Scribd
Upload
252 views

Bernoulli'S Theorem Demonstration: Experiment No. 04

This lab report summarizes an experiment to demonstrate Bernoulli's theorem using a tapered duct apparatus. Key findings include: 1) Bernoulli's equation was found to be accurate for convergent flow but not for divergent flow, where turbulence causes deviations from constant total head. 2) The assumptions made in deriving Bernoulli's equation are that flow is inviscid, incompressible, and ignores gravity and thermal effects. 3) Total heads obtained via pressure measurements and from calculated energy levels were approximately equal despite some discrepancies, supporting the validity of Bernoulli's equation for this setup.

Uploaded by

ChristopherHilado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
252 views

Bernoulli'S Theorem Demonstration: Experiment No. 04

This lab report summarizes an experiment to demonstrate Bernoulli's theorem using a tapered duct apparatus. Key findings include: 1) Bernoulli's equation was found to be accurate for convergent flow but not for divergent flow, where turbulence causes deviations from constant total head. 2) The assumptions made in deriving Bernoulli's equation are that flow is inviscid, incompressible, and ignores gravity and thermal effects. 3) Total heads obtained via pressure measurements and from calculated energy levels were approximately equal despite some discrepancies, supporting the validity of Bernoulli's equation for this setup.

Uploaded by

ChristopherHilado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

School of Civil, Environmental, and

Geological Engineering

MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
LABORATORY REPORT
Experiment No. 04
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION
Group Members:

GRADE CE140-1P_C1

Professor : ____________________________________
Date Performed : ____________________________________
Date Submitted : ____________________________________

Page 1 of 3
Experiment no. 4
Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration

I. Objective

This experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow of water
in a tapered duct.

II. Apparatus

Hydraulic Bench, Stopwatch, Bernoulli Apparatus

III. Laboratory Procedure

1. Level the apparatus


2. Set the direction of the test section
3. Connect the water inlet and outlet
4. Bleed the manometer
5. Set the flow rates
6. Read the static head
7. Timed volume collection
8. Read the total pressure distribution
9. Reversing the test section

IV. Report

Attach the final data sheet, the required calculations, and answer the following questions/follow
instructions:

1. Comment on the validity of the Bernoulli Equation for: a) Convergent flow, b} Divergent flow.
By Bernoulli's Equation, the total head (H) should be the same (constant) across all points of the
venture tube (a-f). However, by the diagram of EGL in figure 2, the total head (H) did not remain
constant throughout the pipe. Deviations from a constant H can be explained in the following two
scenarios: a. Convergent Flow: When the flow is converging from point A to point d Bernoulli's
Principle stands to almost yield no error. In all of our test results there was no difference of H from
point A to point C with only some instances of point d dropping no more than 0.01 m. By our
results, it can be concluded that Bernoulli's Equation is almost accurate in situations of convergent
flow. b. Divergent Flow: When flow is diverging from point e to point f there are radical changes
in total head (H) and therefore Bernoulli's Equation is not accurate in this circumstance. When the
pipe diverges, the flow becomes turbulent and loses energy in the process, decreasing the value of
total head (H) more than that of a perfect flow. Overall, Bernoulli's Equation is only to be used for
perfect flow without any friction in the pipe or turbulent discrepancies in the flow. In other words,
Bernoulli's Equation will never be used with complete accuracy in real world conditions because it
does not take into account energy losses in the pipe due to frictional properties and turbulence
caused by expansions or contractions in a pipe.

2. State clearly the assumptions made in deriving the Bernoulli equation and justifications for all your
comments.
3. The Bernoulli’s equation can be derived by applying the law of conservation of
energy in two sections along a streamline, ignoring viscosity, compressibility, and thermal effects.
The simplest derivation is to first ignore gravity and consider constrictions and expansions in pipes
that are otherwise straight, as seen in Venturi effect. Then, assume that the total mechanical energy
on the entry is also the magnitude of the total mechanical energy on the exit. Using the properties
of fluids ,it can arrive at the equation:
v2 p
+ =C
2 ρ
Where C is a constant of a particular fluid system

Page 2 of 3
4. Comment on the comparison of the total heads obtained by the two methods you have carried out.

The total head of each pressure head is obtained by using the convergent test section in which the
head difference is accounted. It can be observed that the total heads are approximately equal even
though the discrepancy is quite large in nature.

Page 3 of 3

You might also like