100 Solved Problems in Algebra, Trigonometry, and Statistics
100 Solved Problems in Algebra, Trigonometry, and Statistics
100 Solved Problems in Algebra, Trigonometry, and Statistics
August 6, 2014
Prefa e:
This proje t is espe ially made for tea hers, students, trainers, and parents that are
preparing for Math Challenge. Any omments, suggestions, violent rea tions,
Thanks to Geogebra software for making the gures available and Lyx for
do umentations.
Dis laimer:
Te hie Math Tea her is not aliated with MTAP. Use this material as a supple-
ment in preparation of the up oming nationwide MMC. This le is arefully made
Term of Use:
It took months for me to omplete this book. This PDF le is prote ted by
owner. Pro eeds of the book is for domain renewal of its main website.
1
1. What is the greatest integer fun
tion of 3.5?
Solution:
Greatest integer fun
tion (GIF) of 2.1 is 2. GIF of 4.2 is 4. The GIF of 3.5 is 3.
2. Find the equation of the line passing through (3, 4) and parallel to the line
2x − 3y = 12.
Solution 1: Long Method
2
The slope of parallel lines are the same, the slope of 2x − 3y = 12 is .
3
1
Solving for the equation of parallel line
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
2
y − 4 = (x − 3)
3
3y − 12 = 2x − 6
2x − 3y + 6 = 0
ax + by = ax1 + by1
2x − 3y = 6 − 12
2x − 3y + 6 = 0
1 Given an equation ax + by + c = 0, the equation of parallel line passing through (x1 , y1 ) is
ax + by = ax1 + by1
2
3. Find the equation of the line passing (−3, 4) and has a y-inter
ept of 10.
Solution:
We an just easily solve for the slope of the line by substitution using the latter
equation.
y = mx + b
4 = m(−3) + 10
−3m = −6
m=2
y = mx + b
y = 2x + 10
Solution:
2x − 2y − 5 = 0
2y = 2x − 5
3
5
y =x−
2
tanθ = m
tanθ = 1
θ = tan−1 1
θ = 45º
2
5. Find the equation of the line through (2, 1) and perpendi
ular to the line x−
2y − 4 = 0.
1
The slope of the given line is . Multiplying it by its negative re
ipro
al will give
2
us −2. This will be the slope of the line we are looking for.
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y − 1 = −2(x − 2)
y − 1 = −2x + 4
2x + y − 5 = 0
2 The equation of the line through (x1 , y1 ) and perpendi
ular to given line ax + by + c = 0 is
bx − ay = bx1 − ay1
4
Solution 2: Short
ut method
bx − ay = bx1 − ay1
−2x − y = −5
2x + y − 5 = 0
6. Find the equation of the line with −2 and 3 as its x and y-inter epts respe tively.
Solution:
Given the x and y inter epts of a line, the equation an be obtained using the
following formula, Where a and b are the x and y -inter epts of the line respe tively.
x y
+ =1
a b
x y
+ =1
−2 3
3x − 2y = −6
or
3x − 2y + 6 = 0.
The method used to determine if the equation is a fun tion is by doing a Verti al
line test. A test made by interse ting a verti al line to the graph of given equation.
5
If the verti
al line drawn interse
ts the graph at only one point. Then that is a
fun tion.
The best way to answer this question though is being familiar of the graph of an
equation.
√
8. What is the domain of y= x − 2?
Solution:
On e there is a square root symbol involved. The radi and must be non-negative,
in this
ase x − 2 ≥ 0.
Thus, the domain is x ≥ 2. In interval form, [2, +∞).
9. What is the domain of x2 + y 2 = 36?
Solution 1: By
onstru
tion
Graphi ally, this is a ir le with enter at (0, 0) and has a radius of 6 units.
You an draw the a ir le with that information and it is easy to see that the
x2 + y 2 = 36
√
y = ± 36 − x2
6
36 − x2 ≥ 0 X
x2 − 36 ≤ 0
(x − 6)(x + 6) ≤ 0
4ac − b2
y≥ if a>0
4a
4ac − b2
y≤ if a<0
4a
4(1)(1) − (−32 )
y≥
4(1)
4−9
y≥
4
5
y≥−
4
5 5
Thus, the range is y≥− , or in interval form [− , +∞)
4 4
11. Find the vertex and the equation of axis of symmetry of the fun
tion f (x) =
3x2 − 2x + 4.
Solution:
The vertex (h, k) of quadrati
fun
tion f (x) = ax2 +bx+c is given by the following
formula,
−b 4ac − b2
h= ,k=
2a 4a
−b
h=
2a
7
−(−2)
h=
2(3)
1
h=
3
4ac − b2
k=
4a
4(3)(4) − (−22 )
k=
4(3)
11
k=
3
The equation of the axis of symmetry an be al ulated using the formula below,
2ax + b = 0
2(3)x + (−2) = 0
6x − 2 = 0 or 3x − 1 = 0
1 11
Therefore the vertex is at ( , ) and the equation of the axis of symmetry is
3 3
3x − 1 = 0.
12. What is the range of fun
tion f (x) = 2x − 1 in the interval {x| − 5 ≤ x ≤ 6}?
Solution:
The interval {x| − 5 ≤ x ≤ 6} means that the graph of the given fun tion will be
graph this interval. Meaning, we an graph the given fun tion in the shaded plane
below.
8
If x = −5,
f (x) = 2x − 1
f (x) = 2(−5) − 1
f (x) = −11
If x = 6,
f (x) = 2x − 1
f (x) = 2(6) − 1
f (x) = 11
9
Therefore, the range of the fun
tion f (x) = 2x − 1 in −5 ≤ x ≤ 6 is {y| − 11 ≤
y ≤ 11} or the interval [−11, 11].
13. For what values of k does the fun
tion f (x) = 2x2 −kx+ 8 has a real and distin
t
roots?
Solution:
For a fun tion to have a real and distin t root, the dis riminant (D) of the
D>0
b2 − 4ac > 0
k 2 − 4(2)(8) > 0
k 2 − 64 > 0
(k − 8)(k + 8) > 0
k>8 or k < −8
x2 − 5x + 4 > 0
(x − 4)(x − 1) > 0
x>4 or x<1
in interval form,
r (−∞, 1) ∪ (4, +∞)
√
q p
15. Simplify 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
Solution: r
√
q p
Let x= 2+ 2+ 2 + 2 + ...
10
r
√
q p
x= 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 + ...
r !2
√
q p
x2 = 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 + ...
√
q p
x2 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
r
√
q p
2
x −2= 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 + ...
r
√
q p
But x= 2+ 2+ 2 + 2 + ...
x2 − 2 = x
x2 − x − 2 = 0
(x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2,x = −1
The other root of the equation must be the
onjugate of the given root, hen
e
√
the other root is 2+ 3. I know you have your own solution, but here is the fastest
√
x=2± 3
√
x−2= ± 3
√
(x − 2)2 = (± 3)2
11
x2 − 4x + 4 = 3
x2 − 4x + 1 = 0
17. Find an equation with integral oe ients whose roots are twi e the roots of
f (x) = 3x2 − 2x + 1.
Solution:
Let y be the roots of the new equation. Sin
e x is the root of given equation, the
y
roots of the new equation must be y = 2x whi
h
an also be written as x=
2
3x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
y y
3( )2 − 2( ) + 1 = 0
2 2
3y 2
−y+1= 0
4
3y 2 − 4y + 1 = 0
8
let y =x− , this will redu
e the equation to
x
y 2 − 9y + 14 = 0
(y − 2)(y − 7) = 0
12
y = 2,y = 7
If y = 2,
8
y = x−
x
8
2= x−
x
8
2x = x(x − )
x
2x = x2 − 8
x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
(x − 4)(x + 2) = 0
x = 4, x = −2
If y = 7,
8
y = x−
x
8
7= x−
x
8
7x = x(x − )
x
7x = x2 − 8
x2 − 7x − 8 = 0
(x − 8)(x + 1) = 0
x = 8, x = −1
13
By fa
tor theorem, if P (r) = 0, r is a root of P (x).
0 = 3(2)3 − 2(2)2 − 2k − 2
2k − 14 = 0
k=7
Solution:
Sin e the divisor is in se ond degree, the remainder must be linear in the form of
(x − 1)(x + 1).
Let x = 1,
1−2 =0+a+b
a + b = −1 (1)
Let x = −1
14
x2014 − 2 = D(x) · (x − 1)(x + 1) + ax + b
−1 = 0 − a + b
b − a = −1 (2)
a + b = −1
+b −a=−
2b = −2
b = −1
Solving for a,
From (1),
a + (b) = −1
a + (−1) = −1
a=0
15
x2 + 4x + 1 x2 + 4x + 1 − (x2 − 3x − 2)
=
x2 − 3x − 2 x2 − 3x − 2
3−4 −1
=
4 4
x 2 x−y
22. If = , nd the value of ?
y 3 x+y
Solution:
a c a−b c−d
From the property of proportion, if = , then =
b d a+b c+d
x−y 2−3 −1
= =
x+y 2+3 5
Using the te hnique alled Simon's Favorite Fa toring Te hnique (SFFT), add
4x2 y 2and
4 4 2 2 2 2
= x + 4y + 4x y − 4x y
sub-
4x2 y 2is
2 2 2 2
= (x + 2y ) − (2xy)
just like
0, it
24. Fa
tor
ompletely, 6x2 + 12xy + 6y 2 + 5x + 5y − 4.
annot
Solution:
hange
equa-
6(x2 + 2xy + y 2 ) + 5(x + y) − 4
tion.
16
this is a quadrati
equation in x+y
For you not to be
onfused, let m = x + y. That redu
es the above expression to
6m2 + 5m − 4. By fa toring,
(3(x + y) + 4)(2(x + y) − 1)
= (3x + 3y + 4)(2x + 2y − 1)
of fun tion.
x y
2 17
1 11
0 9
−1 8 31
−2 8 91
If we ontinue assigning the value of x to negative innity, the value of y will just
Thus the range of the given exponential fun tion is {y|y > 8}or in interval symbol
(8, +∞).
17
3x + 3x+1
26. Simplify:
3x
Solution:
3x (1 + 3)
3x
Just a tip, all terms with negative exponent will hange its position. The numer-
ator with negative exponent will go to the denominator and the denominator with
−2
2x−2 y 4z −3
3−4 x4 y −3 z −4
−2
2 · 34 · y 4 · y 3 · z 4
=
x4 · x2 · z 3
−2
162y 7z 4
=
x6 z 3
−2
162y 7z
=
x6
2
x6
=
162y 7z
x12
=
26224y 14z 2
1
28. Solve for x in the equation, 2x + 2x + 2x + 2x = .
16
Solution:
1
4 · 2x =
16
18
22 · 2x = 2−4
2x+2 = 2−4
x + 2 = −4
x = −6
1
29. Solve for x: 3·( ) = 32x+1
3x
Solution:
3
= 32x+1
3x
31−x = 32x+1
1 − x = 2x + 1
x=0
The prin iple of inverse fun tion is to inter hange x and y and solve for y.
y = e3x − 1
x = e3y − 1
e3y = x + 1
ln(e3y ) = ln(x + 1)
3ylne = ln(x + 1)
19
but lne = 1,
3y = ln(x + 1)
ln(x + 1)
y=
3
30. Find the domain of the fun
tion f (x) = log2 (x − 4).
Solution:
We know that logb a only exist if a>0 and b > 1. Sin e b = 2, there is no problem
Solution:
9 − x2 > 0 → x2 − 9 < 0.
(x − 3)(x + 3) < 0
−3 < x < 3
Let x = 2, 22 = 4.
Let x = 3, 33 = 9
20
Therefore, the value of x is between 2 and 3.
33. For what values of x is the graph of fun tion f (x) = x2 − 3x + 2 is below x-axis?
Solution:
f (x) < 0
x2 − 3x + 2 < 0
(x − 2)(x − 1) < 0
1<x<2
By fa toring,
x2 − 2x − 8 > 0
(x − 4)(x + 2) > 0
to make the senten e real, the solution set must be x>4 or x < −2. In interval
(x3 )(y 2 )
log2 √
3
z2
21
√
= log2 x3 + log2 y 2 − log2
3
z2
2
= 3 log2 x + 2 log2 y − log2 z 3
2
= 3 log2 x + 2 log2 y − log2 z
3
2r
= 3p + 2q −
3
9p + 6q − 2r
=
3
36. Given log 4 = p, log 5 = q, log 7 = r , what is the value of log 1600 + log7 20?
Solution:
Using the laws of logarithm, we an rewrite the log 1600 + log7 20 in the following
manner,
= log(43 · 52 ) + log7 (4 · 5)
log 4 log 5
= 3 log 4 + 2 log 5 + +
log 7 log 7
p q
= 3p + 2q + +
r r
p+q
= 3p + 2q +
r
or
3pr + 2qr + p + q
=
r
22
Using laws of logarithm, we
an rewrite the equation as follows,
3
Convert the logarithm to its exponential form ,
(2x + 1)(2x − 1) = 21
4x2 − 1 = 2
4x2 = 3
3
x2 =
4
r
3
x=
4
√
3
x=±
2
√
3
By qui
k
he
k, the only solution is , the other root is extraneous.
2
x x
38. Find the value of x : 3 = 2
Solution:
as follows,
3x = 2x
log 3x = log 2x
4
x log 3 = x log 2
3 log = z ↔ xz = y
xy
4 log xn = n log x
23
x log 3 − x log 2 = 0
x(log 3 − log 2) = 0
x=0
5
(log x)2 − 4 log x + 4 = 0
Let a = log x
a2 − 4a + 4 = 0
(a − 2)2 = 0
a=2
a = log x
2 = log x
102 = x
x = 100
40. Find the sum of all possible values of x in the equation P (x) = 9x3 − 5x2 + 2x + 4
Solution :
Let a, b, c be the roots of this equation. Then the following relation is true.
24
6
LHS :
7
RHS :
5 2 4
9x3 − 5x2 + 2x + 4 = x3 − x2 + x +
9 9 9
By omparison we have,
5 2 4
= x3 − x2 + x +
9 9 9
Sin e a, b, c are the roots, it is lear that the sum of the roots is the oe ient of
5
−(a + b + c) = −
9
5
a+b+c=
9
8 3
41. Rationalize √ √
3+ 2
Solution:
√ √
3 3− 2
=√ √ ·√ √
3+ 2 3− 2
√ √
3( 3 − 2)
= √ √ √ √
( 3 + 2)( 3 − 2)
Observe that the denominator is in the form of sum and dieren e of two squares
(a − b)(a + b) = a2 − b2
6 LHS means Left Hand Side
7 RHS means Right Hand Side
8 rationalize means make the denominator a rational number
25
√ √
3( 3 − 2)
= √ √
( 3)2 − ( 2)2
√ √
3( 3 − 2)
=
3−2
√ √
=3 3−3 2
1
42. Rationalize the denominator: p√ √
2+ 3
Solution:
To rationalize the denominator, we need rst to eliminate the outer radi al.
p√ √
1 2+ 3
= p√ √ · p√ √
2+ 3 2+ 3
p√ √
2+ 3
= p√ √
( 2 + 3)2
p√ √
2+ 3
= √ √
2+ 3
p√ √ √ √
2+ 3 3− 2
= √ √ ·√ √
2+ 3 3− 2
p√ √ √ √
2+ 3· 3− 2
= √ √
( 3)2 − ( 2)2
p√ √ √ √
2+ 3· 3− 2
=
3−2
p√ √ √ √
= 2 + 3 · ( 3 − 2)
1
43. Find the value of x4 + , if x2 − 4x − 1 = 0.
x4
Solution:
Rearrange x2 − 4x − 1 = 0 as follows,
x2 − 4x − 1 = 0
26
x2 − 1 = 4x
x2 − 1 4x
=
x x
1
x− =4
x
1
(x − )2 = 42
x
1 1
x2 − 2(x)( ) + 2 = 16
x x
1
x2 − 2 + = 16
x2
1
x2 + = 18
x2
1 2
(x2 + 2
) = 182
x
1 1
x4 + 2 · x2 · 2
+ 4 = 324
x x
1
x4 + 2 + = 324
x4
1
x4 + = 322
x4
44. Find the sum of the squares of two numbers if the square of their sum is 24 and
their produ
t is 6.
Solution:
Let x, y are the numbers. From the given above we have the following quantities,
(x + y)2 = 24 and xy = 6
27
We are ask to nd x2 + y 2
We know that
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y 2
x2 + y 2 = (x + y)2 − 2xy
x2 + y 2 = (x + y)2 − 2xy
x2 + y 2 = 24 − 2(6)
x2 + y 2 = 12
Let D(x) be the divisor, Q(x) be the quotient, and R(x) be the remainder.
The degree of remainder is 1 less than the degree of the divisor. Sin e the divisor
28
P (x) = Q(x) · (x + 2)(x − 1) + Ax + B
remainder.
It is stated that P (x) when divided by x − 1 the remainder P (1) = 3. Also, from
Let x=1
3=A+B (3)
Let x = −2
2 = −2A + B (4)
29
3=A+B
-2 = −2A + B
1 = 3A
1
A=
3
From (3)
A+B =3
B =3−A
1
B = 3−
3
8
B=
3
1 8
Substitute this A and B to Ax + B we have x+
3 3
2
46. If (3, k) is on the graph of fun
tion f (x) = x − 6x + 9. What is k?
Solution:
f (3) = k
x2 − 6x + 9 = k
32 − 6(3) + 9 = k
k=0
In this form of absolute value, if we remove the absolute value symbol we have,
30
−12 + 16 < x < 12 + 16
4 < x < 28
By drafting the diagram, it is easy to see that the slope of the original line and the
2
mAB = −
3
The same result is obtain if we solve for the point of interse
tions and solving for
Solution:
The maximum value of the quadrati fun tion is the ordinate of the vertex whi h
is also known as k.
31
4ac − b2
k=
4a
4(−3)(1) − 12
k=
4(−3)
13
k=
12
Solution:
a1
Sn =
1−r
Where a1 is the rst term and r is the ommon ratio between 0 and 1
The given expression x + x2 + x3 + ... forms a geometri sum of innite series with
a1
x + x2 + x3 + ... =
1−r
x
x + x2 + x3 + ... = =4
1−x
x
=4
1−x
x = 4(1 − x)
x = 4 − 4x
5x = 4
4
x=
5
32
51. A point P is
hosen inside the square ABCD su
h that AP = 4,BP = 8,P C = 7.
How long is P D?
Solution:
P A2 + P C 2 = P D 2 + P B 2
42 + 72 = P D 2 + 82
P D 2 = 42 + 72 − 82
P D2 = 1
PD = 1
52. How many pairs of non-negative integral solutions are there in the equation
3x + y = 39?
Solution:
y = 39 − 3x
Sin e y ≥ 0,
39 − 3x ≥ 0
39 ≥ 3x
x ≤ 13
0 ≤ x ≤ 13
33
y = 39 − 3x
y = 39
If x = 13
y = 39 − 3x
y = 39 − 3 · 13
y=0
53. The point (−1, x) is 5 units from the point (2, 5). What is the sum of all possible
values of x?
Solution:
d2 = (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2
25 = 9 + x2 − 10x + 25
x2 − 10x + 9 = 0
Using the sum of the roots of quadrati
equation, the sum is 10.
Or by fa
toring,
x2 − 10x + 9 = (x − 1)(x − 9) = 0
x1 = 9, x2 = 1
34
Sin
e we are ask for the sum, that is 9 + 1 = 10.
54. Find the shortest distan
e between the lines 3x + 4y = 25 and 6x + 8y = 11.
Solution:
It is important that you will be able to re ognize that these lines are parallel.
We an hoose any point from either of the two equations and solve the distan e
9
using the distan
e from a point to a line formula.
That solution is ool but there is a qui ker way to do this problem.
|c2 − c1 |
d= √
a2 + b2
Remember that parallel lines has the same slope. Therefore, we
an make their a′ s
and b′ s the same. Before using the formula, make sure that the equations has the
same a′ s and b′ s.
11
We
an express 6x − 8y = 11 to 3x + 4y − = 0.
2
11
Given: a = 3, b = 4, c2 = − , c1 = −25
2
|c2 − c1 |
d= √
a2 + b2
11
|− − (−25)|
d= √2
32 + 42
39
d= 2
5
9 Distan
e from a point to a line formula states that the shortest or perpendi
ular distan
e (d )
ax1 + by1 + c
from point (x1 , y1 ) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by the formula d= √
± a2 + b 2
35
39
d= units
10
Curious with the other formula? Let's try and see if we an ome up with the
same result.
Let's hoose a point on 3x + 4y = 25. By qui k inspe tion, (3, 4) is on that line.
We will al ulate the distan e from this point to the line 6x + 8y = 11.
ax1 + by1 + c
d= √
± a2 + b2
√
g(x) = x2 − 1
√
g(2) = 22 − 1
√
g(2) = 3
f (x) = 2x − 1
f (g(2)) = 2 · g(2) − 1
36
√ √
f (g(2)) = 2 · 3−1= 2 3−1
√
g(x) = x2 − 1
p
g(f (x)) = (f (x))2 − 1
p
g(f (x)) = (2x − 1)2 − 1
√
g(f (x)) = 4x2 − 4x + 1 − 1
√
g(f (x)) = 4x2 − 4x
p
g(f (x)) = 4x(x − 1)
For the equation to be true 4x(x − 1) ≥ 0. Why? Any number less than 0 is a
That will make a number imaginary. Therefore we restri t all numbers inside the
4x(x − 1) ≥ 0
x = 0, x = 1
x≥1 or x≤0
37
g(x)′ means the inverse of g(x)
We sti
k to the rule of getting the inverse fun
tion. interchange x and y and
solve f or y
Let g(x) = y ,
√
g(x) = x2 − 1
√
y= x2 − 1
p
x= y2 − 1
p
x2 = ( y 2 − 1)2
x2 = y 2 − 1
y 2 = x2 + 1
√
y= x2 + 1
x −5 −2 −1 0 2 3
√ √ √ √ √ √
x2 + 1 26 5 2 1 5 10
The value of y is always real for any real values of x, by this observation, the
domain of g(x)′ is the set of all real numbers. In interval form, (−∞, +∞)
38
Solving for the range of the fun
tion,
Observing the table above, the minimum value of y is attained if x = 0. From here,
we an say that the range of g(x)′ is {y|y ≥ 1}. In interval form, [1, ∞).
2x − 1
58. What is the inverse of f (x) = ?
3x + 5
Solution:
Let y = f (x)
2x − 1
f (x) =
3x + 5
2x − 1
y=
3x + 5
2y − 1
x=
3y + 5
x(3y + 5) = 2y − 1
3xy + 5x = 2y − 1
5x + 1 = 2y − 3xy
5x + 1 = y(2 − 3x)
5x + 1
y=
2 − 3x
39
5x + 1
f (x)′ =
2 − 3x
let y = f (x)′
5x + 1
y=
2 − 3x
5y + 1
x=
2 − 3y
x(2 − 3y) = 5y + 1
2x − 3xy = 5y + 1
2x − 1 = 5y + 3xy
2x − 1 = y(5 + 3x)
2x − 1
y=
3x + 5
2x − 1
f (x)′′ = . Looking ba
k to the original f (x).What do you observe? Yes!
3x + 5
f (x) = f (x)′′ .
Whi h means that to all odd inverse less than 2014 that is just equivalent to the
2x − 1
Sin
e 2014 is even, f (x)′′′(2014) = f (x) =
3x + 5
f (x) = 2x − 1
40
f (g(x)) = 2 · g(x) − 1
3x2 − 1 = 2 · g(x) − 1
3x2
g(x) =
2
f (g(x)) = 3x2 − 1
f (2x − 1) = 3x2 − 1
1
Let x=x+ 2
f (2x − 1) = 3x2 − 1
f (2(x + 21 ) − 1) = 3(x + 21 )2 − 1
f (2x + 1 − 1) = 3(x + 12 )2 − 1
f (2x) = 3(x + 21 )2 − 1
x
Let x=
2
f (2 · x2 ) = 3(( x2 ) + 21 )2 − 1
41
f (x) = 3(( x2 ) + 21 )2 − 1
f (x) = 3(( x2 ) + 21 )2 − 1
3(x + 1)2
f (x) = −1
4
3x2 + 6x + 3 − 4
f (x) =
4
3x2 + 6x − 1
f (x) =
4
The latter method was rst presented by Engr. Joselito T orculas in Elite Math
Cir le. He alled this method Clay Molding be ause it is like shaping a lay in its
desired form.
f (g(x)) = 3x2 − 1
f (2x − 1) = 3x2 − 1
y = 2x − 1
Solving for x:
y+1
x=
2
42
By substitution,
y+1 y+1 2
f (2( ) − 1) = 3( ) −1
2 2
y+1 2
f (y + 1 − 1) = 3( ) −1
2
(y + 1)2
f (y) = 3 · −1
4
3(y 2 + 2y + 1) − 4
f (y) =
4
3y 2 + 6y + 3 − 4
f (y) =
4
3y 2 + 6y − 1
f (y) =
4
We stated earlier that y is a tually x,so we drop all y′s and hange it ba k to x.
3x2 + 6x − 1
f (x) =
4
62. 12 has 6 divisors namely {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}.How many divisors 2016 has?
Solution:
The nd the number of divisors is ommonly known as the tau f unction. The
12 = 22 · 3
tau 12 = (2 + 1)(1 + 1) = 6.
43
# of Divisors = (5 + 1)(2 + 1)(1 + 1) = 36
a. y = 3tan4x
2 3x
b. y = sin( )
3 2
. y = 3cos9x
Solution:
a. y = 3tan4x
π
T =
b
π
T =
4
π
T =
4
2 3x
b. y = sin( )
3 2
formula,
2π
T =
b
2 3x
Solving for the period of y = sin( ) we have,
3 2
2π
T =
b
2π
T = 3
2
44
4π
T =
3
. y = 3cos9x
2π
T =
b
2π
T =
9
Solution:
π
To
onvert degree to radians simply multiply the degree value by
180º
π 3π
135º × =
180º 4
22
∠AOB = 120º. How long is minor ar
AB? (Use π= )
7
Solution:
Using the relationship of the length of the ar (s), in luded angle(θ) and the
radius(r) .
s = rθ
2π
θ here must be in radians. 120º =
3
s = rθ
2π
s=7·
3
2 · 22
7
s=7·
3
44
s=
m
3
45
1
66. Point P is on the unit
ir
le O. The
oordinate of P is (x, ). What is/are the
2
value of x?
Solution:
1
Unit
ir
le has a radius of 1. is the verti
al distan
e of point P from the origin.
2
x2 + y 2 = r 2
x2 + ( 12 )2 = 12
1
x2 = 1 − 4
3
x2 =
4
r
3
x=
4
√
3
x=±
2
46
67. What is the range of y = 3cos(2x + 1)?
Solution:
8
68. Find the value of cosθ if tanθ = and θ is in quadrant 3.
15
Solution:
47
Using Pythagorean Theorem, we
an solve for the value of H.
H 2 = 82 + 152
H 2 = 289
√
H= 289
H = 17
O
cosθ =
H
8
cosθ =
17
8
Sin
e θ is in quadrant 3,
osine in third quadrant is negative. Thus, cosθ = −
17
.
Solution:
The easiest way to ra k this is to re ognize that this is the sum of sine of an
angle.
= sin(40 + 20)
= sin60º
48
√
3
=
2
70. A triangle is ins ribe in a ir le with radius 10 m, one angle of the triangle
Solution:
x
2R =
sin60
x = 2Rsin60
√
3
x = 2(10cm)( )
2
√
x = 10 3cm
71. Find the sum of sin2 1º + sin2 2º + sin2 3º + . . . + sin2 88º + sin2 89º
Solution:
49
sin1 = cos(90 − 1) = cos89
sin1 = cos89
sin2 1 = cos2 89
Also,
sin2 2 = cos2 88
sin2 3 = cos2 87
sin2 43 = cos2 47
sin2 44 = cos2 46
cos2 89º + cos2 88º + cos2 87º + . . . + sin2 87º + sin2 88º + sin2 89º
cos2 89 + sin2 89 = 1
cos2 88 + sin2 88 = 1
50
.
cos2 46 + sin2 46 = 1
(cos2 89º+sin2 89º) + (cos2 88º+sin2 88º) + (cos2 87º+sin2 87º)+. . .+sin2 45º
1
(1) + (1) + (1) + . . . +
2
1 89
44 + =
2 2
89
sin2 1º + sin2 2º + sin2 3º + . . . + sin2 88º + sin2 89º=
2
The interval [0, π] means that the values of x must be taken only from this interval.
4cos2 x − 3 = 0
4cos2 x = 3
3
cos2 x =
4
√
r
3
cos2 x =
4
√
3
cosx = ±
2
√ √
1 3 3
We know that cos60 = 2
, So cos30 = 2
. Also cos150 = − 2
51
But the interval given is in radians, so the answer must be in radians form. Hen
e
π 5π
x= ,
6 6
5 − 4sinx − 4cos2 x = 0
By substitution,
5 − 4sinx − 4 + 4sin2 x = 0
4sin2 x − 4sinx + 1 = 0
(2sinx − 1)2 = 0
2sinx − 1 = 0
2sinx = 1
1
sinx =
2
1
is a
oordinate of a spe
ial angle, the sine of angles made by 30º from the x-axis
2
1
is .
2
52
1 1
sin30 = also sin150 =
2 2
By onstru ting a draft of the gure it is easy to see that this is a famous 3-4-5
4
cosC =
5
BD 2 = BC 2 + CD 2 − 2 · BC · CD · cosC
4
BD 2 = 42 + 2.52 − 2(4)(2.5)( )
5
BD 2 = 16 + 2.52 − 16
BD 2 = 2.52
53
BD = 2.5
Re all that any angle ins ribed in a semi ir le is a right angle. By ins ribing the
Hen e AD,DC , and BD are radii of the ir le. We also know that radii of the same
ir le is ongruent.
75. The angle of elevation of the top of the tree 10 meters from the observer is
Solution:
Draft the gure as follows, make sure to label the diagram orre tly.
54
Sin
e this is a right triangle, we
an use the right triangle formula. The
SOH − CAH − T OA
We use tangent sin e we have angle, adja ent and opposite is missing.
O
tanθ =
A
Height
tan30 =
10
Height = 10tan30
√
3
Height = 10 ·
3
√
10 3
Height = m
3
76. Jim and Carrie wanted to measure the height of the mountain but they are both
a rophobi . Chin, a beautiful geek told them that they an measure the height of the
mountain without a tually limbing it. Using a transit, they measure the angle of
55
elevation of the highest point of the mountain and found it to be 30º. They walked 5
kilometers to the opposite side and measure the angle of elevation of the same point
Solution:
Let x = AC = AB = H
5000 − x = AD
√
AD = AB · 3
√
5000 − x = x 3
56
√
x + x 3 = 5000
√
x(1 + 3) = 5000
5000
x= √
1+ 3
√
5000 1 − 3
x= √ · √
1+ 3 1− 3
√
5000(1 − 3)
x= √
12 − ( 3)2
√
5000(1 − 3)
x=
1−3
√
x = 2500( 3 − 1)m
b
H=
cotD + cotC
Where b is the distan e between point C and D. H is the height of the triangle.
5000
H=
cot45 + cot30
5000
H= √
1+ 3
77. In how many ways 5 people
an sit around a round table if 2 of them will always
be sitting with ea
h others side?
Solution:
57
(4 − 1)! = 24 ways.
But the two people sitting ea h other an also sit is 2!. Therefore, the total
78. In how many ways a 5 ouples sit around a round table if ea h ouple is always
together?
Solution:
We assume that ea h ouple is just 1 person. The number of ways they an sit is
(5 − 1)! = 4!.
Ea h ouple an permute in 2! ways. Sin e there are 5 of them. The total number
79. Jim, Jam, Jon, and Jun are playing a standard de k of ards. Ea h of them will
re eive 13 ards. In how many ways these ards will be distributed to 4 of them?
Solution:
52! 52!
or
13!13!13!13! (13!)4
s ore 28 24 20 16 12
frequen y 5 25 10 15 30
Solution:
Range is the dieren e of the highest value from the lowest value.
Range = HV − LV
58
Range = 28 − 12 = 16
Solution:
Median is the middle number if the numbers are arrange from least to greatest.
85 − 1
Median = +1
2
Median = 43
43 here is not the median s ore but the 43rd student's s ore. The s ore of the rst
30 is 12. From 31st to 45th, their s ores are all 16. The 43rd student is one of
Solution:
Mode is the number that o
ur most frequent. Thus, the mode is 12.
83. What is the mean of the s
ore?
Solution:
ScoreSummation
x̃ =
totaltakers
28 · 5 + 24 · 25 + 20 · 10 + 16 · 15 + 12 · 30
x̃ =
85
1540
x̃ = = 18.12
85
84. In how many ways an you rearrange the word BOOK with or without meaning?
Solution:
59
4!
= 12ways
2!1!1!
85. Madonna is taking a 10-item true or false test. In how many ways an she answer
the test?
Solution:
From question 1 to 10 there are two ways to answer the question. By fundamental
86. Mary is taking a 10 item test. In how many ways that she will get a s
ore of 8?
Solution:
Let Y be her orre t answer and N be the numbers she answered in orre tly.
There are other ways that she will get a s ore of 8, example if she was wrong on the
87. Sam ipped 2 fair di e. What is the probability that the sum of the dots if the
di e landed is 6?
Solution:
Number of ways that the sum is 6 if the following dots will show up on the fa e
of the die
(2, 4) - 2 ways
(3, 3) - 1 way
60
That is a total of 5ways. The total possible out
ome is 6 × 6 = 36 ways.
5
Thus the probability is
36
x + y = 9.
n−1 Cr−1
9−1 C2−1
8 C1 =8
89. 5 non- ollinear points s attered on the plane. If we are going to onne t all the
Solution:
lated as follows,
61
T =n C 3
5!
T =5 C 3 = = 10triangles
3!2!
90. In a room with n people inside, the number of handshakes made is 45. If ea h
one of them made a handshake with ea h other. How many people inside the room?
Solution:
n C2 = 45
n!
= 45
(n − 2)!2!
But n! = n × n − 1 × (n − 2)!
n × (n − 1) × (n − 2)!
= 45
(n − 2)!2!
n × (n − 1)
= 45
2
n(n − 1) = 90
n2 − n − 90 = 0
(n − 10)(n + 9) = 0
n = 10
91. Find the probability of having 3 hildren of the same gender. Assuming that
there are only two genders and the probability of having a male and female hild is
the same.
Solution:
Solution 1:
62
Case 1: all
hildren are male. MMM - 1 way
2 1
The probability of having 3
hildren of the same gender is =
8 4
92. Ten people are sitting around a round table. Ea h of them had a handshake with
ea h other but not the person right beside them. How many handshakes happened?
Solution:
use the formula to solve for the number of diagonals to solve for the number of
n
Handshakes = (n − 3)
2
10
= (10 − 3)
2
= 35
93. In a jar there are 10 white balls, 20 green balls and 31 blue balls. How many
balls must be taken out in order to make sure we have 15 balls of the same olor?
Solution:
Worst
ase s
enario if we have taken out 14 white balls, 14 green balls, and 14
blue balls. If we take out 1 more ball, whatever
olor it is, we will have 15 balls of
the same
olor. Thus the minimum number of balls must be 3(14) + 1 = 43.
94. In the jar there are 4 red balls, 5 white balls and 6 blue balls. If we take out
two marbles at the same time, what is the probability that two balls are of the same
olor?
Solution:
63
4!
Case 1: 2 balls are red. Sin
e there are 4 red balls. There are 4 C2 = =6 ways
2!2!
to do it.
5!
Case 2: 2 balls are white. Sin
e there are 5 white balls. There are 5 C2 = = 10
3!2!
ways to do it.
6!
Case 3: 2 balls are blue. Sin
e there are 6 blue balls. There are 6 C2 = = 15
4!2!
ways to do it.
There are a total of 15 balls in the jar, there are 15 C2 total possible ways to take
6 + 10 + 15 31
=
105 105
95. In how many ways we an reate a 3 groups out of 9 people if ea h group ontains
3 people?
Solution:
9!
= 280
3!3!3!
96. x is 4 more than thri e y. If their sum is 20. What is the the sum of their
squares?
Solution:
64
x + y = 20
Substitute equation 1 to x.
3y + 4 + y = 20
4y = 16
y=4
x = 3y + 4
x = 3(4) + 4
x = 16
x2 + y 2 = 42 + 162
x2 + y 2 = 272
97. John is 6 more than twi e as old as his son Nathan. 6 years ago, he was three
Solution:
6 years ago,
65
At present, John is 6 more than twi
e as old as his son Nathan. That is
x = 2y + 6
x − 6 = 3(y − 6)
x = 3(y − 6) + 6
x = 2y + 6
3(y − 6) + 6 = 2y + 6
3y − 18 = 2y
y = 18
x = 2y + 6
x = 2(18) + 6
x = 42
98. Find an equation with integral oe ients whose roots are half the roots of the
equation x3 + 4x2 − 3x + 1 = 0
Solution:
x
y= ⇔x = 2y
2
66
8y 3 + 16y 2 − 6y + 1 = 0
8x3 + 16x2 − 6x + 1 = 0
99. Ea h side of the ube is in reased by 20%, what is the per entage in reased by
its volume?
Solution:
x + 20%(x)
1.2x
V = (1.2x)3
V = 1.728x3
The per entage in reased by the volume of the ube an be solved by,
Vnewcube − Vorig.cube
%Vincreased = ∗ 100%
Vorig.cube
1.728x3 − x3
%Vincreased = ∗ 100%
x3
%Vincreased = 72.8%
Solution:
67
Re
all: x3 + y 3 + z 3 = (x + y + z)(x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − xz) + 3xyz
Let x = a + 3b
Let y = b − 4a
Let z = 3a − 4b
to x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz
x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz
68