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    Magnetism: A Strangely Attractive Topic

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    Magnetism is caused by the alignment of electron spins in atoms. All magnets have north and south poles and create magnetic fields. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. Only magnetic materials are attracted to magnets through magnetic fields that act at a distance. Electric currents can induce magnetism and changing magnetic fields can induce electric currents, as discovered by Hans Oersted and Michael Faraday. Their findings led to applications like electric motors, generators, and transformers.

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    Magnetism: A Strangely Attractive Topic

    Uploaded by

    Yo
    36 views28 pages
    Magnetism is caused by the alignment of electron spins in atoms. All magnets have north and south poles and create magnetic fields. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. Only magnetic materials are attracted to magnets through magnetic fields that act at a distance. Electric currents can induce magnetism and changing magnetic fields can induce electric currents, as discovered by Hans Oersted and Michael Faraday. Their findings led to applications like electric motors, generators, and transformers.

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    Magnetism is caused by the alignment of electron spins in atoms. All magnets have north and south poles and create magnetic fields. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. Only magnetic materials are attracted to magnets through magnetic fields that act at a distance. Electric currents can induce magnetism and changing magnetic fields can induce electric currents, as discovered by Hans Oersted and Michael Faraday. Their findings led to applications like electric motors, generators, and transformers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views28 pages

    Magnetism: A Strangely Attractive Topic

    Uploaded by

    Yo
    Magnetism is caused by the alignment of electron spins in atoms. All magnets have north and south poles and create magnetic fields. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. Only magnetic materials are attracted to magnets through magnetic fields that act at a distance. Electric currents can induce magnetism and changing magnetic fields can induce electric currents, as discovered by Hans Oersted and Michael Faraday. Their findings led to applications like electric motors, generators, and transformers.

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    of 28

    MAGNETISM

    A Strangely Attractive Topic


    HISTORY
     Term comes from the ancient Greek city of
    Magnesia, at which many natural magnets
    were found.
     We now refer to these natural magnets as
    lodestones (lode means to lead or to attract)
    which contain magnetite, a natural magnetic
    material Fe3O4.
    HISTORY
     Plinythe Elder (23-79 AD Roman) wrote of a hill
    near the river Indus that was made entirely of a
    stone that attracted iron.
    HISTORY
     Chinese as early as 121 AD knew that an iron rod
    which had been brought near one of these
    natural magnets would acquire and retain the
    magnetic property, and that such a rod when
    suspended from a string would align itself in a
    north-south direction.
     Use of magnets to aid in navigation can be
    traced back to at least the eleventh century.
    HISTORY

    Basically, we knew the phenomenon existed

    and we learned useful applications for it.

    We did not understand it.

    Not until its connection to electrical charges and


    currents was discovered.
    What is magnetism?
     Magnetism is the force of
    attraction or repulsion of
    a magnetic material due
    to the arrangement of its
    atoms, particularly its
    electrons.
    What causes magnetism?
     Atoms themselves have magnetic properties
    due to the spin of the atom‟s electrons.
     Groups of atoms join so that their magnetic fields
    are all going in the same direction.
     These areas of atoms are called “domains”.
    What causes magnetism?
     When an unmagnetized substance is placed in a
    magnetic field, the substance can become
    magnetized.
     This happens when the spinning electrons line up
    in the same direction.
    What causes magnetism?
     An unmagnetized substance looks like this…

     While a magnetized substance looks like this…


    How to “break” a magnet?
     Drop it.

     Heat it.

     This
    causes the domains to
    become random again!
    A big natural magnet..
     It exerts magnetic Magnetic South Pole Geographic North Pole

    forces and is
    surrounded by a
    magnetic field that
    is strongest near the
    North and South
    magnetic poles.

    Magnetic North Pole


    Geographic South Pole
    PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS
     There are north poles and south poles.
     Magnets set up a magnetic field around it.
     Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
     Magnetic forces attract only magnetic materials.
     Magnetic forces act at a distance.
    1. North and South Poles
     Every magnet has at least one north pole and
    one south pole.
     If you take a bar magnet and break it into two
    pieces, each piece will again have a north pole
    and a south pole.

     No matter how small the pieces of the magnet


    become, each piece will have a north pole and
    a south pole.
    1. North and South Poles, cont.
     Ithas not been shown to be possible to end up
    with a single North pole or a single South
    pole, which is a monopole ("mono" means one
    or single, thus one pole).
    2. Magnetic Fields
     Michael Faraday realized that a magnet has a
    „magnetic field‟ distributed throughout the
    surrounding space.

     This
    field exerts a force on any charge/magnetic
    material on it.
    2. Magnetic Fields, cont.
     Fieldlines converge where the magnetic force is
    strong, and spread out where it is weak. In a
    compact bar magnet or dipole, field lines
    spread out from one pole and converge
    towards the other.
    3. Like poles, unlike poles
     LAW of MAGNETISM: Like poles repel, unlike poles
    attract.
    4. Attract only magnetic materials
     Magnets only attract certain types of metals, other
    materials such as glass, plastic and wood aren't
    attracted.

     Metals such as iron, nickel and cobalt are attracted


    to magnets.

     Most metals however are not attracted to


    magnets, these include
    copper, silver, gold, magnesium, platinum, aluminium
    and more. They may however magnetize a small
    amount while placed in a magnetic field.

     Magnetism can attract magnetic objects or push


    them away.
    5. Action at a Distance
     Although two magnets
    may not be
    touching, they still
    interact through their
    magnetic fields.
     Thisexplains the
    „action at a
    distance‟, say of a
    compass.
    Electricity to Magnetism
    Hans Oersted
     first observed that a current in a wire affects a
    nearby compass needle
     Implication: an electric current creates a
    magnetic field
    Electromagnets
    - Magnets created using a current

    Magnetic strength increases with:


     more current in the wire
     more coils of wire
     bigger ferromagnetic core
    Uses of Electromagnetism
    1. Electric motors
     Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
     Anytime electricity is converted into a motion its
    through an electric motor
    Uses of Electromagnetism
    2. Current meters
     Galvanometer – used to measure small currents
     Ammeter – used to measure currents
     Voltmeter – used to measure voltage
    Magnetism to Electricity
    Michael Faraday
     if an electric current can create a magnetic
    field, then maybe a magnetic field can create a
    electric current
     this led to his Law of Electromagnetic Induction
    Law of Electromagnetic Induction
     Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of
    wire will cause a voltage to be induced in the
    coil, called the induced voltage.
     If the conductor circuit is closed, the current will
    also circulate through the circuit and this current
    is called induced current.

    How to increase induced voltage/current


     Increase number of coils
     Increase magnetic field
     Increase speed of relative motion between coil
    and magnetic field
    Uses of Electromagnetic Induction
    1. Generator
     Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
     Used in most power plants to create electricity
     In coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear or geothermal
    power plants, the heat is used to boil water into
    steam which is then used to rotate the turbines
     In wind, hydroelectric (dam/falls) and tidal power
    plants, the turbines are rotated by the wind/water
     The only sources of electricity that does not use
    generators are solar, chemical
    (batteries), piezoelectric (crystals) and
    thermoelectric (heat)
    Uses of Electromagnetic Induction
    2. Transformer
     Used to increase or decrease
    voltage/current
     Step-up or Step-down
     High voltage electricity is
    used in long distance
    transmission
     Low voltage is used in homes

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