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Chapter 02

This document discusses the basic equations for steady one-dimensional open channel flow: the continuity equation, the energy equation, and the momentum equation. The continuity equation states that the mass flow rate is constant. The energy equation is based on the principle of conservation of energy. The momentum equation applies Newton's second law to fluid flow. These three equations can be used to analyze one-dimensional open channel flow problems by relating unknown variables like flow depth and velocity. An example problem demonstrates using the energy and momentum equations to calculate energy loss over a weir and the force on the weir plate.

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Koushik Dahar
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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52 views

Chapter 02

This document discusses the basic equations for steady one-dimensional open channel flow: the continuity equation, the energy equation, and the momentum equation. The continuity equation states that the mass flow rate is constant. The energy equation is based on the principle of conservation of energy. The momentum equation applies Newton's second law to fluid flow. These three equations can be used to analyze one-dimensional open channel flow problems by relating unknown variables like flow depth and velocity. An example problem demonstrates using the energy and momentum equations to calculate energy loss over a weir and the force on the weir plate.

Uploaded by

Koushik Dahar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter: 2

BASIC EQUATIONS
FOR STEADY ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW

Course Teacher:
Subrata Chowdhury
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 1


INTRODUCTION
 The three basic equations to describe water movement are the Continuity,
the Energy and the Momentum equations based on the principles of
conservation of mass, energy and momentum respectively.
 The flow in an open channel is, in fact, three-dimensional i.e. the flow
properties like the velocity and the pressure vary in the longitudinal, lateral
and vertical directions.
 If the channel is very wide, the flow properties will approximately be
invariant in the lateral direction. Such a flow may be treated as a two-
dimensional flow.
 A majority of open channel flow problems are analyzed by considering that
the-flow is one-dimensional, i.e. live variations of the flow properties only in
the longitudinal direction are taken into consideration. Thus, the flow
parameters are cross-sectional mean values that do not vary within the
cross-section, but vary from section to section.

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 2


CONTINUITY EQUATION
The continuity equation is developed from the general
principle of conservation of mass - “for steady flow there
cannot be any change of storage of mass within the control
volume, i.e. flow must be continuous”.

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 3


If the flow is one-dimensional (Fig.2.1a), then according
to the above principle, the mass flow rate (mass per unit
time) past various flow sections must be the same, i.e.
1Q1   2Q 2   3Q 3  ... ... ... ...
where ,   Mass density of water and
Q  Discharge (volume flow rate)
Since the discharge Q is defined as
Q  AU
Water is practically incompressible 1   2 .
 Q1  Q1 ... ... or , A1U1  A 2 U 2  ... ...
where, A  cross - sectional area
U  mean velocity of Flow.

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 4


Above equation is the usual form of the continuity equation
for steady one-dimensional open channel flow of an
incompressible fluid without transverse inflow or outflow. It
indicates that in steady flow not only δQ/δt = 0, but also
δQ/δx = 0, i.e. the discharge in the channel is constant.

If there is a transverse inflow of water at the rate of q* per


unit length (Fig.2.ib), flow is spatially varied or
discontinuous and the discharge Q2 at section 2 at a
distance L from section 1 where the discharge is Q2 is
given by

Q 2  Q1  q * L

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 5


ENERGY EQUATION
The total energy at an open channel flow section is
expressed as
p U2
H  zb   
 2g
where zb is the height of the channel bed above the
datum and h is the depth of flow.

For a channel of large slope, the above equation becomes


2
U
H  z b  h cos 2   
2g

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 6


According to the principle of conservation of energy, the total energy at
the upstream section 1 must be equal to the total energy at the
downstream section 2 plus the frictional loss of energy hf between the
two sections
H1  H 2  h f
U1 2 U22
or , z b1  h1  1  zb2  h2   2  hf
2g 2g
For a channel of large slope, it becomes
2 2
U U
z b1  h1 cos 2   1 1  z b 2  h 2 cos 2    2 2  h f
2g 2g
Either of these two equations is known as the energy
equation. When (α1= α2=1)and hf = 0, then it becomes,
2 2
U1 U2
zb1  h1   zb 2  h2 
2g 2g
This is the well-known Bernoulli Energy Equation.

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 7


ENERGY EQUATION (cont..)

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 8


MOMENTUM EQUATION

MOMENTUM EQUATION:

The momentum equation is based on Newton's second


law of motion which states that the algebraic sum of all the
external forces acting on a fluid mass in any particular
direction is equal to the time rate of change of momentum
in that direction.

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 9


Let us consider the control volume bounded by sections 1
and 2 (Fig. 2.4). The various forces acting on the control
volume in the longitudinal direction are:
i) the resultant hydrostatic pressure
forces Fp1 and Fp2 at the two end
sections,

ii) the force due to gravity,


W sin , which is the component
of the weight of the fluid in the
longitudinal direction, and

iii) the external frictional force Ff due


to boundary friction acting on the
surface of contact between the
fluid and the channel.

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 10


The momentum of flow passing a channel section per
unit time is equal to βρQU, where β is the momentum
coefficient. Then, applying the Newton's second law of
motion, we can write

-
which is the momentum equation for one-dimensional
steady flow for the flow situation shown in Fig. 2.4.

Note that the terms in the momentum equation have the


units of force, i.e. Newton or kg-m/s2.

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 11


APPLICABILITY OF THE EQUATIONS

For steady one-dimensional open channel flow we have


three basic equations that can be used to compute three
unknown quantities.

1. To compute flow depth h and flow velocity U at a


downstream section in a channel when the flow
conditions at an upstream section are known. The
equation of continuity is invariably used as it is the
simplest of the three equations. Then, the choice of use
of the energy or the momentum equation depends on
the conditions in the channel between the two sections.

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 12


2. The energy equation contains a term hf of internal
energy losses. So this equation can be used only when
this energy loss term hf is small and negligible.

3. The momentum equation contains an external


resistance force Ff. So this equation can be used only
when the external resistance force Ff is small and
negligible.

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 13


Example 2.1
Figure shows a sharp-crested weir in a
rectangular channel. If the discharge per
unit width of the weir is 4 m2/s, estimate
the energy loss due to the weir and force
on the weir plate for the submerged flow
condition as shown.

Solution:
Let the force exerted by the weir plate on water is F. Then, assuming unit
width
q 4
U1    2m / s
h1 2
q 4
U2    2.67 m / s
h 2 1.5
Applying the energy equation between 1 and 2, we obtain
U1 2 U22
h1   h2   hf
2g 2g

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 14


 U1 2 U 2 2 
 hf  h1  h 2     
 2g 2g 

2 2  2.67 2
 2.00  1.50 
2  9.81
 0.50  0.16  0.34 m of water

Applying the momentum equation between sections 1


and 2 and assuming unit width,

1 1
qU2  U1   h1 2  h 2 2  F
2 2
 F
1
 
  h1 2  h 2 2  qU 2  U1 
2
1
 
  1000  9.81  2 2  1.52  1000  4  2.67  2.0 
2
 8583.75  2666.67  5917.08N  5.92kN
The force on the weir plate is equal and opposite to F

CEN 361 CT: Subrata Chowdhury 15

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