International Business Research; Vol. 11, No.

11; 2018
ISSN 1913-9004 E-ISSN 1913-9012
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

E-commerce Development in Bangladesh

Md Thohidul Karim1, Xu Qi2
1
Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, 1882 Yan’an Road West, Shanghai
200051, P. R. China
Correspondence: Md Thohidul Karim, Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University,
1882 Yan’an Road West, Shanghai 200051, P. R. China.

Received: September 18, 2018 Accepted: October 24, 2018 Online Published: October 29, 2018
doi:10.5539/ibr.v11n11p201 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n11p201

Abstract
The whole world is experiencing the major transformation in retail business, and Bangladesh does not differ
from the global trend. The e-commerce in Bangladesh is still a young and emerging industry; it is growing fast.
In this paper, we have presented the characteristics of Bangladesh e-commerce, its past and present development
based on secondary data from different sources. Also, a questionnaire-based survey conducted to know the
perception of online consumers and their previous shopping experience. The study highlighted the challenges
and areas for perfection in the e-commerce market in Bangladesh. The article comprises a suggestion for
improvements in marketing activities for the Bangladesh online stores.
Keywords: e-commerce, Bangladesh, consumer attitude
1. Introduction
E-commerce or Electronic commerce has brought revolutionary changes in the business. The inception of
internet technology made it possible. The whole world is experiencing a tremendous transition in business, now
a day’s internet is used as a tool for business. According to data statistics, 52% of the world population are
internet users (Internet W. S., 2018). That gives us an indication of how e-commerce is going to make an impact
on the future or currently impacting on our business and social life. E-commerce business principle can apply in
all business models, i.e., B2B (Business to Business), B2C (business to consumer), C2C (Consumer to
Consumer) and C2B (Consumer to Business). Last two decades the world has noticed incredible growth in e-
commerce. In 2017, the worldwide e-commerce sales amounted to 2.3 trillion USD and projected to raise 4.88
trillion USD by 2021 (eMarketer, 2018).
In Bangladesh e-commerce still in developing phase, though it has started in the late 1990s (e-cab, 2016). During
that time, small numbers of non-resident Bangladeshi used e-commerce services to send gifts and books to their
dear one in Dhaka capital city of Bangladesh. Later in the year 2001-2008, it has experienced little growth due to
lack of knowledge and infrastructure. The situation has started changing in 2012-2013 when two e-commerce
site akhoni and ajkerdeal introduce themselves to the online consumers. It has received good appreciation from
the consumers mainly in Dhaka. The outcome of the E-com venture not only enticed business entrepreneur to
invest and hit the market from Bangladesh but also from abroad as well. Some foreign investor like Olx, daraz,
and kaymu joined the competition along with local (Rashed, 2017). There has been decent growth in e-
commerce in the last couple of years; some e-commerce service provider launches their service. A site like
rokomari.com, who have adopted a similar business strategy like Amazon started selling books. Currently
holding the top position in the industry and began expanding their business into other product categories.
Bikroy.com is another example; they adopted the unique business model. They provide both buying and selling
options for the consumer goods in their platform. FMCG and grocery sector also step into the e-commerce
industry othoba.com, pickaboo and chaldal.com represent respective areas. Renown business conglomerate and
business group of the country shown interest to join in e-commerce trade. Online food delivery services also got
a very positive response from food lovers. Due to high traffic congestion and inadequate driving condition
consumers prefer to order food online then visit the restaurant. Hungry Naki and Food panda two very well
known delivery e-commerce platform in Dhaka and Chittagong (export.gov, 2017).
The growing popularity of online shopping and increased number of internet users showing great prospect of e-
commerce development in Bangladesh. The application of e-commerce will be different in Bangladesh than it

1
http://ibr.ccsenet.org International Business Research Vol. 11, No. 11; 2018

is in China, Europe and America because of the social and cultural difference, overwhelming popularity of
traditional business models, typical consumer behaviors, and consumer expectations.
2. The Objective and Methodology
The objective of this study to get a clear picture of the past and present situation of e-commerce in Bangladesh.
How it evolves over the years, current status, infrastructure development, government policy and consumers
perception about e-commerce all these issues will be address and discussed.
Our study is primarily based on secondary data. The data and information have collected from government
reports, website, newspapers, online blogs, Journals, and Research paper, etc. We have conducted a small survey
to get the primary data to learn about consumer’s perception of e-commerce. Dhaka and Chittagong are two
major cities that have seen significant development of e-business. So our questionnaire is distributed to that areas
and data are collected from local consumers.
This paper analyzes those data that present in reports and survey. We also discussed the various factors that have
a substantial impact on E-commerce development in Bangladesh. Our aim is to help the businesses that want to
expand e-business in Bangladesh. Provide them with a better understanding of Bangladesh's e-commerce
development, distinctiveness, and hurdles. The understanding of e-consumer behavior, preferences, and
expectations are enormously crucial for businesses people, to ensure that they can apply the appropriate strategy
when expanding e-commerce in Bangladesh.
3. E-Commerce in Bangladesh
The economic growth of Bangladesh is quite steady and showing an upward trend. Last one decade it has shown
significant improvement, even during the world financial recession the GDP growth was remarkable. Now it is
considered one of the fastest growing major economies in the world with a GDP growth rate of over 7.1%. It
also got the attention and emerged itself as one of the leading frontier marketplaces for global investors. In 2016,
the IMF stated that it was the 2nd fastest-growing major economy in the world (Payal, 2017).
3.1 Internet Users and Infrastructure Development
Bangladesh has seen e-commerce inception in the late 90’s and early 2000’s. Even though there was a lack of
infrastructure, internet facilities, and government policy but it received better appreciation from the consumers.
In 2013, the government allowed to purchase and sale of goods and online services by using international credit
cards (export.gov, 2017). Before that wireless internet service, WiMAX and 3G roll out some major cities and
internet speed got faster. To some extent, that gave a major boost to the online business. Initially, the growth was
not that significant, but it was promising. In 2016, the e-commerce industry recorded a 67% growth in the first
three quarters, and the country's e-commerce transaction reached 3.59 billion takas (50 million U.S. dollars)
(Xinhua, 2016).
Fastest internet connection and internet users are the key factors that help to boom e-commerce business. Last
couple of years, Bangladesh experiencing tremendous growth in this sector. In 2016, the internet penetration rate
was 13.2%, and the number of internet users was 21.39 million (internetlivestats, 2016). In 2017, the number
increased triple times, the internet users raised to 80.43 million and the penetration rate was 48.4% (Internet w. s.,
2018). According to Bangladesh telecommunication regulatory commission (BTRC), latest statistics (June 2018)
shows that the number further increased to 87.79 million users and the penetration rate is 52.77% (BTRC,
www.btrc.gov.bd, 2018). Figure 1 shows a graphical presentation of users and penetration rate.
 60.00%

Penetration Rate
50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
Internet Users

201620172018

Figure 1. Internet users and Penetration rate

The statistic looks very promising and encouraging to the e-commerce traders and investors. The data also
revealed that mobile internet users hold the majority of shares among a total number of users. Based on the latest
data, 82.02 million users subscribe to the mobile internet, 0.081 million subscribe to WiMAX, and 5.685 million
subscribe to ISP + PSTN connections. Figure 2 shows the breakdown of internet subscribers; the data source is
the BTRC website (BTRC, www.btrc.gov.bd, 2018).

0%
7%

Mobile Internet
WiMAX
ISP + PSTN

93%

Figure 2. Total Internet Subscribers

In February 2018, mobile operators in Bangladesh launched 4G internet service in major cities, which
subsequently introduced to all 64 districts (Shariar, 2018). The mobile operators are updating their
infrastructures to provide un-interruptible internet and communication services. Recently the government has
decided to test-run of the fifth generation (5G) mobile data service by July this year; the test will be run with the
support of a leading telecom vendor Huawei (Dailystar, www.thedailystar.net, 2018). There is another news
came out that the government is eying on to launch the fifth-generation wireless technology from 2020 (Hitler,
2018).
Another data statistics from BTRC shows that the total number of Mobile Phone subscribers has
reached 150.945 Million at the end of June 2018 (BTRC, www.btrc.gov.bd, 2018). The gaining popularity of the
Mobile and the increased numbers of Internet users are prerequisites for the E-commerce development. The
government took multiple initiatives to provide high aptitude fiber-optic submarine cable bandwidth and state of
the art Internet Transfer facilities. Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited (BSCCL) was formed in
2008 to run a smooth operation and provide better communication service. BSCCL is a party in both SMW-4,
and SMW-5 Consortiums offer more capacity and redundancy in Submarine Cables for Bangladesh (BSCCL,
2018). The BSCCL annual reports indicate that in 2016 the total bandwidth capacity is increased to 500 GBPS,
previously it was 200GBPS. Figure 3 illustrates to us the current bandwidth capacity and utilization scenario of
Bangladesh. The data are retrieved from BSCCL annual reports (BSCCL, 2018).

Figure 3. Bandwidth Capacity and utilization

(Image source: BSCCL annual reports 2016-2017)
In UNCTAD report, it is mentioned that internet users one of the leading indicators along with the other three
factors to judge e-commerce growth and development. A recent report shows that there are more than 60 million
active 3G users by December 2017( though the number rises to 87 million by June 2018), 40 million users
actively use the internet every day and 10.87 million new sims added in 2017. The report also reveals that mobile
transaction getting popular among consumers, average 891.42 crore taka mobile transaction per day in October
2017 (Md. Farhan, Khaled, & Mehrab, 2018). The whole scenario presents an excellent illustration of the current
situation and its future growth. It is very lucrative and enticing for the possible investors. The recent acquisition
by Chinese internet giant Alibaba has proved this assumption. It has acquired Bangladesh’s one of the leading e-
commerce venture “Daraz” Though the acquisition took places four other Asian countries as well (Dailystar,
www.thedailystar.net, 2018). The figure 4 collected from The Daily Star online version and the image designed
by Mr. Shahriar Rahman (www.thedailystar.net, 2018).

Figure 4. ICT and Telecom in Numbers

(Image source: The daily star)
3.2 Current Business Situation
According to e-commerce association of Bangladesh (e-CAB), the following three types of e-Commerce are
popular in Bangladesh.
 Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
 Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
 Business-to-Business (B2B)
Business to Consumer has become popular in major cities in Bangladesh. A report published by e-CAB shows
that E-commerce shoppers remained highly clustered. Dhaka, Chittagong, and Gazipur are three main cities that
contribute 80% of the total shoppers. Dhaka (the capital city) draws the highest traffic 35%, Chittagong 29%,
and Gazipur 15% respectively. Sylhet and Narayanganj other two cities that are showing promising growth (e-
CAB, 2018). Another report shows that There are more than 2500 e-commerce websites and around 8,000 e-
commerce pages on Facebook that operating business (export.gov, 2017) (Mohiuddin, 2014). UNCTAD B2C
(business to consumers) E-Commerce Index 2016 shown that Bangladesh is one of the top 10 economies by the
difference between the predicted and actual share of internet users buying online (UNCTAD, 2016). In
November 2017, a report published by New Age (daily newspaper) it has mentioned that e-commerce sector
expected to grow 70% and the market size is estimated $110-115 million compared to 2016, which was $65-70
million. Though e-commerce only contributes 0.7% of the country’s total retail market (newagebd, 2017). The
market is growing fast, and the sales volume is surging. The very recent report shows that the current e-
commerce market size increased to $230-240 million and annual growth is 45-50% (Muhammad, 2018).
According to Goldman Sachs, Bangladesh e-commerce market size will grow to $20 billion by 2020 (newagebd,
2017). If the current uprising trend persists, the prediction might become true or maybe more. Previously most of
the traffic comes from the urban area, but recently some of the e-commerce sites extended their business in the
rural area as well. The response is quite encouraging, “Customers from rural areas are also purchasing huge
volumes of products, which is a new phenomenon for this kind of business” a former president of e-CAB Razib
Ahmed said to the news agency (Muhammad, 2018). One of the major drawbacks of Bangladesh e-commerce
business is delivery lead time, which is very high. A couple of product delivery companies noticed this and took
the initiative; they build own warehouse for some companies that helping them to make faster deliveries.
Consumer to Consumer businesses are also rising, a significant amount of e-commerce websites are involved in
C2C e-commerce. These sites are adopted eBay business model. They are individual and auction-based online
marketplaces. Recently, the C2C sector has seen some merging, Telenor Group purchased CellBazar and
Ekhanei.com purchased playeOLX (export.gov, 2017).
Business to Business is the model where a company conducts its trading and other commercial activity through
the internet with business/trading partners. Generally, B2B engaged in providing manufacturing and supply-
chain solutions. Few websites facilitate the B2B business in Bangladesh, for example, the Bangladesh Garment
Manufacturers Employee Association (BGMEA) has deployed B2B e-commerce solutions for international
RMG orders and procurement. Other websites feature business directories, trade deals, and information about
suppliers such as Bangladesh Business Guide, Addressbazaar, and Bizbangladesh (export.gov, 2017). Some
major e-commerce business sites name and website info listed in Table 1.
Table 1. List of e-commerce sites
Name Website Type of Business
Rokomari www.rokomari.com B2C
Ajker Deal www.ajkerdeal.com B2C
Daraz https://www.daraz.com.bd/ B2C
Chaldal https://chaldal.com/ B2C
Othoba https://www.othoba.com/ B2C
Pickaboo https://www.pickaboo.com/ B2C
Bagdoom www.bagdoom.com B2C
Clickbd http://www.clickbd.com/ B2C
Priyoshop www.priyoshop.com B2C
Meenabazar http://www.meenaclick.com/ B2C
Kiksha www.kiksha.com B2C
Sheba https://www.sheba.xyz/ B2C
Ghoori Ghoori.com.bd B2C
Cellbazaar https://cellbazaar.com/ C2C
Buysellbazar http://buysellbazar24.com/ C2C
Kaymu www.kaymu.com.bd C2C
Bikroy www.bikroy.com C2C
Ekhane www.ekhane.com C2C
Addressbazar http://addressbazar.com/ B2B
Bizbangladesh https://bizbangladesh.com/b2b-trade B2B
Busytrade http://bangladesh.busytrade.com/ B2B
3.3 Law and Policy Framework
Internet security and trust are two fundamental to creating a favorable environment for e-commerce. That would
comprise, legal and regulatory frameworks that assist paperless trade in goods and services, consumer protection,
data privacy and protection, measures for cybercrime and market access. It is crucial to have strong policy and
legal frameworks that should illustrate standard definitions of common keywords used in e-commerce, agreed-
upon mechanisms of contract, finance and dispute resolution and should enable collaboration between different
regulatory authorities.
The last couple of years, e-CAB is working with the government to formulate the draft guideline and national
digital commerce policy. They organized more than 30 workshops to come up with e-commerce and local
entrepreneur-friendly policy. Very recently, the government has approved the long-awaited National Digital
Commerce Policy (www.thedailystar.net, 2018). The authority has mandated three crucial in the policy,
 It does not allow foreign investors to have a stake of over 49 percent in any e-commerce venture in
Bangladesh.
 The e-commerce entities need to clearly state the details of the products they sell online, which include
the product's quality along with its return policy.
 E-traders will have to sign a deal with the products' suppliers, delivery channels and payment gateways
to ensure that customers' rights are appropriately protected, reads the policy.
The news brought massive relief to the e-commerce traders and will boost digital commerce and online shopping
in the country. E-commerce businesspersons and traders hailed the new policy, believing it would turn up as a
boon for domestic companies.
3.4 Online Payment
Products purchased over the Internet are often can be paid through online or offline. There are different ways to
make the payment. Payment methods differ among countries and are a function of national financial regulations,
credit riskiness, vendor strategies, and consumer preferences. It is quite challenging to choose a single payment
method for measuring e-commerce payment readiness. Credit and debit cards are the most popular payment
method worldwide in terms of online transaction purchase value (UNCTAD., 2017).
In Bangladesh, consumers are still reluctant to use the electronic mode of payment or online payment system. A
survey report published in 2015 conducted by Kaymu, an online marketplace in Bangladesh. Their research
shows that “Cash-on-delivery is the most commonly used payment method in Bangladesh, accounting for 95
percent of e-commerce transactions. Only 1 percent used credit cards, about 2 percent bKash or other mobile
transactions and 2 percent banking channels” (Muhammad Z. I., 2015). Recent past the situation has improved a
bit but still “cash on delivery” is the primary payment mode. Latest reports show that 90% payment made by
Cash on delivery, 6% by MFS and 4% by Credit or Debit card. Figure 5 illustrates the current payment scenario.
 6% 4%

90%

Cash on DeliveryMFSCredit/Debit Card

Figure 5. Online Shopping Payment Method

Government is keen to improve the payment system, earlier this year central bank approved a company to
facilitate online payments and fund transfer between parties called “iPay.” The startup will work like Paypal in
the country. Other fintech company applied for government approval (A.K.M. Zamir, 2018). The technology still
very new and will take time to get familiar among the consumers. However, analysts and policymakers are
hopeful that it will get a similar response like MFS. Once get popular this will take mobile payment system to
another era.
4. E-commerce in the Opinion of Bangladeshi Internet Users
A recent study found that Bangladesh currently enters to population dividend era. It means the percentage of
young people will be the highest in the next 25 years. Currently, 65% of the total population of 168 million in
Bangladesh is below the age of 35. It does not only make the country one of the largest (8th based on population)
but also the youngest in the world (e-cab.net, 2017). It is a golden chance for Bangladesh to utilize e-commerce
potential by providing a business-friendly environment. It will definitely change the economic landscape of the
country. Goldman Sachs also did research and realized the potential of e-commerce in Bangladesh. They labeled
it as one of the “Next Eleven” – a group of countries that have the prerequisites and capability to become key
economic players in the twenty-first century (e-cab.net, 2017). Increasing urbanization and a larger middle class
with higher disposable incomes – the ideal target group for e-commercial activities.
So far very few research has done to know about consumers perception of e-commerce in Bangladesh. (Rashed,
2017) Found that the majority of e-commerce buyers are young executives or students. He also mentions that the
Bangladesh economy is scattering not only in Dhaka or Chittagong but also in villages, small cities with proper
internet connectivity. (Syed, 2015) Found that aged between 20-35 years are more interested in shopping online.
His survey reports show that 66% of his respondents already have the experience to buy a product online.
(Mohammed & Tunazzina, 2015) Found that consumers prefer online shopping due to convenience in terms of
less time consuming and hassle-free shopping. They also studied the relationship between family structure and
likeliness to prefer online shopping. Their findings show that “when people do not have free time for shopping, e
specially in case of nuclear family or when both husband wives are employed, they prefer online shopping more
than the people in the joint family.”
To know about Bangladeshi consumer’s perception of e-commerce/online shopping, we have conducted the ques
tionnaire-based survey. Our data have been collected from Dhaka and Chittagong two major cities that most of t
he traffic comes from. Total 400 questionnaires distributed to the consumers but we have received 255 questionn
aires. Five questionnaire removed from the analysis due to incorrect and missing answer. So the final number is
250, most of our respondents are aged 18 to 24 (88%), 174 are male respondents, and 76 are female respondents.
Figure 6 and 7 present the demographics of the respondents.
 Age Gender

12% 30%

70%

88%

18-2425-35 MaleFemale

Figure 6. Age of respondents Figure 7. Gender of respondents

The questionnaire was consist of 8 question, and we have adopted Seven-point Likert-type scale from strongly di
sagree (= 1) to strongly agree (= 7). Our findings show that 51% of respondents frequently buy products online
and most of them are satisfied with the previous shopping experience. 54.8% felt that online shopping is conveni
ent and 51.2% admitted the usefulness of the shopping. The result also shows that consumers enjoy shopping on
the internet, 76.4% shown their comfort in buying products online. Though all the numbers are very encouraging
surprisingly only 45.2% said that they would prefer to shop from the internet than the traditional channel in the f
uture.
 Frequent online shopper- 51%
 Satisfied previous online shopping- 51.6%
 Online shopping convenient- 54.8%
 Online shopping useful- 51.2%
 Level of ease- 68%
 Level of comfort- 76.4%
 Easy and hassle-free- 53.6%
 Future shopping preference- 45.2%
Previous shopping experiences always have a significant impact on decisions concerning another purchase. Onli
ne shopping provides hassle-free shopping and saves valuable time. It facilitates access to a wide range of produ
cts with ease. It is convenient for them to roam around the virtual shopping world and choose their desired produ
cts. It is much more comfortable than visiting traditional brick and mortar stores. Therefore, building a long-term
association with the client and transparent operation should be the primary business strategy. Client’s pleasure an
d satisfaction with the purchase can be achieved with high-quality services. So, there should be a fast and easy in
teractive customer service system to answer all the question and queries. Good manners and behaviors will be th
e key to creating a relationship with clients.
5. Challenges
Bangladesh e-commerce is growing, and the market size is getting bigger. However, some obstacles are restrictin
g the market growth and entrepreneurs having a tough time running their business.
 Lack of logistics and transportation System, restraining e-commerce traders to expand their business. T
hat directly affects the delivery services, national road and highways are yet to be an international stand
ard that facilitated the faster delivery services. The stagnant traffic hampers fast delivery of products in t
he city as well.
 The absence of government policy, traders, are misguided by several forums and managing bodies regar
ding business models, planning, and marketing. Lack of policy created a big understanding gap between
entrepreneurs and consumers. Though recently the government has approved the e-commerce law and it
needs to implement as soon as possible. That will clear all the confusion in the air and create a favorabl
e environment for everyone.
  Shortage of capital, local entrepreneurs having a tough time to manage money and financial support. E-
commerce still in development stage, so investors are not sure and certain about its growth. The govern
ment needs to step up and take the initiative to support those entrepreneurs.
 Trustworthy payment system, e-commerce in Bangladesh still have not earned the consumer’s "Trust" t
hat’s why we see more than 90% payment made on delivery. Strict policy, reliable and safe payment sy
stem is the only way to overcome this issue. Another issue is a number of credit and debit cards users in
Bangladesh; The number is deficient and insufficient. Bangladesh Bank has a huge role to play here; the
y should ask the public and private bank to take the initiative to encourage customers to use cards and lo
wer the TXN cost for credit and debit card. Beginning of this year, we have seen the launch of the e-wal
let or e-payment system; it will definitely help online and e-commerce payment.
 Integrate social media with an e-commerce platform; Facebook is the silent competitor of e-commerce.
There are thousands of small merchants who are running their business through social media especially
on facebook. Technology is changing fast and so does the consumers shopping behavior or pattern. No
wadays, consumers spent more time with their mobile phone than their laptop or desktop computers. So
entrepreneurs need to understand the consumer’s preference and act according to that.
 Lack of knowledge, Bangladeshi merchants and consumers yet to fully understand the benefits of e-com
merce. ICT ministry, e-CAB, and BASIS have a considerable role to play here. They need to bring mor
e expert and experienced persons in e-commerce to start campaigns to promote nationwide. Their collec
tive efforts can make this a success.
6. Conclusion
The e-commerce in Bangladesh is still a young and emerging industry. In this paper, we have presented the chara
cteristics of Bangladesh e-commerce, its past and present development. According to the report from UNCTAD,
Goldman Sachs and other sources, Bangladesh e-commerce is growing with good pace and becoming competitiv
e in Asian markets. In 2018, two major players in the global e-commerce industry Alibaba and Xiaomi announce
d their interest to run business in Bangladesh. From e-commerce business perspective it is excellent news for the
government, consumers, and traders. This two company already established themselves as a global business lead
er, their experience and investment will be the significant boost for local e-commerce traders. It will definitely en
tice the other global players to come to Bangladesh and invest in the e-commerce industry. This paper we have p
ointed out some drawbacks of the current e-commerce industry, now policymakers need to shift their focus to th
ose shortcomings, and act fast to take necessary measures to solve the problems. Besides that, they should provid
e healthy and level playing environments not only for local investors but also for foreign investors.
The number of websites/online stores and the number of online shoppers in Bangladesh growing steadily. Accor
ding to our survey, the consumers of Bangladesh shown positive attitudes on e-shopping and at the same time ex
pressed their concern about safety and privacy. So, e-commerce traders should take the initiative to build a long-t
erm relationship with clients and earn their confidence, let them share their thoughts, create communities, listen t
o their opinions and use their ideas, more importantly, focus on the transparency of the operation. They should i
mprove their marketing activities and develop a consumer-oriented strategy to entice more customers.
Recent time, global consumer’s data privacy become a major concern. In our study, we found that both consume
rs and merchants have a lack of knowledge about the whole business system. So, the government has to play a pr
ominent role here and ensure consumers data safety and provide the necessary platform to learn about e-commer
ce.
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