63) 2 64)4 65) 4
66) 1 67) 1 68) 2 69)4 7 0 ) A-3

B-2
C-1
D-4
7 1 ) A-3 7 2 ) A-1 ,5 7 3 ) A-2

B-1 ,4 B-3 B-1
C-2 C-2 C-3
D-1 D-4 D-4
21R 25  9
17. 
100 16 R
21 9

16  4
1 1  1
18. v  R  2  2   109678cm
1  
1 1  1
19. v  R  2  2    R
1   
1 1
  1
 912 A0
R 109678cm
62
20. Lyman series

n1  1 , n2  H  , H  , H 
21. n1  2, n2  3
1 1 1
v  R 2  2 
  n1 n2 
1 1
 R 2  2
2 3 
1 1
 R  
4 9
5 R 1
 cm
36
2.19  106
22. V2 
2
 1.1 106 m / sec
23. EHe  EH  Z 2  Z  2 
 3.41 2 2  13.6eV
24. Atoms give line spectrum
25. Molecules give bond spectrum
26. If electron is in N-sheell it come down to K (or) L (or) M shells
n  n  1
27. No. of spectral lines 
2
5  5  1
  10
2
28. No. of spectral lines in a series = n2  n1  5  1  4
1 1
30. v  R  2  2 
2 3 
5R
v
36
34. The energy difference between 1st and 5th orbit is maximum.
36. n  4 to n  2 falls in visible region.
63

1) 3 2) 1 3) 2 4) 2 5) 2
6) 2 7) 2 8) 2 9) 1 10) 3
11) 3 1 2 ) 1 ,2 1 3 ) 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 14) 2 15) 2
16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 19) 4 20) 2
21) 3 22) 4 2 3 ) A-3 2 4 ) A-4 2 5 ) A-1

B-2 B-1 B-3
C-1 C-2 C-3
D-4 D-3 D-2
2 6 ) A-4
B-5
C-2
D-1
h
10.  
mV
n
11.  
p

1) 3 2) 3 3) 3 4) 4 5) 1
6) 2 7) 3 8) 4 9) 2 10) 1
11) 3 12) 1 13) 3 1 4 ) 1 ,2 ,3 1 5 ) 1 ,2 ,3 ,4
16) 2 17) 3 18) 2 19) 4 20) 2
21) 2 22) 1 23) 1 24) 3 25) 3
26) 3 2 7 ) A-3 2 8 ) A-4 2 9 ) I-C 3 0 ) I-C

B-1 ,5 B-3 II-D II-D
C-4 C-1 III-A III-A
D-2 D-2 IV-B IV-B
3 1 ) I-D
II-A
III-B
IV-C
64
8. YZ plane is a nodel plane for d xy orbital

9. No. of nodal planes = l
No. of nodal regions =  n  1  1
So. for 3p orbital both the value are one.
10. No. of peaks =  n  l 
11. Electron probability function  4 r 2 dr  2

13. For dry optical lobes lies between the axes.

1) 2 2) 4 3) 2 4) 4 5) 1
6) 1 7) 1 8) 1 9) 3 10) 3
11) 1 12) 3 13) 2 14) 1 15) 4
16) 4 17) 4 18) 4 19) 3 20) 3
21) 2 22) 4 23) 4 24) 3 25) 4
26) 1 27) 2 28) 1 2 9 )2 30) 2
31) 4 32) 1 33) 4 3 4 )1 35) 2
3 6 ) 1 ,2 ,3 3 7 ) 1 ,2 38) 3 9 ) 2 ,3 ,4 4 0 ) 1 ,2 ,3
41) 3 42) 3 43) 2 44) 4 4 5 )2
46) 1 47) 3 48) 3 49) 1 5 0 )3
5 1 ) A-3 5 2 ) A-2 ,S 5 3 ) A-4 5 4 ) A-5 5 5 ) A-4

B-4 B-4 ,P B-5 B-1 B-2
C-1 C-1 ,R C-1 C-3 C-1
D-5 D-5 ,T D-3 D-4 D-3
17. 2 K 8L 9M 2N
1s 2 2s 2 2 p6 3s 2 3 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6
l  1 for p - orbital.
19. If l  2 then m  3 not possible
21. m  2l  1
65
22. 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3d 5
in each subenergy level one orbital is with m = 0
23. For a circular orbit n  K
26. C1   Ne 3s 2 2 p 5
n3
l  1 for 3p electrons
27. A113  1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p1
28. If n  l  values are same then low n value orbital has low energy

1) 4 2) 1 3) 3 4) 2 5) 3
6) 3 7) 3 8) 3 9) 2 10) 3
11) 2 12) 3 13) 2 14) 3 1 5 ) 1 ,2 ,3
1 6 ) 2 ,3 ,4 1 7 ) 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 18) 3 19) 2 20) 2
21) 2 22) 2 23) 1 24) 4 25) 4
26) 1 27) 3 28) 3 2 9 ) A-4 3 0 ) A-2

B-3 B-1
C-1 C-4
D-2 ,5 D-3
66

Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Dalton’s atomic theory

Discovery of electron, proton, neutrons

Max. Plank’s Quantum theory.

Atomic number, mass number, number of neutrons.

Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones

Radius of Hydrogen atom

de Broglie’s wave theory

Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle

Pauli’s Exclusion principle

The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the source is called

The characteristics of cathode rays

5. Absolute mass of the electron = 9.111028 grams or 9.1110 31 kg or

Positive rays Cathode rays Positive Red

The characteristics of anode rays

The charge and mass of a proton

Single Answer Type

Multi Answer Type

Reasoning Answer Type

27. Statement - I : Cathode rays are deflected towards positive plate in an

42. The charge to mass ratio of  - particles is approximately.....the charge to

Matrix Matching Type

Ø Rutherford also theorised that electrons revolve round the nucleus at

Rutherford’s explanation of - particle

The number of elect rons, protons and neutrons in some atoms

i) Protium Deuterium Tritium ii) 17 C 35 ,17 C 37 iii) 6 C 12 , 6C 14

 Max Plank’s Quantum Theory:

Ø Radiant energy is not emitted (or) absorbed continuously but

= 6.625 x 1034 joule  sec

Single Answer Type

9. Rutherford’s model is related to explain

23. Nucleons are

Multi Answer Type

1) Contains 17 electrons 2) Contains 18 neutrons

Reasoning Answer Type

Matrix Matching Type

where n1  2 is constant for all the lines in Balmer series.

 Series of Hydrogen Spectrum

Spectral series Value of n1 Value of n2 Spectral region

Bohr Model of the Atom

The electron shells in an atom

5. An electron absorbs energy while jumping from a low-energy level

 Defects of Bohr’s Theory:

Ø It does not provide an explanation why angular momentum of the electron

 Total energy of Electron:

Single Answer Type

Size of th e orb its

Size of th e orb its

Size of th e orb its

43. According to Bohr's theory energy is..................... when an electron moves

Multi Answer Type

Reasoning Answer Type

56. Assertion(A): In an atom, the velocity of electrons in the higher orbits

Matrix Matching Type

72. Column-I Column-II

Bohr’s theory and de Broglie concept:

 HEISEN BERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE:

Single Answer Type