CHAPTER 4

ELECTRICAL LOAD CALCULATION FOR THREE-STOREY BUILDING

4.1. Calculation of Power Demand for Building

The structural configuration of the building is
Type of structure : Three storey RC building
Type of occupancy : Private Hospital
Number of elevator : One
Size of building : Length = 80ft
: Width = 38ft
Height of building
Typical storey height = 46ft 6in
The three-storey building consists of living room, X-ray room, operation
room, bed room. The numbers of bed rooms are 20 rooms and operation rooms are 2
rooms. The ground floor has 6 rooms in the left and 6 rooms in the right. The first
floor has 6 rooms in the left and 6 rooms in the right. The second floor has 4 rooms in
the left and 5 rooms in the right.
Lighting for the room is designed ceiling light. The power loads that used in
this building consist of Air-conditioners, refrigerator and motors. The calculation for
total power demand is shown in the following.

4.1.1 Calculation of Power Demand for Living Room

Calculation of total watt for lighting unit for building.
12W LED Ceiling Light 5Nos × 12W = 60 W
Total watt for socket outlet is calculated as follow.
Multi SSO 8Nos × 200W × 0.5 D.F = 800 W
Total watt for power socket is air con for room.
Multi SSO A/C 2Nos × 1492W = 2984 W
Total watt for living room = 60 + 800 + 2984 = 5336 W
For single phase, P = V I cos Ө
 43

5336 = 230 × I × 0.8

I = 29A
The estimated load demand of living room is 29 A.

4.1.2. Calculation of Power Demand for X-ray Room

Calculation of total watt for lighting unit for building.
12W LED Ceiling Light 3Nos × 12W = 36 W
Total watt for socket outlet is calculated as follow.
Multi SSO 6Nos × 200W × 0.5 D.F = 600 W
Total watt for power socket is air con for room.
Multi SSO A/C 1Nos × 1492W = 1492W
Total watt for X-ray room = 36 + 600 + 1492 = 2128 W
For single phase, P = V I cos Ө
2128 = 230 × I × 0.8
I = 11.56A
The estimated load demand of X-ray room is 11.56A.

4.1.3. Calculation of Power Demand for Operation Room

Calculation of total watt for lighting unit for building
18W LED Ceiling Light 11Nos × 18W = 198 W
Total watt for socket outlet is calculated as follow.
Multi SSO 22Nos × 200W × 0.5 D.F = 2200 W
Total watt for power socket is air con for room.
Multi SSO A/C 4Nos × 1492W = 5968 W
Total watt for operation room = 198 + 2200 + 5968 = 8366 W
For single phase, P = V I cos Ө
8366 = 230 × I × 0.8
I = 45.46 A
The estimated load demand of operation room is 45.46 A.

4.1.4. Calculation of Power Demand for Waiting Area

Calculation of total watt for lighting unit for building
12W LED Ceiling Light 14Nos × 12W = 168 W
Exhaust Fan 3Nos × 35W = 105 W
 44

Ceiling Round Fan 4Nos × 70W = 280 W

Total watt for waiting area = 168 + 105 + 280 = 481 W
For single phase, P = V I cos Ө
481 = 230 × I × 0.8
I = 2.6 A
The estimated load demand of waiting area is 2.6 A.

4.1.5. Calculation of Power Demand for Ground Floor

Calculation of total watt for lighting unit for building.
18W LED Ceiling Light 3Nos × 18W = 54 W
12W LED Ceiling Light 64Nos × 12W = 768 W
Total Watt = 822 W
Total watt for socket outlet is calculated as follow.
Multi SSO 56Nos × 200W × 0.5 D.F = 5600
Total watt for power socket is air con for room.
Multi SSO A/C 9Nos × 1492W = 13428 W
Ceiling Round Fan 14Nos × 70W = 980 W
Exhaust Fan 7Nos × 35W = 245 W
Total Watt = 14653 W
Calculation results of total watt for lighting unit ground floor are show in
Table 4.1.
Table 4.1. Calculation of Power Demand for Ground Floor
No Particular Watt
1 Lighting 822
2 Socket outlet 5600
3 Power socket 14653
Total load for ground floor 21075

For single phase, P = V I cos Ө

21075 = 230 × I × 0.8
I = 114.54 A
The estimated load demand of ground floor is 114.54 A.
114.54
For three phase, I = 3 = 38.18 A
4.1.6. Calculation of Power Demand for First Floor
 45

Calculation of total watt for lighting unit for building.

18W LED Ceiling Light 2Nos × 18W = 36 W
12W LED Ceiling Light 71Nos × 12W = 852 W
Total Watt = 888 W
Total watt for socket outlet is calculated as follow.
Multi SSO 76Nos × 200W × 0.5 D.F = 7600 W
Total watt for power socket is air con for room.
Multi SSO A/C 9Nos × 1492W = 13428 W
Exhaust Fan 13Nos × 35W = 455 W
Total Watt = 13883 W
Calculation results of total watt for lighting unit first floor are show in Table
4.2.
Table 4.2. Calculation of Power Demand for First Floor
No Particular Watt

1 Lighting 888

2 Socket outlet 7600

3 Power socket 13883

Total load for first floor 22371

For single phase, P = V I cos Ө

22371 = 230 × I × 0.8
I = 121.58 A
The estimated load demand of first floor is 121.58 A.
121.58
For three phase, I = 3 = 40.53 A

4.1.7. Calculation of Power Demand for Second Floor

Calculation of total watt for lighting unit for building.
18W LED Ceiling Light 22Nos × 18W = 396 W
12W LED Ceiling Light 45Nos × 12W = 540 W
Total Watt = 936 W
Total watt for socket outlet is calculated as follow.
Multi SSO 63Nos × 200W × 0.5 D.F = 6300 W
 46

Total watt for power socket is air con for room.

Multi SSO A/C 10Nos × 1492W = 14920 W
Exhaust Fan 4Nos × 35W = 140 W
Total Watt = 15060 W
Calculation results of total watt for lighting unit second floor are show in
Table 4.3.
Table 4.3. Calculation of Power Demand for Second Floor
No Particular Watt

1 Lighting 936
2 Socket outlet 6300

3 Power socket 15060

Total load for second floor 22296

For single phase, P = V I cos Ө

22296 = 230 × I × 0.8
I = 121.17 A
The estimated load demand of second floor is 121.17 A.
121.17
For three phase, I = 3 = 40.39 A

4.1.8. Calculation of Power Demand for Lift

12W LED Ceiling Light 1Nos × 12W = 12 W
Lift Motor × 10 hp = 7460 W
Lift A/C × 1 hp = 746 W
Total Watt = 12 + 7460 + 746
= 8218 W

For Three phase, P = √3 V I cos Ө

8218 = 380 × I × 0.8
I = 15 A
The estimated load demand of lift is 15 A.
Calculation results of total watt for ground floor, first floor, second floor and
lift are shown in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4. Calculation of Power Demand for Building
 47

No Particular Watt
1 Ground floor 21075
2 First floor 22371
3 Second floor 22296
4 Lift 8218
Total Watt 73960

For single phase, P = V I cos Ө

73960 = 230 × I × 0.8
I = 401.95 A
The estimated load demand of this building is 401.95 A.
401.95
For three phase, I = 3 = 133.98 A

4.2. Selection of Circuit Breakers Size

The circuit breaker can be widely used for power stations, factories, mines and
modern tall buildings, especially the distribution system in the intelligent building,
and also widely used in green projects such as wind and solar power generation.
Circuit breakers are installed in the system to isolate a circuit during an overcurrent
event without the use of fusible element. A breaker is a resettable protective device
that protect against two types of overcurrent situations; overload and short circuit. The
breakers should be sized to not below 125 percent of the current flowing through the
wiring. Figure 4.1 shows the AC circuit breaker for AC circuit protection.

Figure 4.1. Circuit Breaker

When sizing of breaker for output installation system, the following factors
should be used for selecting breakers.
 48

Circuit breaker amp rating ≥ 1.2 × Isc (4.1)

Circuit breaker voltage rating ≥ 1.20 × Voc (4.2)
Where, Isc = Short-circuit current
Voc = Open-circuit voltage

4.3. Selection of Cables Size

Choosing the proper wire size requires satisfaction of two important criteria:
Ampacity and Voltage Drop. Ampacity is a term which refers to the current carrying
ability of a wire. The larger a wire is, the greater its capacity to carry current. A wire
with an insufficient ampacity rating for the current it carries will overheat.
Overheating is hazardous and results in wasted energy and inefficiency.
A wire whose ampacity has been exceeded can result in melted insulation,
short circuit or fire. Wire size is given in terms of AWG or American Wire Gauge. A
larger wire has a greater ampacity and will be designated by a smaller AWG number.
Wires are not run individually in a circuit unless in conduit. Two or more
wires wrapped in a protective covering are called a cable. Two or more stranded or
light gauge flexible wires are called a cord. Cords are often used for portable
appliances. The protective covering used in cables and cords may be resistant to
moisture, ultraviolet light, heat, chemicals or abrasion.
The accurate selection of system wiring cables is very essential in order that
the system is safe. The wiring must not reduce the performance of any of the
components of the system. The cables in an electrical installation system must be
sized correctly to reduce the voltage drops in the cable and to make sure that the safe
current handling capacity of the cable is not exceeded.
The voltage drop in a cable can be calculated according to Equation 4.4.
V d = 2IR (4.3)

⍴l×I×2
Vd = (4.4)
A
Where, ρ = the resistivity of copper wire which is normally taken to be
0.0183 Ω mm2/m.
l = the length of cables (m)
I = the current through the cables (A)
 49

A = the cross sectional area (CSA) (mm2) and the multiplication by two
accounts for total circuit wire length. The cross sectional area can be calculated
according to Equation 4.5.
⍴l×I×2
A= (4.5)
Vd

In the design of the system, a maximum cable voltage drop of three percent
was used and this is the allowable drop in this design of installation systems.

4.4. Cable Sizing and Breaker Sizing

Cable sizing is one of the important parts of installation system. The voltage
drop in cable must be considered and choice the correct size of cable. The longer the
length of cable, the greater the voltage drop. Breakers and fuses are installed for
protection of overload and short circuit protection for the system. Safety and cost by
damage of fault can be reduced by these protective devices.

4.4.1. Cable Sizing

In the design of the system, a maximum cable voltage drop of 3 percent was
used and this is the allowable drop in this design of electrical installation systems. The
appropriate cable sizes are chosen from Table A.1.
 Sizing of Cable Between Transformer and ATS
Length of cable is 38.72m = 127 ft
The maximum current of building = 1.25 × Total load current of building (4.6)
= 1.25 × 401.95
= 502.44 A
Normal system voltage = 400 V
3
×400
Vd = 100
(4.7)
= 12 V
ρl×I×2
A = Vd (4.8)
 50

0. 0183×38.72×502 . 44×2
= 12
= 59.33 mm2
The cross-sectional area of cable is 59.33 mm 2. Therefore, cable with cross-
sectional area of 70 mm2 was selected.
 Sizing of Cable from Generator to ATS
Length of cable is 36.576 m = 120 ft
Nominal system voltage = 400 V
Maximum current of building = 1.25 × Total load current of building
= 1.25 × 401.95
= 502.44 A
3
×400
Vd = 100
= 12 V
ρl×I×2
A = Vd

0. 0183×36 .576×502. 44 ×2
= 12
= 56.05 mm2
The cross-sectional area of cable is 56.05 mm2. Therefore, cable with cross-
sectional area of 70 mm2 was selected.
 Sizing of Cable between MDB to Loads
 MDB to Ground Floor MSB
Length of cable is 6.7 m = 22 ft
Nominal system voltage = 400 V
Maximum current of ground floor = 1.25 × 114.54
= 143.18A
3
×400
Vd = 100
= 12 V
ρl×I×2
A = Vd
 51

0.0183×6.7×143 .18 ×2
= 12
= 3 mm2
The cross-sectional area of cable is 3 mm2. Therefore, cable with cross-
sectional area of 16 mm2 was selected.
 MDB to First Floor MSB
Length of cable is 27.44 m = 90 ft
Nominal system voltage = 400 V
Maximum current of first floor = 1.25 × 121.58
= 151.97 A
3
×400
Vd = 100
= 12 V
ρl×I×2
A = Vd

0.0183×27 . 44×151. 97 ×2
= 12
= 12.72 mm2
The cross-sectional area of cable is 12.72 mm2. Therefore, cable with cross-
sectional area of 16 mm2 was selected.
 MDB to Second Floor MSB
Length of cable is 34.14 m = 112 ft
Nominal system voltage = 400 V
Maximum current of second floor = 1.25 × 121.17
= 151.46 A
3
×400
Vd = 100
= 12V
ρl×I×2
A = Vd

0.0183×34 .14×151 .46 ×2

= 12
= 15.77 mm2
 52

The cross-sectional area of cable is 15.77 mm2. Therefore, cable with cross-
sectional area of 16 mm2 was selected.

4.4.2. Breaker Sizing

 Sizing of Circuit Breaker for the MDB
Maximum total current from loads = 133.98 A

Circuit breaker amp rating

¿ 1.2 × I max
= 1.2 × 133.98
= 160 A

Circuit breaker voltage rating ¿1.2 × normal system voltage

= 1.2 × 400
= 480 V
Therefore, a 480 VAC, 160 A, 4P MCCB circuit breaker should be selected.
 Sizing of Circuit Breaker for the Ground floor MSB
Maximum total current from loads = 38.18 A

Circuit breaker amp rating

¿ 1.2 × Imax
= 1.2 × 38.18
= 45.82 A

Circuit breaker voltage rating ¿1.2 × normal system voltage

= 1.2 × 400
= 480 V
Therefore, a 480 VAC, 63 A, 4P MCCB circuit breaker should be selected.
 Sizing of Circuit Breaker for the First floor MSB
Maximum total current from loads = 40.53 A

Circuit breaker amp rating

¿ 1.2 × Imax
= 1.2 × 40.53
= 48.64 A

Circuit breaker voltage rating ¿1.2 × normal system voltage

= 1.2 × 400
= 480 V
Therefore, a 480 VAC, 63 A, 4P MCCB circuit breaker should be selected.
 53

 Sizing of Circuit Breaker for the Second floor MSB

Maximum total current from loads = 40.21 A

Circuit breaker amp rating

¿ 1.2 × Imax
= 1.2 × 40.39
= 48.47 A

Circuit breaker voltage rating ¿1.2 × normal system voltage

= 1.2 × 400
= 480 V
Therefore, a 480 VAC, 63 A, 4P circuit breaker should be selected.
 Sizing of Circuit Breaker for 2 hp Air-conditioner
hp ×746
Full current for single phase 1 hp motor (IFL) = 220 × pf × η
2 ×746
= 230 × 0.8 × 0.65
= 12.47 A
Staring current = 3 × IFL
= 3 × 12.47
= 37.41 A
System voltage = 230 V
Therefore, a 230 VAC, 40 A, 2P MCB circuit breaker should be selected.
 Sizing of Circuit Breaker for 1.5 kW three-phase Induction Motor
1 .5 ×1000
Full current for three phase 1.5 kW motor (IFL) = √3×380 × 0.75 × 0.81
= 3.75 A
Staring current = 3 × IFL
= 3 × 3.75 = 11.25 A
System voltage = 400 V
Therefore, a 400 VAC, 16 A, 2P MCB circuit breaker should be selected.

4.5. Installation of Wiring System

The method of installation of wiring system is PVC wires sunk in PVC
conduit on brick wall and exposed PVC conduits are installed underneath of the
R.C.C slab. Power feeders from transformer and generator are connected to
 54

Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) for the purposed of to be used MEPE or

generator’s power. Outgoing power cables from ATS are connected to Main
Distribution Board (MDB) carry with cable ladder. Power supply cables from MDB
are connected to room Panel at each floor carry with the metal trunking pass through
the electrical shaft.
The estimated power consumption is about 73.960 kW. The requirement of
ceiling down lights and general usage of 3pin, 13amp socket outlets, 3pin, 15amp
socket outlets are installed every room. If MEPE power is failure, back up (110 kVA,
50Hz, 3Phase, 4Wire) diesel generators is installed for the project to be avoid of
power blackout.
4×1C 16sqmmCU/PVC+

2×1C 6sqmmCU/PVC+
Pump

Pump
DB-First

DB-Lift
DB-GF

DB-Second

1×1C 6sqmmCU/PVC (E)

1×1C 16sqmmCU/PVC (E)
 55

3P 60A 3P 60A 3P 60A 3P 60A 2P 20A 2P 32A

MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCB MCB

3N0S MCT 160/5A Digital

3×2A Digital
RY B
Outgoing Light
4P 160A
MCCB

4×1C 70sqmm CU/XLPE/PVC+

1×1C 35sqmm CU/PVC (E)

From X’mer From Generator

(Normal Supply) 110 kVA 400V 3PH 50HZ
0.8PF Standby Genset
(Emergency Supply)

Figure 4.2. Single Line Diagram for MDB-ATS

4.6. Uses and Installation of UPS

An UPS is used to provide clean and uninterrupted power supply to the load
connected at its output socket. UPS provides constant AC supply at its output socket,
even when the AC mains supply is not available. If the some of the fire case happen at
this building, along emergency exit way, exit sign lighting fixture and exit lights
which are fitted with self – contained Ni-Cd battery and Lead Acid battery. When
normal power is failure, it will be used till for two hours. The single line diagram of
interior distribution network system for DB-UPS is shown in Figure 4.3.
 56

4×1C 70sqmm CU/XLPE/PVC+

1×1C 35sqmm CU/PVC (E)
1P 10A
MCB
6Nos×18W LED Down Light
1P 10A
MCB
5Nos×18W LED Down Light
1P 10A
MCB
Spare
1P 10A
MCB
4× 13A Multi SSO
1P 10A
MCB
From DB-Second

3× 13A Multi SSO

1P 10A
MCB
1× 13A Multi SSO
1P 10A
4P 40A 4P 1P MCB
MCB 40A 40A 4× 13A Multi SSO
MCB MCB 1P 10A
MCB
3× 13A Multi SSO
1P 10A
MCB
4× 13A Multi SSO
1P 10A
MCB
4× 13A Multi SSO
1P 10A
MCB
1× 13A Multi SSO
4×1C 70sqmm CU/XLPE/PVC+
1×1C 35sqmm CU/PVC (E)

Figure 4.3. Single Line Diagram for DB-UPS

4.7. Selection of Automatic Transfer Switch
There are a number of different factors to consider when selecting an
automatic transfer switch for a diesel generator, the most important being size. Part
one of this article will discuss the type of load, voltage rating and continuous current
rating. Careful selection of an automatic transfer switch is important to ensure
maximum reliability and adequate capability under both normal and emergency
 57

situations. However, in the end, the most common influencing factors are price and
reliability.

4.7.1. Different Types of Loads

The loads listed are Total System Loads, Motor Load, Electric Discharge
Lamp Loads, Restrictive Loads, and Incandescent Lamp Loads. All transfer switches
for diesel generators be clearly marked to specify what type of load it is capable of
handling. The “Total System Loads” panel indicates that the switch can be used for a
variety of loads described in the previous paragraph. Devices that are connected to the
power system are referred to as electrical loads. However, when dealing with an
incandescent (tungsten-based filament) load the total load should never exceed 30%
unless the transfer switch is specifically rated to transfer a higher percentage of power
to incandescent lamps.
In general, most transfer switches for used generators are rated to handle Total
System Loads. It is always best to check the markings as some Total System Loads
are marked “Resistance Only, Tungsten Only etc.” The overall project management
hassle is greatly reduced for engineers by choosing a Total System Load from the
onset of the project.

4.7.2. Voltage Ratings

Automatic transfer switches for used generators are unique in regards to, their
electrical distribution system in that they are one of only a few electrical devices that
are designed to have two unsynchronized power sources connected to it. For example,
this could mean that voltages impressed on one side of the insulation, in the unit, may
actually be as high as 960 volts on a 480-volt AC system. The voltage ratings for AC
systems are typically 120, 208, 240, 480, 600 volts, single or polyphase. Standard
frequencies are 50 or 60 hertz. Automatic transfer switches can be used for other
voltages and frequencies if required, this also includes DC.
4.7.3. Continuous Current Rating
The standard expectation of an automatic transfer switch in regard to a
continuous load is that the switch should be able to hold maximum value for three
hours or more. Transfer switches differ widely from other emergency equipment in
that they must continuously carry the current to critical loads, either from the normal
 58

source of power or emergency source. Whereas, a standby engine generator set

usually supplies power only during emergency periods.
Automatic transfer switches for diesel generators are manufactured to meet
continuous current ratings of 30-4000 amperes. Typically, the most commonly used
ampere ratings include 30, 40, 70, 80, 100, 150, 200, 260, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200,
1600, 2000, 3000 and 4000 amperes.

4.8. Operation of Automatic Transfer Switch

OSS-TN Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch Series is a kind of new
automatic transfer switch gathered switch and logic controller, achieve mechanic and
electricity turn into a integral whole. It is suitable for using in the distribution
equipment in industry and business with rated insulating voltage up to 690V, rated
frequency 50Hz/60Hz, rated voltage 400V, conventional heating current up to
3200A ,supplying for switch automatically of Normal power and reserve power in
power system or switch automatically and safety isolation of two sets load device etc.
When Normal power is off, switch will transfer to reserve power
automatically; when Normal power is normal, switch will transfer to Normal power.
Under urgent situation or device examination, push compulsory "0" self-lock button,
switch will transfer to position "0" to cut off both normal power and reserve power.
When normal power cut off, send out the starting signal of generator, to make
generator starting automatically. When normal, the switch will transfer to generate
electric automatically.
When normal power comes normal, the switch will turn to normal power
automatically. Meanwhile send out closing signal of generator, thus closed generator.

4.9. Automatic Transfer Switch Size Consideration

The rating of ATS size should be 20 percent greater than total load demand of
building. To calculate the continuous rating for a transfer switch one must total the
amperes required for all loads.
Automatic transfer switch rating = 1.2 × Total Load Demand of Building
Automatic transfer switch rating = 1.2 × 133.98
= 160 A
 59

So, the automatic transfer switch should be rated 160 A or greater. Figure 4.4
illustrates the proposed automatic transfer switch. Table 4.9 shows the specifications
of the selected automatic transfer switch.

Figure 4.4. Automatic Transfer Switch

Table 4.5. Specifications of Automatic Transfer Switch

Model Number OSS-TN

Brand Name OSEMCO

Rated Current 160A

Rated Working Voltage 400/690V

Frequency 50/60Hz

4.10. ATS Controller Size Consideration

The controller made ATS A-power or B-power ON after time delay while
sensing of power condition. Generator will stop engine after 5 sec once utility power
recovered, and if automatic operation mode, shall be switched to priority power
before 5 sec time delay. The ATS controller should be rated at 240 V, model ACD-
III-C was selected. Figure 4.5 illustrates the proposed ATS controller. Table 4.10
shows the specifications of the selected ATS controller.
 60

Figure 4.5. ATS Controller

Table 4.6. Specifications of ATS Controller

Model Number ACD-III-C

Brand Name OSEMCO

A-Power Input 230/400V

Voltage

B-Power Input 220/230V

Voltage

To Load
R A Power B Power R
S S
T T
N N
0SS-TN & TBN

CB CB
1 3 4 6
a-r
a-r

a-r

a-1

b-1
b-2

b-r
a-s

b-r

b-r

b-n
b-n
a-t
a-n

a-2
a-n

Ac1

Bc1

Gen start
RS465 ACD-III
S1 S2

Figure 4.6. Control Circuit Diagram of ATS Controller

4.11. Generator Size Consideration
 61

Generator size depends on the total load demand of building.

Generator Apparent Power = √ 3 × System Voltage × Total Load Current of Building
= √ 3 × 400 × 133.98
= 92.824 kVA
Therefore, the generator set should be rated power at 110 kVA was selected.
Table 4.7. Specifications of Generator Set

Model Number KD 110

Rated Power 110kVA

Rated Voltage 230/400V

Rated Current 144.4A

Rated Frequency 50Hz