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Contents Volume 3, Number 6 November/December 2007 MICA (P) 096/10/2007
15 Synergies within the Godrej Gold Annual Subscription by airmail (6 issues a year)
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From the editor
Review 2007 – Concerns on food safety and quality continues
Throughout the year, attention was on food safety and quality, be it marine fish, freshwater fish/prawn
or marine shrimp. In China, the year started well with the end of the ban on turbot previously found to
be contaminated with malachite green. This affected 25,000 tonnes of the fish. Later a more significant
concern was the alert on specific freshwater fish from China issued by the US Food and Drug Administration
(FDA). This brought doubts on quality of products from China. A positive outcome of this was the realization
in the US that ‘a more effective approach might be to make sure products meet US standards before they
leave their countries of origin’.
This ‘farm to fork’ concept strategy is the way forward but where lies the responsibility? This ‘nipping
the problem in the bud’ surely will help small producers, especially for the more fragmented fish farming
industry in Asia. A recent news report said the US will establish new incentives for importers that follow
strong safety practices and demonstrate a good track record. Vietnam faced with a major setback when
WRITE TO THE EDITOR Russia, a major market for the Pangasius catfish, stopped imports. In September, VASEP, Vietnam
Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers asked the government to define responsibilities. In Vietfish
We want to hear from you. International, they said that enterprises should pay for all costs for assuring hygiene, food safety and
Write your comments on the quality of their products and that state budgets are for inspections only. It was suggested that fees be
industry to the editor. based on testing criteria and not on volumes as at present.
Send by fax to Zuridah Merican In India, Indonesia and Vietnam, as shrimp consignments were rejected by EU markets and Japan, the
pressure increased on all stakeholders. This and the concern on long term sustainability were issues
at +603 2096 2276 or email: addressed at three meetings of stakeholders – Indaqua in February, Indonesian Aquaculture in July and
[email protected] Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2007 in August. It was evident that shrimp farming and the processing industry
are important income generators. A World Bank report on improving Indonesia’s competitiveness, also
Letters may be edited prior to said that the revitalization of this industry is crucial for export growth and poverty reduction purposes.
publication The pressure is on how to meet the global demand on certification and traceability and retain markets.
It added that the road will be bumpy but the cost of inaction is surely greater. Indonesia is not alone here.
During the year, regional players were astonished at production increases and the penetration to some
80 markets of Vietnam’s Pangasius catfish within a short span of time. Industry representatives at Catfish
2007 worry about diseases and environmental damages due to the intensity of culture. The goal of one
million tonnes set for 2010 will most likely be exceeded this year, according to Dr Nguyen Huu Dzung, at
Catfish 2007. In September, producers, buyers and government officials at the Pangasius aquaculture
dialogue initiated by WWF, agreed that the main environmental and social issues related to tra and basa
culture include excess food and waste products polluting the water, habitat destruction and the diversion
of water, and antibiotics and chemicals having unintended consequences for the environment and human
health. These have to be addressed urgently.
Nevertheless, the performance of the Pangasius catfish is being watched as others in the region want
to emulate Vietnam’s success too. Its export revenue increased from USD 19.7 million to USD 736.87
million in ten years. Importers and processors are also seeking alternative supply sources. A report by
Fiskeriforskning, said that the Pangasius is providing tough competition for the white fish from Norway
such as cod, saithe and haddock. It would seem that species does not necessarily have any great influence
on the consumers’ choice when frozen and processed.
If in 2006, feed producers faced escalating prices for fish meal and some raw materials, in 2007 the list
has been extended to wheat flour, soybean etc. Low supply of wheat flour saw prices rising by 80%. The
feed vs. fuel issue increases as more corn is planted for ethanol production at the expense of wheat,
barley and soybean. In Vietnam, prices for tapioca flour also rose. On the other hand, prices of fish have
remained stable. Consequently, farmers have to look towards cheaper feeds. The only good news is that
fish meal prices have stabilized. The challenge remains how to use plant meals more effectively in such
nutrient rich diets as for the shrimp. One possible solution is in extrusion or heat treatment but these
come with extra investment costs.
Overall the shrimp industry had expected a difficult 2007 with a pending review on antidumping duties
(see news page 4). However, towards the end of 2007, it was the strengthening of regional currencies
against the US dollar that showed the threat of an overdependence on the US market. In Thailand, a much
stronger baht (from THB 38 in 2006 to the current 31.5) lowered its competitiveness relative to other
countries. Industry in Thailand said that an added burden is the requirement for certification from specified
organizations such as ACC rather than using the Thai Quality Shrimp certification. Overall, will producers
move more into the EU, Australian and other markets which now offer higher prices? What is clear is that
countries that can mitigate these currency exchange changes are those with abundant labour and those
which can focus on more value added products.
On the positive note, interest in aquaculture business in Asia continues to attract investments from large
global companies. Banks, such as Rabobank are expanding offices into Asia. All these are signs that
despite setbacks, aquaculture in Asia is attractive.
US shrimp antidumping
Annual review benefits India and Brazil
The US Department of Commerce (DOC) has released its final figures on shrimp anti-dumping duties
for the six countries. It has lowered rates for India and Brazil, marginally raising it for Thailand and
leaving the duty at the same levels for China and Vietnam.
In India, it was reported that two companies had duties reduced to 18.83% and 4.38%, one remained unchanged and this helped bring down
India’s countrywide duty to 7.22% from 10.54% under the initial determination. In a report in WSJ on line, G. Mohan Kumar, chairman of Marine
Products Export Development Authority, said the duty falling to less than 5% has put India at an advantageous position.
In the case of Vietnam, two companies will now have zero%, whilst six others will continue with the previous tax rates of 25.76%. In a report
in VietNamNet Bridge, the Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers VASEP, said that new tax rates would be applied for the
companies’ imports to the US from August 2003 to January 31, 2006. The rate for the majority of Brazilian exporters fell to 6.96% from as high
as 48.13% under the preliminary determination and the countrywide rate for Thailand went up marginally to 4.31% from 4.24%.
Rabobank
Seafood from East Asia and Thailand
The continued growth of East Asia’s seafood industry looks set to increase the region’s contribution
past its current level of 60% of global seafood. This was stated in a report on the East Asia Seafood
Industry released by Rabobank International in October.
Goh Chong Theng, General Manager, Singapore Branch said that East underscores the importance of trade to Thailand, the world’s third
Asia accounts for approximately 55% of global seafood production. The largest seafood exporter. Thailand has over 20,000 domestic shrimp
region is also exhibiting the world’s highest growth rate of 5% per farms producing high quality shrimp at competitive prices, making it
annum in both wild catch and aquaculture.The region accounts for 42 a global leader in shrimp exports, said Goh.
million tonnes (or 45%) of global wild catch, 43 million tonnes (or However, sustainability issues are also compounded by concerns
90%) of global aquaculture and 6 million tonnes (or 60%) of the world’s over food safety standards. “Food safety is on the front page and will
freshwater catch. remain there for some time,” said Patrick Vizzone, Regional Head, Asia,
The report has identified Thailand as having a strong competitive Food & Agribusiness, “Seafood is the world’s most traded food commodity
advantage. This is because abundant marine resources, coupled with and one of East Asia’s most important exports, so it is naturally the
supportive Government policy, provide a solid foundation for Thailand’s centre of many of the current food safety debates. With this report and
seafood industry. In 2006, Thailand’s seafood production amounted to our recent conference on seafood sustainability, we feel that Rabobank
nearly 4 million tonnes. Thailand’s Department of Foreign Trade has can provide the leadership to ensure this vital agricultural sector
implemented rigorous export procedures that prepare Thai exporters to remains healthy for years to come.”
meet the increasingly stringent food safety and traceability requirements The report notes that the most important factor relating to growth
of importing countries, thus avoiding many of the problems faced by in this industry is the increasing awareness of food safety by domestic
other countries in the region. Not only is Thailand one of the largest consumers, especially as their disposable incomes increase. “The
seafood producers in the world leading the global trade market in booming of up market retail chains and hyper markets in Asia has led
shrimp and canned tuna, the average Thai consumes 33 kg of seafood to increased scrutiny by consumers to ensure high quality and safe
annually. This is relatively high. However, domestic consumption seafood,” said Mr Vizzone. “Moreover, metropolitan customers are
accounts for only half of the country’s total production volume. This quickly adopting western standards when it comes to food safety.”
Feed
DDGS can reduce cost of freshwater
fish production
Scientist at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) have shown that the ethanol by-product, distiller’s
dried grains soluble (DDGS) can provide protein for fish feeds at a lower cost than the soybean-corn
combinations commonly used.
This is protein-rich by product that is often used to feed livestock. It showed greater resistance to at least one major disease: enteric
is cheaper and more palatable to fish than soybean-corn combinations. septicemia of catfish. The catfish fed diets containing DDGS- were
However, it lacks some essential amino acids, such as lysine. more likely to resist infection. Surviving catfish raised on a diet without
In the ARS Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit at Auburn, Alabama, DDGS had fewer antibodies than those raised on the DDGS feed,
Dr Chhorn Lim and his colleagues are evaluating how diets including particularly fish on the 20%DDGS diet, whose antibodies were
DDGS influence growth performance and disease resistance in catfish significantly higher than those of the control fish.
and tilapia. By feeding fish with diets with 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40% DDGS, This work has potential economic benefits for both ethanol and
they showed that tilapia thrive on feed with up to 20% DDGS. However, aquaculture. Finding markets for DDGS is essential to economical
by adding supplemental lysine to the feed , the amount of DDGS can be ethanol production. Substituting soybean-corn combinations with a
increased to 40%. All feeds had similar levels of energy, protein and fat. cheaper protein source could help reduce the cost of fish feed, thereby
Catfish thrived on feed comprising up to 40% DDGS plus lysine. reducing overall production costs. (Source: USDA Agricultural Research
In addition, they observed that catfish fed diets that included DDGS Service).
04 | November/December 2007 AQUA Culture AsiaPacific Magazine
NEWS
Asian seabass Lates calcarifer
Cage culture in ponds in India
In September, the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), a R&D centre of the Marine Products
Export Development Authority (MPEDA), India announced a breakthrough in its culture.
Brief news
White shrimp hatcheries in the Field guide on animal diseases
NACA and the Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Visayas Forestry (DAFF) have released a field guide, the result of a collaborative
Three accredited white shrimp Penaeus vannamei hatcheries have been activity among a number of fish health experts from various organizations
established in the Visayas, Philippines according to the Daily Star. in the Asia-Pacific region. The aim is to improve the ability to diagnose
These are located in Iloilo, Cebu and Bohol and owned by Malou diseases of significance to aquaculture and fisheries in the region.
Jamandre, Dodo Allegre and Mar Uy, respectively. According to the This will be a good reference for fisheries and aquaculture managers,
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), these hatcheries border protection staff, environmentalists, students of aquatic animal
are allowed to import pathogen-free bloodstocks of vannamei only from health and fisheries management. The regional field guide covers all
Honolulu and Florida in the United States. This move is to revive the diseases listed in the Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) reporting
country’s once robust shrimp industry. system which includes all OIE listed diseases plus diseases of regional
concern. More information at http://library.enaca.org/Health/Field
Guide/index.htm
Indonesian seafood meets US
standards WSSV in Taiwan
After a 10-day inspection of fish ponds and processing units in East According to researchers at the National Taiwan University (NTU),their
Java, North Sumatra and West Nusa Tenggara and examining several work on genetic analysis have given new insights on the White Spot
fishery laboratories in Jakarta, the US FDA team declared that seafood Syndrome Baculovirus Complex (WSSV). Since 1992, the virus has
from the country is safe, reported the Jakarta Post in September. devastated shrimp culture in Taiwan. The team led by Lo Chu-fang is
Authorities in Jakarta also said that the FDA advised on how to improve looking into ways to inoculate shrimp against the virus. In the meantime,
systems for keeping, processing and checking on seafood products to they found that during periods of stress, the level of
enhance quality. Indonesia was also asked to apply traceability to its WSSV increases in the shrimp's body at an astonishing rate.
products. The US is the largest importer of Indonesian seafood with "For instance, we have observed virus levels increasing 100,000-
USD691 million in 2006, followed by Japan and the European Union fold during spawning, which is a stressful event. Our research also
with USD630 million and USD235 million respectively. Exports to the found that previously the virus was an obscure and largely harmless
US increased over the last three years from USD527 million in 2004 one affecting certain species of crab”, said Lo. She attributed this to
and USD591 million in 2005. the stress on shrimp stocks because local shrimp farmers tend to adopt
a very intensive culture approach. This stress could have been the
Interest in Brunei’s blue shrimp cause of the virus spreading as it did not appear until 1992. Lo's
research, which includes the discovery of a way of testing for WSSV,
At the 4th China-Asean Expo in Nanning, China, importers from several
countries including China, Italy and France showed keen interest in has helped some shrimp producers abroad drastically reduce losses
Brunei's blue shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris. In the Brunei Times, Nida A to WSSV from up to 80% to less than 5%.
Santiago, Operations Manager, Dua-O-Dua Sdn Bhd said that after
establishing export transactions with Taiwan for the past few years, the
company hopes to penetrate the Chinese market. The company has 15
Proteins in WSSV
In Singapore, scientists have developed the most detailed list of proteins
ponds totally 30 ha, to produce 2-3 tonnes in each cycle of three months. involved in the White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV) disease. This work
The company wants to introduce the blue shrimp species to the showed how the virus is assembled and how shrimp is infected. They
Chinese market, offering them a bigger shrimp compared to the common found that the virus is assembled by at least 58 proteins, including 13
white shrimp species. This is a niche market. Brunei with warmer that have been reported for the first time. However, how the proteins
temperatures has the opportunity to supply shrimp to the Chinese work together is not known. Their localization in the virus has shed
market during the colder season. However, it was clear that there is a light on some of their functions. This is expected to help determine
need to increase the number of ponds in the sultanate. This is being which ones could be targeted by antiviral drugs. This study led by Dr
initiated by the Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources which wants Choy Leong Hew was reported in the Journal Molecular and Cellular
to capture a percentage of the global shrimp market. Proteins. (Sciencedaily.com).
Opinion article
The reality in producing disease free black
tiger shrimp seed in India By S. Chandrasekar
The issue is the reliance on wild broodstock. Until disease free brood stock is available, there are
steps that the grow-out industry can follow to improve production.
India remains the second largest Table 1. Prevalence of WSSV infection (%) in wild Penaeus monodon
producer of cultured black tiger broodstock on the east coast of India (Average of data sourced from
shrimp Penaeus monodon in the two disease diagnostic laboratories and two hatcheries based on
world with an average annual 25,603 samples in 2006 and 22,339 samples in 2007).
production of about 115,000 2007 2006
tonnes per year. To support grow January 35 28
out production, India produces
February 36 23
about 7-8 billion post larvae per
year. The country has about 283 March 19 20
shrimp hatcheries with 70% located in the state of Andhra Pradesh. April 8 13
Andhra Pradesh produces about 50,000 tonnes of shrimp annually. May 7 12
The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most serious pathogen June 25 8
affecting shrimp production in India. The industry experienced its massive July 17 14
outbreak of WSSV in 1994, although the virus was first detected in August 16 5
December 1992. It continues to cause repeated failures in shrimp September 5 15
farming. Stocking density has been reduced as part of the strategy to October (till 15th) 10 10
combat WSSV. Current stocking density varies between 5 and 7post November N/A 12
larve/m2. The reduction in demand for seeds has brought in fierce December N/A 33
competition among hatcheries. WSSV is also affecting brood stock. As
shrimp hatcheries depend only on the wild broodstock for post larvae
production, they are worst affected by the virus. However, the industry demand for gravids during the peak seasons. Nauplii production centres
is involving major stakeholders to find a solution for the current problems. play a vital role during the early months of the year when such demand
is high. Recently, investigations show higher rates of WSSV infection
during December, January and February (Table 1). It follows that screening
Demand for gravid females of brood stock and gravids before and after spawning is crucial.
Totally dependent on wild broodstock, the hatcheries are now finding
From the table it is clear that the cooler months of December to
it very difficult to operate economically with the increase in cost of
March are best avoided if hatcheries want to increase the chances of
brood stock and the reduction in the price of post larvae (PL). Prices
producing disease-free post larvae at lower prices. This should however
are now 20 paise or INR 200/1000 PL (USD5/1000 PL, September 2007).
be coupled with educating farmers to avoid stocking or lower stocking
During extremely low demand, and over production, prices were reported
density during these periods.
to decrease to as low as 10 paise/PL. The higher cost of broodstock is
due to rejections (of shrimps tested positive) based on PCR (polymerase
chain reaction) screening for selected viruses, particularly WSSV. Other diseases
Most hatcheries in India still depend on gravid females. Generally Farmers still depend on the PCR as the only tool for screening of diseases
the success rate, in terms of getting a gravid as well as the spawning in post larvae in the hatcheries. However, this is not sufficient as
rate (fecundity and nauplii production) through maturation has been intermittent outbreak of WSSV occurs all the time and affects farm
drastically reduced. It is now close to 40%. This has created a huge production. Farm management and water quality play an important
Close to North Vietnam’s touristic Halong Bay, this marine shrimp farm is recognised as the first to
use probiotics to manage water quality as well as farming in a closed environment.
Post larvae are then kept in tanks for five days before stocking into Hien said, “ In fact, how
ponds. Culture stops during the winter months when temperatures drop well the farm does depends
to 12-15°C. During this time, staff at the farm prepares the ponds for on the technical capability
the next season’s crop or take their annual holidays. and dedication of the staff.
Currently, the production of monodon shrimp averages 8 tones/ha/crop. Our 20 technicians are
In 2005, shrimp growth was slow and the harvests of both shrimp species trained at college and degree
averaged 5 tonnes/ha. The farm management attributed this to the pond levels. We have 200 workers,
environment and decided to use probiotics. They chose a combination of each responsible for one ha
bacteria based products produced locally with a product imported from of ponds. Some of them have
Japan. Today, the practice is to add probiotics every 5 days. There has been with us for more than
been a significant improvement in output. 3 years. They are divided into
Biosecurity within and outside the farm is not a major problem. groups to cover 5 ha. Each 12-15g Penaeus monodon
There are only 5 neighboring farms. However, farm security was a group works as a team. As
problem. Frequent thefts at the farm have been resolved with a total the bonus for high production is eventually divided amongst them, the
of 35 security personnel and three dogs. group itself will ensure that all work to improve production”.
On overall targets, Hien said production from 60% of the ponds is
on target. However, the farm is looking forward to producing larger
shrimp. The target for vannamei shrimp is 60-70pcs/kg ie. 14-16g
shrimp while for monodon shrimp, the target is 40pcs/kg (25g) to
increase profit margins.
“Otherwise the cost of production is still too high”, said Hien.
count shrimp is INR190/kg and INR 230/kg for larger shrimp as compared
to INR 316/kg in 2005. Also affecting producers is the strengthening
of the Rupee against the US dollar.
Future growth
Farmed shrimp is an important export oriented industry and its future
growth will be through the expansion of culture areas in the maritime
states. Together with an additional production volume of 167,000 tonnes
by year 2012, it is envisaged that new shrimp feed mills in the vicinity
of culture areas will be required (see map). In the case of scampi, the
target additional production is 68,000 tonnes by 2012 and feed volumes
of 100,000 tonnes will be required.
References
Action Plan for Development of export oriented aquaculture in Maritime
States of India, MPEDA, 2007.
Vasudevan, S.,2002. Aquafeed production for the shrimp-grow out
industry. International Aquafeed, April-June 2002, pp 21-23.
Vasudevan, S.,2006. Aquafeed Industry in India. In WK Ng and CK Ng
(eds), Asian Aquafeeds, Malaysia Fisheries Society, Occasional
Publication No 13, Kuala Lumpur, 2006.pp155-166.
Fishing Chimes (2007). Shrimp output drops 7% in AP-Export markets
norms, disease affect aqua farmers. July, 2007, pp9.
“We are looking at a symbiotic relationship be looking at building a base of delighted farmers and a set of
through the JV whereby all the stakeholders contented dealers. The significance of word of mouth publicity in
stand to gain. The association with Gold Coin agri-related business can never be over-emphasised. We would
will enhance the brand image of our aqua expect our initial set of farmers to bring their friends and neighbours
feed through transfer of technology. Gold to our fold through influential opinion and thus multiply the base
Coin will benefit with the local manufacturing for the succeeding year”.
facility, the distribution network and the Viney Vatal
support of the field force of Godrej. We expect the maximum benefit What about the consolidation of brands?
to flow to the aqua farmer in India, who will benefit from the technical “The success of any JV depends on the level of integration achieved
excellence of Gold Coin and the virtues of customer service and by the partners among themselves. The initial task, as you asked
distribution of the Godrej Group”. rightly, is not to compete with the competitors in the market, but
He added that it will be interesting to see this JV through the to make sure that the new team members who have come from
eyes of the shrimp farmer in India and his expectations. three different companies and three different cultures are able to
“The average Indian farmer expects stable performance from a dream, design and deliver together as a team. To facilitate this,
reasonably priced feed. They expect the best of both the worlds - the we have drawn up teams not on the basis of their former companies
performance levels of a technology leader and the economy prices but on the basis of their geographical presence. Thus, sales and
of a feed manufactured in India. Incidentally, the slogan for our JV technical staff belonging to a particular region will promote the
– "the best of two worlds" – also emphasises this. It is important brands of all the three companies in that region”.
to offer high levels of service, have a dedicated bunch of trained
manpower, and put in place a distribution network with a good reach”. Will fish feeds be next?
“The duty of a responsible feed company, in time of such crises, “We have done a test marketing of extruded fish feed aimed at the
is to provide quality feed that helps the farmer reap good harvests Indian carps. The results have been quite encouraging. We definitely
at a low cost of production. The FCR of our JV feed has been very have plans to enter this segment in a big way. It's too early for me
economical and is among the best in the market”. to comment on the date and the entry strategy”.
“The average Indian farmer also needs constant technical
support. As a feed manufacturer, our strategy is to delight him with
a mix of consistent feed performance and persistent technical
support. Using Gold Coin's global experience and bargaining power
in sourcing the best quality raw material at the lowest possible
prices, we shall be able to offer the highest value for the farmer's
money. On the strategy front, we still need to do some rationalisation
on the number of brands so that there is a stronger attachment
between the brands and the company. Of course, to help the farmers
tide over the inconsistencies in the shrimp prices, we shall keep
a close watch on the FCR our farmers get with our feed”.
On market share….
“We look at market share as a function of the acceptance of the
product in terms of its performance, placing (distribution) and
pricing. For the first few years of our existence, we will not stress
too much on the market share percentage figures per se. We would GGCAL displayed its new feedbags at Indaqua 2007
In world aquaculture, India stands next to China in the production of According to Anand (2006), a combination of rice bran (80%),
carps and other freshwater fish. In 2005, the production of freshwater peanut cake (10%) and cotton seed cake (10%) gave a 20% crude
fish totaled 2.65 million in 2005 in India (Fishstat Plus, 2007) as protein and 2% fat feed costing USD 0.11 to 0.18/kg, depending on
compared to 16.9 million tonnes produced in China. Some 40% of cost of raw material which varies with region and season. This was
production in India, comprise the Indian carp Catla catla (1.08 million calculated as less than INR 8.9/kg at the exchange rate in 2006.
tonnes), 33% of the rohu Labeo rohita (0.9 million tonnes) and 12% Generally the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of farm made feeds range
silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (0.34 million tonnes) . Also from 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1 for the rohu, catfish and snakehead, respectively.
reported in the statistics are the catfish (Siluriformes) with a production FCR is high as the feed in a mash form leaches into the water easily.
of 44,000 tonnes which recently rose to 150,000 tonnes of Pangasius He added that farmers adjust their production methods and feeding
catfish in 2006. In 2007, production is expected to increase to 250,000 schedules to ensure an acceptable level of income.
tonnes (pers comm). It is the generally low ex farm prices and low productivity levels
Carps and catfish are marketed mainly as fresh fish for domestic that has limited the use of commercial feeds. The selling prices of
consumption. Markets are usually close to production areas. However, these feeds are around INR 26/kg. Prices for the rohu, the most popular
fish are transported from Andhra Pradesh, the main production area, carp, range from INR 35 to 40/kg (USD 0.875-1/kg). Recently, ex farm
to markets in West Bengal. There is also a small export market for the prices for the popular rohu has increased to INR 55/kg (USD 1.37/kg)
rohu sold as frozen whole fish for the Indian diaspora in the Middle East. in local markets. It was pointed out the acceptable price for fish feeds
Polyculture of carps is dominant in Andhra Pradesh, Haryana and should be in the INR 14-16 range for a FCR of 1.2-1.5:1 for farmers to
Punjab states. The average production in extensive systems, which is make a profitable return.
the major culture system is 2 tonnes/ha/year in polyculture systems
with carps. The range for medium intensity systems is usually 4 to 7 Pelleted and extruded feeds
tonnes/ha. The output from intensive systems may reach 10-15 In 1997, it was reported that three companies produce fish feeds and
tonnes/ha. It was reported that that farmers in Andhra Pradesh with production with a total production of 5,000 tonnes per year. Recently,
some innovative culture methods revolving around rohu and catla, the this rose to 10,000 tonnes per year, according to Anand (2006). Since
most dominant species, have increased yields to 8 tonnes/ha/year (see 2006, demand for pelleted and extruded feeds became apparent as
next article). Multiple stocking and harvests have increased annual farmers see the deterioration of water quality with the use of farm
yields to 5 tonnes/ha in Punjab. In comparison, intensive culture of made feeds and with the introduction of more intensive production
carps in China produces 17 tonnes/ha/year to 12 tonnes/ha for medium methods. Usage is still small but the industry has predicted an increase
density culture systems (Nandeesha, 2007). of 20% per month (pers comm.).
Credit for this new development in the sector is given to the Soy-
Feeds in-Aquaculture Program of the American Soybean Association-International
The low margin carp production in India uses farm made feeds usually Marketing (SIA/ASA-IM) which proved over the last three years that this
comprising a mixture of defatted rice bran and a plant protein such as feed concept economically works in carp farming (V.Suresh, pers comm.).
peanut cake or cottonseed cake, even in intensive systems (Suresh, 2006). In 2004 and 2005, the ASA IM through the Soy-in-Aquaculture project
Minerals and vitamins are also added. These are placed in perforated carried out several commercial trials feeding carp with soy optimised
bags and hung on poles at specific locations in the ponds. Waste feed fish feed. The formula contained soybean meal at 50% and wheat flour
combined with organic and inorganic manures add to pond productivity. at 26.40% and other components such as corn gluten meal, fish oil and
In this article, the authors discuss feed management practices in semi-intensive polyculture of carps.
The use of by-products of agriculture as inexpensive feed ingredients for farm made feeds is suggested
with options on overcoming anti nutritional factors in some of these ingredients.
Freshwater fish culture in India has emerged as a viable farming
enterprise in recent years. Current production has reached 2.9 million
tonnes which is 5.5 times the production 15 years ago. It is also viewed
as an alternative to declining production from capture fisheries. Today
this is based mainly on freshwater cyprinids consisting of 3 major carp
species and 3 species of exotic carps.
The sector has an enormous scope for further increase in production
through horizontal expansion and higher productivity per unit area with
better technology, investments, credit support, entrepreneurship
development and strategic planning. The potential of existing water
bodies is not yet fully harnessed. If aquaculture production in India is
expected to increase quantitatively using better fish culture techniques,
the major challenge will be how to ensure a long term sustainable
development. From a nutritional perspective, the key factors influencing Culture ponds with aeration
productivity are quality feed supplying essential nutrients and energy
and the right feeding strategy.
and bottom for easy access by the different species in the three zones,
India has a broad variety of agro-based by products from about
viz. surface feeders (catla, silver carp), column feeder (rohu and grass
331 million tonnes of agricultural produce annually. These include
carp) and bottom feeders (mrigal and common carp). Fingerlings are
cereal grains, pulses, oilseeds, legumes, tuber crops, plantation crops
then stocked into grow-out production ponds at a density of 5,000 to
etc. Given the media attention on environmentally friendly production
10,000 fingerlings/ha. The supplementary feed consists of rice bran,
methods, these can provide the required nutritionally rich and inexpensive
ground nut oil cake, roasted soybean meal, a little fish meal and a
feed ingredients. There is also a definite need to increase the utilization
vitamin-mineral premix in the form of spaghetti type pellets spread on
efficiency of such inputs for economic and ecological reasons.
a bamboo basket. These feeding baskets/trays are placed at 3 to 4
locations in the pond and are monitored closely for feed intake. Feed
Aquaculture practices: ideals versus field amounts are adjusted periodically. As a standard practice, feeding is
experiences done once in the morning and once in the afternoon.
The ideal practice This three tier system for nursery, rearing and grow out production
Semi-intensive culture (with 3 major carps viz catla, rohu and mrigal is the recommended practice. Fish production of 3-10 mt/ha/yr may be
along with 3 exotic carp species viz, silver carp, common carp and achieved depending on the levels of inputs such as seed, feed and
grass carp, table 1) begins with larval rearing in nursery ponds. Fish fertilizers. There is ample evidence that the use of simple techniques
larvae from the hatchery are stocked at 10 million pcs/ha and attain such as grinding to reduce feed particle size and compacting (pellets)
a body weight of around 130 mg. At this stage, they readily accept can improve feed efficiency. Adequate aeration in culture pond contributes
formulated feeds immediately after yolk sac absorption. to better production and water quality.
The feed mixture generally consists of rice polish/rice bran, groundnut
oil cake, roasted soybean meal and some fishmeal with occasional use Real situation
of a mixture of fish/vegetable oil and a premix of vitamins and minerals. However, small farmers, who contribute the bulk of production, are not
This reduces the complete dependence on live food during this early larval always able to follow the package of practices generally followed in the
stage. Fry are then transferred to rearing ponds where they are stocked farm described above. They are constrained by availability of sufficient
at 100,000 fry/ha for about 45 days during which they grow to fingerlings number of ponds and financial capacity. Many small farmers procure
of around 15g each. In the fry rearing stage, an almost similar type of fish seed from local vendors and stock their ponds (often without prior
feed as in nursery phase is given, generally by broadcasting in the first acclimatization to the new environment) with fry (25 mm) or fish larvae
month, either in powdered or granular form spread over the pond surface. (10 mm) instead of fingerlings. This is also due to the lack of nursery
During the subsequent period 50% of the required feed is and rearing facilities as well as to the lack of sufficient fingerlings. In
broadcasted and the rest is given in the form of a dough ball placed doing so, they have the tendency to overstock ponds not only in terms
in a bamboo basket/tray suspended from long bamboo poles. These of numbers but also in terms of proportions of species. The small farmers
are sometimes placed within the 3 layers of pond water – upper, middle also neglect to follow pre-stocking and post-stocking pond management
procedures, involving intermittent liming and fertilization.
Table 1. Common polyculture species in a pond. The most neglected practice is in feeds and feeding. A survey
Surface feeders Column feeders Bottom feeders indicated that farmers use nine major ingredients and five feed types.
3 major carps Catla Rohu Mrigal Ingredients are rice bran, groundnut oil cake, cotton seed meal, sunflower
Catla catla Labeo rohita Cirrhinus mrigala meal, soybean meal, mustard oil cake, wheat bran, common salt and
3 exotic carp silver carp common carp grass carp mineral mixture. The feed types are rice bran only; rice bran & cotton
species Hypophthalmichthys Cyprinus carpio Ctenopharyngodon seed meal; rice bran & groundnut oil cake; rice bran & sunflower meal
molitrix idella and rice bran & mustard oil cake.
Approximately two thirds of total phosphorus in oilseed meals or small farmers can choose based on availability, cost etc. Such information
grains is present as phytate, an indigestible form of phosphorus which will be useful not only for R&D purposes but also feed manufacturers.
binds protein, basic amino acids and cations like Zn, Fe, Ca, Mn. The supplementation of fibrolytic or NSP degrading enzymes may
Phytase is an enzyme specific to phytate hydrolysis. This enzyme is allow for an effective use of many feed ingredients. However, a word
absent in the digestive tract of fish and even if it is, the amount is of caution is that random use of exogenous enzymes without consideration
normally too small to digest dietary phytate to any significant extent. for specific substrate target will not yield the desired result. Hence
By applying exogenous phytase to fish feeds (prior to pelletisation) there is a necessity to evolve substrate specific fibrolytic/ NSP enzymes
containing oilseed meal or legumes and their by-product meals, mixture. The additional advantage of fibrolytic enzymes is their ability
discharge of phosphorus into the aquatic environment can be reduced. to improve water quality by reducing waste emission.
Commercial phytase is currently available as a feed supplement for There is a large amount of scientific literature on the merits of
fish and other animal feeds. Phosphorus (P) is one of the most expensive eating fish for human health such as the supply of animal protein with
minerals that is supplemented in fish feeds. With the use of phytase, high biological value, reduction of cardiovascular aliments due to poly
the exogenous supply of P and other minerals such as Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn and highly unsaturated fatty acids and supply of vitamins such as
and Fe may be reduced or possibly unnecessary. Moreover, by virtue of cyanobalamine and important mineral elements like Ca, P, Zn, Iodine.
the chelating process, supplemental phytase may have protein-sparing It is also known that one can tailor aquaculture product quality through
effect in feeds by releasing phytate bound protein. proper application of nutritional principles. Even in a semi-intensive
Plant feedstuffs contain non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) such system it is possible to modify the fatty acid composition of fish through
as cellulose, xylans and mannans that reduce the nutritive value of feed and thus can ensure supply of adequate long chain n-3 PUFAs
feeds. Intestinal enzymes to digest these carbohydrates are not produced for better human health and nutrition.
in most fish species. By supplementing NSP degrading enzymes, fibre
containing plant materials can be effectively utilized in fish. Dietary
use of such enzymes will not only improve nutrient utilisation but also
minimize waste excretion in the water.
To improve digestibility of these ingredients, bioconversion by solid
state fermentation of the plant ingredients with suitable microbial
culture and optimizing the fermentation condition may lead to pre-
digestion. This will enhance nutrient utilization from potential feed
ingredients. While considering the effectiveness of enzyme applications,
one must also take into account the findings that have shown no
significant impact of enzyme application.
Future steps
There is a need for simple regional site-specific databases on the
nutritional quality of plant feedstuffs available year-round. This will
provide nutritional information (chemical composition, nutrient/energy
availability) on a large number of potential ingredients from where the
Dr P. K. Mukhopadhyay is a Principal
Scientist at Central Institute of
Freshwater Aquaculture, at Bhubaneswar
in India. He has a PhD in Biochemistry
from University of Calcutta and was a
postdoctoral fellow at Stirling University
and a visiting scientist at INRA, France
in 2000. His research interest is in
nutritional biochemistry particularly the molecular nutrition
aspects of carps. He has more than 100 research publication
in peer reviewed journals and guided research work of 10 PhD.
students. Gopa Mitra is with the Central Institute of Freshwater
Aquaculture Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751002, India. Email
(P. K. Mukhopadhyay): [email protected]
The emerging domestic market in China wants imported species such as the salmon but also flatfishes
such as turbot, halibut and sole. Seacul Turbot is expanding to meet this demand.
The turbot (Psetta maxima) industry in China is less than a decade old.
Turbot culture was initiated around Qingdao in the Shandong Province
in Northern China and initially juveniles were imported from France.
Within three years, the country became self sufficient in hatchery reared
juveniles. In 2002, there were less than 10 hatcheries. Today, there are
10 large size hatcheries producing 10-20 million and over 100 small
hatcheries producing 15-30 million in China. Prices decreased from 12
RMB/piece for imported to 1-2 RMB/piece for locally produced juveniles.
In the Shandong Province there were more than 1000 indoor farms
producing more than 30,000 tonnes in 2006. Market size is typically
0.6-0.7 kg. This made China number one in turbot farming.
Qingdao-based Seacul Turbot is one of the pioneer companies in
the culture of turbot. It was established in 2000 by Professor Lei Jilin
who succeeded to breed turbot in 1999. Subsequently, he pioneered its
culture in indoor tanks in the Shandong Province. Today, turbot culture
in indoor tanks is also popular in East Liaoning and in the coastal From left; Kevin is the Import/Export Manager of Qingdao Seacul Turbot, Tie Tecklok
areas of Hebei and Tianjin. There are even a few farms south in Fujian is Skretting Sales Manager in East Asia and Ji Wenjuan is a fishfeed expert.
and Zhejiang Provinces.
While there has been a huge increase in production of turbot
according to Kevin Huang of Seacul Turbot, there are still high mortality
rates due to diseases. He attributes this to inbreeding as most farms raise the image of the industry by introducing a ‘Quality Label’ were
grow locally produced juveniles on to broodstock. Malpigmentation is well appreciated.
common, an indication of poor larval nutrition. However, it may be a The market recovered at the end of September 2007. Turbot farmers
positive trait as the market seems to prefer light coloured turbot rather have stopped the use of the banned antibiotics and the price is
the dark (normal) pigmented ones. normalising to 23 RMB/500 grams. Due to the lack of supply, it is
Unfortunately, in November 2006, turbot was detected with nitrofuran expected that the price will continue to increase towards year end.
and chloramphenicol by the Shanghai Food and Drug Administration. Furthermore, Kevin said, “We are seeing a current trend towards several
Although the reported levels of these antibiotics were not threatening other types of flatfish. For some time we have imported juveniles of
to human health, most of the fish markets, shopping malls, and hotels Summer flounder from the Atlantic coast of the US, for breeding and
in China stopped selling turbot following the government warnings. on-growing. Another species is the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus
The turbot industry suffered losses after the sales ban was enforced. hippoglossus from Iceland”.
It was estimated that 50 million fish totalling 25,000 tonnes in Shandong Seacul Turbot has expanded its culture facilities to other provinces.
could not be sold. Hundreds of turbot farms went bankrupt. The lowest Currently, it operates a flatfish hatchery in Ji Mo and a land based farm
price for market size live turbot was at one point 5-6 RMB/500 gram, in Chang Yi in Shandong. More than 500,000 turbot, 300,000 flounder
even cheaper than the carp. Consequently, juvenile production and the and more than one million black seabass (Centropristis striata, a new
fish volume in 2007 decreased by 75%. Food safety has become a hot grouper) fingerlings were produced in 2006. South of Shandong, a farm
issue in 2007 in China. Wholesalers and retail food markets are now in Jiangsu Province produces turbot and Chinese sole (Cynoglossus
requiring food safety standards and guarantees and the market is spp.) during the summer months. A sea cage farm in Fujian is on-
moving towards full traceability schemes. Efforts by Seacul Turbot to growing black seabass and summer flounder in the winter season.
Turbot Seacul has also teamed up with Skretting, a global fish feed At the moment both companies are studying the feasibility for a
company, to market high quality feeds in North China. Skretting feeds joint operation in a turbot demonstration centre in Shandong. The centre
were initially imported from Japan but recently production has shifted aims to share best practice with the industry in the fields of farm
to China. management, environmental responsibility and fish quality programs.
“Producing good turbot feed is not easy as turbot is very sensitive
to protein quality and requires an energy dense feed. We are glad that
a company as Skretting, market leader in turbot feeds in Europe, has
committed itself to produce locally,” Kevin said. Other feed companies Dr. Arjen Roem has more than 20 years
active in the turbot feed market are Salmofood (Chile), Biomar (Denmark), worldwide experience in practical fish
Grobest (Taiwan) and the local Sheng Suo. Turbot grower feed costs nutrition. Currently, he is working as
about 12 RMB/kg. product development manager for the
Tie Tecklok, Skretting sales manager for North-East Asia, said, “We Skretting Asia fish feed activities. Email:
are excited to have Seacul Turbot as our distributor. With their expertise [email protected]
in breeding and farming combined with the right nutrition and food safety
guarantees, we can support the expanding flatfish industry in China.”
“Vietnam has in a few years positioned itself among the top producers
and exporters of shrimp and catfish. Aquafeed production has expanded
very fast despite the recent difficulties encountered in the global feed
ingredient markets for fishmeal, plant proteins, vitamins, etc. Vietnamese
feed millers do not always have easy access to the information and
expertise they need. The program of the workshop is designed to fill in
some needs for information on formulation, feed processing and alternative
ingredients.” said Dr. Peter Coutteau, Manager of INVE Aquafeed Experts
– a multidisciplinary team of aquafeed experts supporting the development
and customer services of its aquaculture’s feedmill sales.
“The idea behind this seminar was to introduce our new product range
of feed mill specialties and kick-start the contacts between our customers
and our distributor for feed mill products in Vietnam (Asian Chemical
Corporation, with offices in HCM and Hanoi) through an event where
international experts inform the Vietnamese feed millers about the global
ingredient situation.” said Rudy Bijnens, commercial manager, Asia. From left Nisarat, Inve Thailand, Andrew Jackson, Sergio Nates and Lukas
Manomaitis
The program at the workshop included a presentation on the industry
in Vietnam, the fish feed and fish oil supply situation and others covering
two areas; vegetable and terrestrial based animal by products as alternatives (2006) for shrimp feeds, 34% from 38% in marine fish feeds, 37%
to fish meal and tailoring feeds to growth and health of the animal. from 40% for eel feeds and 3% from 4% in tilapia feeds, the use of
fish meal in these aqua feeds can be reduced to 3.5 million tonnes. He
added that with increased substitution, fish oil usage can decline to
Vietnam’s aquaculture 800,000 tonnes by 2010. An estimate of global aqua feed production,
In his brief summary on the rapidly expanding industry in Vietnam, Vo according to Tacon et al, (2006) will be 32 million tonnes by 2012.
Hoang Nguyen, Thu Nhan Consulting Co Ltd said that the target for Andrew said that aquaculture has remained a major consumer of
marine shrimp production is 360,000 tonnes by 2010 whereas Pangasius fish meal. Globally, it was 45% in 2002 and 57% in 2006, as there
catfish production will exceed 1,000,000 tonnes in 2007. Areas for the were reductions in the use for livestock production. In 2006, the largest
farming of the catfish have increased 7 times and exports jumped 36 user was China importing 979,144 tonnes in 2006. This was lower than
times from 7,000 tonnes to 286,000 tonnes in 2006. Feeding with farm the volume of 1.5 million tonnes in 2005 but up to April 2007, it had
made feeds continues despite there being 30 feed mills for catfish. already imported 434,442 tonnes. The price of FAQ fish meal reached
Disease such as enteric septicemia and gill fluke infection are being USD 1,500/tonne in 2006 and has declined to USD 800/tonne in 2007.
resolved with antibiotics and other parasitic treatments. The industry Predictions of supply have been difficult with natural occurrences
knows that it has to adopt good aquaculture practices and work towards such as El-Nino. The factors affecting future demand will be price,
a sustainable industry. Stakeholders are now self regulating through growth of aquaculture, global pet food production among others.
‘sustainable farming groups’. Vo concluded that there is a quantitative Demand is also influenced by the consumer’s perception of the
improvement in production, but not qualitatively, which is crucial to sustainability of both fish meal and fish oil and the growing appreciation
maintain export markets. of EPA and DHA in diets. The future will see fish meal and fish oil as
a strategic ingredient, used for specialty feeds such as for starter,
The fish meal and fish oil situation bloodstock, finisher feeds.
Dr Andrew Jackson, Technical Director of the International Fish meal Andrew concluded that so far it has been a win-win situation as
and Fish Oil Organisation (IFFO), said that in 2006, fish oil production the industry gets a higher price for this fixed volume for this product
remained at one million tonnes but fish meal production dipped to 5 with unique value. The farmer has feeds designed to deliver high growth
million tonnes from 6 million tonnes in 2004. Based on FAO projections performance and the consumers are assure that the production process
for aquaculture production and using current inclusion rates, the use is using an ingredient from a well managed and sustainable source.
of fish meal in aqua feeds will reach 4.5 million tonnes and for fish Replacing fish meal
oil, it will be 1 million tonnes by 2012. However, based on the assumption “Fish has the ideal amino acid profile, no anti nutritional factors
that inclusion rates will decline to 16% in 2010 from the current 19% (ANF), residual health benefits and UGF (unknown growth factors).
Bottom line
The supply of fish meal will be sufficient to meet the requirement of aqua
feeds but it was the escalation in prices over the last two years which
demonstrated that the cost implications of using fish meal are too high.
However, replacing fish meal with plant or animal meals requires the
right selection of nutrient sources and supplements to enhance digestibility
and palatability. The selection of which plant meal to use will effect
processing parameters. All these indicate that the economics of replacing
Soybean meal. Picture courtesy of Bridget Owen, ASA-IM Program
fish meal with plant and animal meals requires a holistic approach.
It has been estimated that the global demand for food fish will increase Figure 2. Fish price Euro/kg in 2005.
to 245 million tonnes by 2030 following increases in purchasing power
and fish consumption. At a constant consumption pattern, demand
will still increase but only to 123 million tonnes. Globally, seafood
consumption is increasing with the exception of Japan where the per
capita consumption reduced from 69kg/person to 64kg/person. Countries
with increasingly higher consumption patterns are Spain, Australia
and China. In the US, consumption of seafood increased from 6.7
kg/capita in 2001 to 7.49 kg in 2006. Of this, white fish consumption,
i.e of pollock, tilapia, catfish, cod totaled nearly 2 kg/capita (Figure 1)
Pangasius catfish
This is Europe’s alternative to captured white fish. Vietnam’s success
in aquaculture is reflected in the exponential increase in production
of the Pangasius catfish. Current markets number 80 worldwide. Exports
have been increasing exponentially since 2003 from 33,300 tonnes to
82,900 tonnes in 2004 to 140,700 tonnes in 2005. In 2006, export
volumes rose to 328,100 tonnes with 48% of the export volume going
to markets in Europe, followed by Russia (14%). In the Dutch market,
Global white fish markets the Pangasius fish is taking market share away from the more expensive
Originally, the global white fish market comprised the hake, hoki, Cape hake from South Africa and Namibia. The hake is priced at Euro
Alaskan pollock, cod, haddock and saithe fished from cold waters. At 4 whereas Pangasius prices range from Euro 2.20 to Euro 4.00, according
its peak, supply reached 12.6 million tonnes in 1987 and this declined to IntraFish. (Figure3)
to 6.5 million tonnes 2004 (Josupeit, 2006). During the same period,
Alaskan pollock and cod accounted for 57% and 48% of white fish Figure 3. Export volumes and current prices of Pangasius.
supply, respectively. Current trends indicated that demand is growing
but supply from capture fisheries is declining. The moderately exploited
stocks are now only 23% of total stocks as compared to 40% in 1974.
Some 52% of stocks are fully exploited in 2005 as compared to 50%
in 1974. Fishing is now restricted by governments to revitalize natural
resources. The white fish market remains attractive as prices are
sometimes three times that of chicken. Substitution with farmed species
is increasing to meet demand.
Farmed alternatives
In 2006, 3.98 million tonnes of fish for the white fish market was
farmed cod, barramundi Lates calcarifer or Asian seabass, Nile perch,
Farmed area increased 7 fold but production grew 36 times.
seabass or seabream ,tilapia and pangasius catfish. This rose from
Consequently, exports of fillet increased 40 times to 286,000 tonnes.
2.80 million tonnes in 2004. Of these, the largest volume was the
The average productivity has also increased to 90 tonnes/ha from 31.2
tilapia at 2.6 million tonnes in 2006 and the smallest was cod at
tonnes/ha in 1997. The estimation of production is 1.2 million tonnes
10,000 tonnes. The largest increase in production was with the Pangasius
in 2007. To take into account the non sustainability of farming in cages
catfish which increased from 40,000 tonnes in 1997 to 825,000 tonnes
mainly in the Mekong Delta and more controlled ponds conditions with
in 2006. Prices for captured or farmed white fish depend on species.
pond systems, the trend is now towards intensive pond farming and
Barramundi
This is the next ‘big’ fish as production is increasing in Thailand, Taiwan,
Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia. The volume reported in 2005 was
30,651 tonnes. Interestingly, the value of barramundi produced in Australia
is almost 3 times superior to that produced in other Asian countries.
Today, the markets are mostly domestics but production is going
global with farms expanding in US, Holland and UK. New entrants are
India and Sri Lanka. The future will be in value added products rather
than substituting for traditional white fish (Figure 4 and 5).
Tilapia
This fish is well positioned as the alternative to the cod. It has white
flesh, mild taste, no bones, low fat, minimal off flavour, reasonable
price and year round availability. The large upscale UK supermarket
Bottom line
A reliable supply base of white fish is essential for the fish processing
chain Waitrose is looking at tilapia from Zimbabwe as their choice to
industry to supply consumers with the products they want. As seafood
replace line caught cod, according to John Evans from intrafish
producers turn to alternatives to dwindling white fish from capture
The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of tilapia was 11.2% since
fisheries, farmed fish from the Asia Pacific region are the choice.
1995. It is estimated that global production will total 3 million tonnes
However, consumers demand safe and healthy products, traceability
in 2007 with Asia contributing 78.57% to this production. Of this, China
is important to bring greater confidence along the supply chain. The
will contribute 48% and Philippines and Indonesia, 8-9%. The export
other issue is sustainable production methods. This is no longer a
market in the EU is still in its infancy. The US imported 158,300 tonnes
choice but a prerequisite to market access.
of fresh fillets, frozen and whole frozen fish from China, Taiwan and
Ecuador in 2006. Demand is increasing in the U.S. Imports surged 28.7%
in 2007. For the first half of 2007, imports totaled 88,300 tonnes. China’s
top export markets were the US, Mexico and Russian Federation. Dr Jacques Gabaudan is Manager of the
As Pangasius catfish is to Vietnam, tilapia is to China. Production is DSM Nutritional Products Aquaculture Centre
from family owned ponds and cost of production is low at USD 0.70 to Asia Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. He has been
0.80 USD/kg. Some 80%of production is for the domestic market and with the company for the last 18 years and
exports are mainly frozen whole and fillet. There is a lack of vertical has a PhD in fish nutrition. Address: 3199
integration and the use of carbon monoxide is an issue. The emphasis on Rama IV Rd., Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
quality assurance programs is now in place. Similar to Pangasius prices Email: [email protected]
in the US which declined from USD 3.4 in March 2007 to USD 2.8/kg in
In intensive farming of shrimp, the growth of naturally occurring microorganisms may be too slow to
be effective in maintaining healthy pond conditions. A number of powerful microbial tools are now
available to the shrimp farmer that can provide a proven, natural, organic means to solve specific
problems and insure optimal growth of shrimp. How these work is explained in this article.
Microorganisms have always played an integral role in all environmental A group of seven diverse and highly effective Bacillus strains such
cycles such as in the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus cycles. as in PondPlus® (Novozymes,USA) has been shown to grow efficiently
They are also naturally present in the pond environment and are vital under a wide range of salinity and temperature conditions and which
in maintaining a healthy pond ecology. However, in the current scenario produce a spectrum of complex enzymes. The result is a much better
of intensive farming increased organic loads in the pond, the naturally balance between the heterotrophs and the phytoplankton. It prevents
occurring microorganisms are often slow to reach an effective population a nitrate-driven bloom and crash cycle as well as bottom sludge build-
density or may be out-competed by pathogens. Now, their activity can up. A more steady elevated oxygen level is achieved. Over the course
be augmented by the use of carefully selected, highly concentrated of the grow-out, the pond bottom remains cleaner, a healthy balanced
microbes with specialized activity. green color is maintained. The shrimp in such a pond are much more
Recent advances have identified such novel strains with strong feed-efficient and often the growing period can be extended to greatly
confirmation of field activity. Practical and beneficial applications are improve shrimp size, yield and value.
being realized from diverse types of microbes, including the more
common heterotrophs (Bacillus), the less common types such as
chemolithotrophs (nitrifiers) and anaerobic H2S oxidizers (Paracoccus).
Some bacterial strains have been demonstrated to be effective in
establishing shrimp gut microflora, especially when provided in the
early larval stages.
This appears to result in the competitive exclusion of detrimental
pathogens such as Vibrio and Aeoromonas. More importantly, a more
complete understanding of the mechanism for strain activity has
allowed for much greater accuracy and predictability. Unbalanced pond with high amount Balanced pond with PondPlus®
of native heterotrophs strains
With high levels of heterotrophs, water can become too cloudy and
brown-colored. As a result, light penetration may be very limited,
impacting light-dependent phytoplankton and causing a reduction in
their phototrophic oxygen evolution. This brings about a dramatic
decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the pond. In addition, the larger
population of phytoplankton can begin to die, resulting in a build up
of bottom sludge.
Newer Bacillus products, however, have been developed which
without added sugar are able to grow at a much more controlled rate.
These strains use an array of rare enzymes to slowly but effectively
break down the more complex carbohydrates and proteins and by using Nitrifier bacterial consortium in PondProtect. The red tagged cells are NH3-
some of the excess nitrate in the water. oxidizers, green tagged cells are NO2-oxidizers.
The tilapia continues to show tremendous growth in output. Global to 56,000 tonnes) and South East Asian countries (from 340,000 tonnes
production totaled 2,348,656 tonnes in 2006. Half of this is traded to 500,000 tonnes). Egypt reported an impressive growth in the nineties
internationally. China remains the largest producer with 1.11 million from 25,000 tonnes to 300,000 tonnes. Although production has stabilized
tonnes in 2006, followed by Egypt with 217,019 tonnes in 2005. Dubbed to 200,000 tonnes in 2005, it is still the number two producer.
the ‘aquatic chicken’, the culture of tilapia began in rural communities
as an affordable fish protein source. In 2000, the tilapia became an ..but more scrutiny on production and food safety
aquaculture trade commodity. International trade in tilapia is now a The dramatic increase in production has lead to tilapia being increasingly
USD 2.5 billion business which will expand to USD 5 billion by year 2010. popular in major markets. In US seafood consumption tables, it moved
Trade flows are between producers in Asia and Latin American to from number 10 in 2001 to number 5 in 2006, overtaking the catfish,
markets in the US and EU, Taiwan markets sashimi grade tilapia to said Dan Fegan, Regional Technical Director, Cargill Animal Nutrition
Japan and the US and Africa to EU markets. Investments in tilapia in his discussion on current issues in the global tilapia market. This
production are flourishing with new ventures in Europe, Central America, increase in visibility has led to a greater degree of scrutiny on its
Africa and of course Asia. As markets expand, the industry is being production methods and on the quality of tilapia traded internationally.
scrutinized on production methods, food safety, quality of products, Although the tilapia is not directly implicated in some several high
animal welfare and biodiversity. The increasing commercialization of profile cases such as the detection of antibiotics residues in farmed
the industry will require more concerted efforts on responsible fish from China, it is likely there will continue to be a high rate of scrutiny
management practices. on tilapia imports. The demands are on traceability and accountability
These are some of the developments raised during the Tilapia 2007, in the food chain i.e. food safety, production and processing practices,
held from August 23-25, in Kuala Lumpur. It was organized by INFOFISH, animal welfare and biodiversity. With the current two tier production
NACA, Malaysian Ministry of Agriculture and Agro based Industries and methods of small scale producers and large scale integrated operations,
World Fish Centre. This second International Technical and Trade these pose particular challenges to the former but favours larger,
Conference was attended by 340 industry leaders, policy makers, vertically integrated operations (including contract farming).
importers and exporters from 34 countries.
Conference Coordinator Tarlochan Singh of INFOFISH said, “At this
meeting, participants took the opportunity to network and discuss
industry situation, production, markets and technological developments.
Similar to the first Tilapia 2001 conference, this was a very successful
comprehensive business oriented meeting for all involved in the
production and trade of the tilapia. The fruitful discussions reflected
how such meetings can help producers make decisions in planning
production and in marketing tilapia”.
Biomin
New CEO for Asia Pacific
At the recently held Biomin Asia Nutrition Forum held in Siem Reap Cambodia, Mr. Erich Erber, founder
of Biomin announced the promotion of David Saunders to the position of CEO-Biomin Asia Pacific.
Previously, David Saunders was the Regional Sales for our customers. Coupled with our product line of probiotics and
& Marketing Director, Asia Pacific, a position he mycotoxins, we will provide key solutions for the aqua industry.”
held since joining Biomin in October 2006. Mr. “With regards to mycotoxins, from our annual survey on mycotoxin
Erber, previously the CEO of Biomin Asia Pacific contamination, we realize that there has not been enough emphasis
will focus on the Erber Group's on long term on mycotoxins in aqua feeds. Traditionally the industry has focused on
strategies. aflatoxins where the solution is a simple mycotoxin binder. In fact, DON
In Singapore, David talked on the role of Biomin and ZON may be more of a threat. Hence, we will supply deactivation
David Saunders in aquaculture in Asia, “The next 40 years will see tools which are unique to Biomin.”
a massive growth in the aqua industry. We want “For the environment, our challenge is to provide alternatives to
to have an active role in its development. Thus, Biomin is committing sub therapeutic levels of antibiotics by applying our probiotic and
significant technical and research resources to this industry segment immune-modulation technology to the shrimp and fish industry. Similarly,
today. Based on feedback from the aqua industry here in Asia, the industry these same products can unlock nutrient utilization deficiencies and
still needs to refine many production parameters in specific species reduce waste outputs.”
segments as compared to the well developed salmon industry in other Biomin is well placed in Asia to grow with the expanding aquaculture
parts of the world. With Biomin’s R&D efforts, we want to play a role in industry. operating from nine Biomin offices and three manufacturing sites.
that development here in Asia.” Over the immediate future Biomin will primarily focus resources on well
Biomin’s strength is its position in the swine and livestock industries established aquaculture markets including Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand.
and this will be brought to the aquaculture industry. One of the core “The strategy is to place key personnel in these markets. Although,
competences is the R&D and affiliations with more than 80 different we have legal entities in many countries, we still value working with
research institutions throughout the world. Biomin dedicates 5% of its partners dedicated to the industry”, said David.
annual sales to R&D. Biomin is one of 3 divisions with 40 legal entities within the ‘Erber
“Biomin’s R&D focus in the aqua industry is in three areas- mycotoxin AG’ group. The group operates in more than 100 countries. The products
management, health & nutrition and the environment. In Thailand, we that the research teams develop are manufactured within the company’s
have set up an Aquaculture Centre for Applied Nutrition (ACAN). Here own production units in Austria, Hungary, Vietnam, Singapore, Mexico
we will carry out trials to generate data in search for specific solutions and Brazil, all of which are HACCP and ISO approved.
RECRUITMENT
We are one of the worldwide leaders in designing and selling process machinery,
process lines and turnkey projects for animal feed, aquafeed, petfood
production and cereals storage facilities
As part of our expansion in Asia through our sister company STOLZ ASIA PTE. LTD., we are looking for
OceanSpar/ Nichimo
A new partnership for Japan market
OceanSpar has announced that Nichimo Co Ltd will represent its products and services in Japan. It
will promote the company’s line of SeaStation and AquaSpar fish pens, along with support equipment
for sustainable offshore aquaculture. Nichimo works closely with the leading aquaculture producers
in Japan and will also help OceanSpar provide local services.
OceanSpar is the leading provider of submersible offshore fish pens offshore aquaculture in Japan,” said Todd Madsen, President & CEO
with 50 installations worldwide. Nichimo is a listed company in Tokyo of OceanSpar, “We’re excited to deepen our partnership with them and
with 97 years of company history. It is a leading supplier of equipment begin developing this important market.”
to the commercial fishing and aquaculture industries. It is also a “This partnership allows Nichimo to offer a full range of aquaculture
leading supplier of surimi, fresh and frozen fish products and value- fish pens and equipment,” said Tomomi Ishii, Managing Director of
added seafood products. Nichimo, “We are looking forward to working with the OceanSpar team
“We have a long and successful working relationship with Nichimo as the Japanese market develops over the next few years.”
and believe they are well-positioned to lead the expected growth in More information: www.OceanSpar.com; www.nichimo.co.jp
Alltech
Supporting AQS
The company has announced that David Byrne, former European Commissioner for Health and
Consumer Protection has joined its board as a non-executive director.
This appointment of Byrne strengthens this commitment to global traceability and quality in the feed industry.
Byrne was instrumental in the establishment of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and European Centre for
Disease Control (ECDC). Dr. Pearse Lyons, Alltech president said that, “Alltech has been, and always will be
committed to feed safety, quality and traceability.”
Alltech has embraced efforts to standardise systems of quality assurance by taking advantage of these
legislative developments worldwide and developing its own code of practice. Prior to establishing its own Alltech
Quality System (AQS), Alltech benchmarked all the global, legislative, quality and safety requirements being
implemented. AQS ensures that all products are produced to the highest standards to ensure consistency and David Byrne
can therefore, be used in the feed industry with complete assurance.
More information: www.alltech.com
The accumulation of sludge in pond bottoms is a results of a large field trial in Belize confirm the
limiting factor in the production of shrimp and fish benefits. During the first production cycle of Penaeus
in traditional ponds with soil bottoms. It also is a vannamei in semi-intensive (25/m2) and intensive
serious problem in lined ponds as well. The traditional (60/m2) ponds in 2007, Royal Mayan Sea Farms Ltd.,
approach is the addition of bacteria to ponds where Belize has reported some substantial positive benefits
the bacteria germinate (hatch) and grow. The in the use of the product.
drawback is that the numbers of bacteria required Growth improved from the average of around 0.8
to effect significant change has been determined grams/week during the warmer cycle of the year to
by some researchers to be very high and this is usually not economically an average growth rate 0.94 grams in treated ponds. This allows for
viable. The second is that these products are added to the water column shorter production cycles. Furthermore, when bacterial disease outbreaks
when the pond bottom is where they need to be active. are apparent, adding the tablets stops the problem in its tracks. The
“Unlike traditional products each client can tailor the use of our farm managers have reported that there is less accumulated organic
product to optimize it for their particular culture conditions. The tablets material in the ponds at harvest. In general, they are seeing higher
drop to the bottom of the pond where they dissolve delivering the levels of green algae in an environment where there have always been
bacteria in the product directly to the sludge. Each tablet contains problems with blue green algae. Feed conversions have improved
approximately 50 billion colony forming units (CFU) and weighs 13 substantially from prior cycles. While many factors can account for this,
grams. In the immediate area where the tablets are added a very large the changes in the pond environment can readily play a role in this.
number of sludge digesting bacteria are available to actively digest “Overall this farm is reporting a substantial positive benefit on
the sludge in-situ”, said Dr Stephen Newman, President. their bottom line from the use of these tablets. The cost benefit when
Trials in aquaria have confirmed that the bacteria in the tablets everything is taken into account is greater than a USD10 savings for
(which are identical to the bacteria in the granular product (AquaPro- every USD1 that they spent on the product’, said Stephen.
B) rapidly degrade organic material resulting in improvement in water (More information: Web: www.aqua-in-tech.com Email:
quality with concomitant drops in the level of algae in the aquaria. The [email protected] )
Victam Asia 2008 and Feed Ingredients & Additives Asia Pacific 2008 will open at the Queen Sirikit National Convention Center, Bangkok,
Thailand from 5-7 March 2008. The exhibitions are FREE for trade visitors. For further information on the exhibitions, the conference
program, free visitor registration, etc visit www.victam.com
Conferences
There will be the following specialist conferences; aquafeed, animal feed ingredients, petfood and the Thai Feed Conference.
FIAAP Conference – March 5, 2008 Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2008 – March 6, 2008
This new event will provide insights into feed ingredient availability This conference will deliver an expert level of technical information
and price projections and explore new solutions for formulating to meet the needs of the commercial aquafeed industry, particularly
animal feeds. It will be a key occasion for feed formulators, ingredient within the Asia Pacific region. The meeting will provide invaluable
buyers, processors, suppliers, distributors and everyone whose insights for service, ingredient and equipment suppliers, researchers,
business involves animal, pet or aquatic feed production in the veterinarians and others whose business depends on understanding
vibrant Asia Pacific market. the needs of aquaculture and the possibilities offered by advances
Organised by Aquafeed.com conferences in association with in aquafeed technology and formulation. It will also be an opportunity
Linx Publishing LLC, publishers of Feed Technology Update and for networking and discussion within industry.
FeedLink.com, FIAAP is supported by the Thai Department of Livestock Delegates to FIAAP can now combine their registration with
Development; Thai Department of Fisheries, Thai Feed Mill Association, Aquafeed Horizons Asia ’08. Save by registering for both Aquafeed
Thai Tapioca Trade Association, Thai Chamber of Commerce and Horizons Asia and Feed Ingredients & Additives Asia (FIAAP) with
Thai Ministry of Agriculture & Co-operatives. one combined registration. For full details: www.feedconferences.com;
Email: [email protected]
Program
• Raw material supply and demand – are they in balance? - Dr. Provisional Program
Robert Swick, ASA-IM, Singapore Chair: Dr. Dean Akiyama, Senior VP Charoen Pokphand Indonesia,
• Amino acid content in fishmeal shows high variation - Dr. Torben Aquafeed Technology, Indonesia and Dr. Warren Dominy, Director,
Madsen, Degussa, Singapore Aquatic Feed & Nutrition Department, Oceanic Institute, Hawaii
• A comparison of digestible protein and amino acids content and • Aquafeed and aquaculture production and policies in Thailand
value of terrestrial animal protein meals for aquafeeds - Dr. Yu - Dr Juadee Pongmaneerat, Dept. of Fisheries, Thailand
Yu, National Renderers Association, Hong Kong • Pheromone-based feeding attractants for sustainable aquaculture
• Mycotoxins in animal nutrition – problems and solutions - Dr. - Dr. Andrew Moore, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and
Mathieu Cortyl, Impextraco, Singapore Aquaculture Science, U.K.
• Bacterial contamination of feed and Feed ingredients: - Dr. Adam • Promoting animal health through feed - Dr. Peter Coutteau, Inve, Belgium
Smith, Anitox, U.K. • Krill as a feed source for aquaculture - Dimitri Sclabos, Sclabos
• A healthy gut for optimal performance through target release Consulting, Chile
concepts in animal diets - Dr. Koen Schwarzer, Nutri-Ad • Beyond pre-conditioning – reducing carbon footprint and
International, Belgium increasing quality - Colin Mair, Cormal Technology Ltd., U.K
• Efficacy of phytogenics in commercial layers - Dr. Robert Nichol, • Ingredient trends and effects on extrusion process - Galen Rokey,
Biomin, Singapore Wenger Manufacturing, Inc., USA
• Turning bad news into good news-feeding opportunities for the • Technical advances in extruded shrimp feeds - Joe Kearns, Wenger
Asia Pacific animal industry to maximize profitability - Dr. Andeas Manufacturing, Inc., USA
Kocher, Alltech Biotechnology, Australia • Starter diet production technology - Will Henry, Extru-Tech, Inc., USA
• Natural Ingredients – product opportunities and process issues • Improving palatability in shrimp feeds - Dr. Vincent Fournier,
- Colin Mair, Cormal Technology, U.K. Aquativ, France
2007
November 20-23 March 5-7 June 12-14
8th Asian Fisheries Forum Victam Asia 2008/ Vietfish Fisheries International Exhibition
Kochi, India Feed Ingredients & Additives Asia Pacific Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Tel:+91 484 2394798 Bangkok, Thailand Email:[email protected]
Email: [email protected] Email : [email protected] Web: www.vietfish.com.vn
Web: www.8aff2007.org/ Web: http://www.victam.com/asia.php
June 22-26
November 27-30 March 6 DAA VII-7th Symposium on Diseases in
Iran 5th International Fisheries and Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2008 Asian Aquaculture
Aquaculture Exhibition Bangkok, Thailand Taipei, Taiwan
Kish Island, Iran Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected] Web: www.aquafeed.info Web:
Web: www.iranseafoodexpo.ir/ http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~daaseven/i
28-29 March ndex1.htm
January 27-February 1 Giant Malaysian Prawn 2008
18th Practical Short Course on Feeds and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia July 25-27
Pet Food Extrusion Email: [email protected] The Seventh International Conference on
Texas A&M, USA Web: www.vet.upm.edu.my/~mfs Recirculating Aquaculture
Email: [email protected] Roanoke, VA, USA
Web: www.tamu.edu/extrusion May 19-23 Email: [email protected]
World Aquaculture 2008 Web: www.cpe.vt.edu/aquaculture/r-aqua/
February 8-10 Busan, Korea
India International Seafood Show 2008 Email: [email protected] 3-6 August
Kochi Web: www.was.org (IBC) Australasian Aquaculture 2008
Email:[email protected] Brisbane, Australia
Web: www.mpeda.com June 1-5 Email: [email protected]
2008
XIII International Symposium on Fish Web: www.australian-aquacultureportal.com
February 9 – 12 Nutrition and Feeding (ISFNF)
Aquaculture America Florianópolis , Brazil
Lake Buena Vista, Florida Web: www.isfnf2008.com.br
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.was.org
List your events in AQUA Culture AsiaPacific Magazine for FREE. Fax details to: +603 2096 2276 or email to the Editor at [email protected]
This 2-day International seminar will be held in This biennial show is organized by the Marine
Malaysia, where the successful closing of the Products Export Development Authority-MPEDA
larval cycle of the Giant Malaysian Prawn, (Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of
Macrobrachium rosenbergii was done some 50 India) in association with Seafood Exporters
years ago. Commercial farming then followed. Association of India (SEAI). It will be held at Le
Today, the prawn is one of the most popular Meridien, Kochi
crustaceans farmed in freshwater environments.
This is one of the largest seafood fairs in Asia. It is a biennial show
With the increasing importance of Giant Malaysian Prawn today, the and a common forum for meeting under one roof of seafood processors,
Malaysian Fisheries Society, is hosting this seminar with the view of exporters, importers, aquaculturists, processing machinery
providing a forum for the exchange of information and ideas on the manufacturers and allied industries. The first show was held in 1973
various aspects of farming the Giant Malaysian Prawn. It will bring at Mumbai and the previous 15 shows were held in cities like Kochi,
together scientists and professionals to deliberate on the issues Chennai, Bangalore, Delhi, Visakhapatanam, Goa and Kolkata which
focusing on the commercial farming of the Giant Malaysian Prawn. had attracted a large number of seafood trading people and enabled
The program will include papers on genetics, breeding, culture, them to find out suitable means for strengthening the seafood trade
nutrition, economics and marketing. for mutual benefits. Some 87 exhibitors (both national and
More information: email: [email protected]; Web: international) participated in the last IISS -06 held at Kolkata.
http://www.vet.upm.edu.my/~mfs More information: Email:[email protected]; Web:
www.mpeda.com
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