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Product: EXCAVATOR
Model: 320 GC EXCAVATOR KTN
Configuration: 320 GC Excavator KTN00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY C4.4 Engine
Systems Operation
C4.4 Engines for Caterpillar Built Machines
Media Number -UENR4515-18 Publication Date -01/06/2015 Date Updated -29/10/2018

i05806373
Introduction
SMCS - 1000
The C4.4 diesel engine is electronically controlled. The C4.4 engine has an Electronic Control
Module (ECM) that receives signals from the fuel injection pump and other sensors in order to control
the electronic unit injector. The fuel injection pump supplies fuel to the high-pressure manifold (Rail).
The high-pressure manifold (Rail) distributes fuel to the electronic unit injectors.
The four cylinders are arranged in-line. The cylinder head assembly has two inlet valves and two
exhaust valves for each cylinder. The ports for the exhaust valves are on the right side of the cylinder
head. The ports for the inlet valves are on the left side of the cylinder head. Each cylinder valve has a
single valve spring.
Each cylinder has a piston cooling jet that is installed in the cylinder block. The piston cooling jet
sprays engine oil onto the inner surface of the piston in order to cool the piston. The pistons have a
Quiescent or a Re-entrant combustion chamber in the top of the piston in order to achieve clean
exhaust emissions. The piston pin is off-center in order to reduce the noise level.
The pistons have two compression rings and an oil control ring. The groove for the top ring has a hard
metal insert in order to reduce wear of the groove. The skirt has a layer of graphite in order to reduce
the risk of seizure when the engine is new. The correct piston height is important in order to ensure
that the piston does not contact the cylinder head. The correct piston height also ensures the efficient
combustion of fuel which is necessary in order to conform to requirements for emissions.
The crankshaft has five main bearing journals. End play is controlled by thrust washers which are
located on both sides of the number 3 main bearing.
The timing case is made of aluminum or cast iron. The timing gears are stamped with timing marks in
order to ensure the correct assembly of the gears. When the number 1 piston is at the top center
position of the compression stroke, the marked teeth on the idler gear will align with the marks that
are on the fuel injection pump gear, the camshaft gear, and the gear on the crankshaft. There are no
timing marks on the rear face of the timing case.
The crankshaft gear turns the idler gear which then turns the following gears:
• the camshaft gear
• the accessory drive gear (if equipped)

• the fuel injection pump gear
• the water pump gear
The camshaft runs at half the rpm of the crankshaft. The fuel injection pump runs at the same rpm as
the crankshaft.
The fuel injection pump that is installed on the left side of the engine is gear-driven from the timing
case. The fuel is transferred to the fuel injection pump by an external electric transfer pump. The
electric transfer pump draws fuel across a suction strainer that supplies fuel to the primary fuel filter
and the secondary fuel filter. The fuel then travels to the fuel injection pump. A pressure regulator that
is installed in the low-pressure fuel system controls the fuel pressure to the fuel injection pump. The
pressure regulator regulates the fuel at an absolute pressure of 150 kPa (22 psi) when the engine is at
idle speed.
The fuel injection pump increases the fuel to a maximum pressure of 200 MPa (2900 psi). The fuel
injection pump delivers the fuel to the high-pressure manifold (Rail). The suction control valve and
the fuel temperature sensor on the fuel injection pump are serviceable. The engine uses speed sensors
and the Electronic Control Module to control the engine speed.
For the specifications of the C4.4 engine, refer to the Specifications, "Engine Design".
The following model views show a typical C4.4 engine. Due to individual applications, your engine
may appear different from the illustrations.
C4.4 Engine with Series Turbochargers

Illustration 1 g03404422
Typical example
(1) Front lifting eye
(2) Crankcase breather
(3) Secondary fuel filter
(4) Primary fuel filter
(5) Electronic Control Module (ECM)
(6) Fuel priming pump
(7) In line fuel filter
(8) Oil level gauge (dipstick)
(9) Oil drain plug
(10) Oil filter
(11) Oil sampling valve
(12) Fuel injection pump
(13) Oil filler
Typical example
(14) Air intake
(15) Coolant outlet
(16) Water pump
(17) Coolant intake
(18) Belt tensioner
(19) Belt
Typical example
(20) Back pressure valve
(21) High-pressure turbocharger
(22) Low-pressure turbocharger
(23) Alternator
(24) Refrigerant compressor
(25) Starter solenoid
(26) Starting motor
(27) Starter relay
(28) Oil drain tap
(29) Flywheel
(30) Flywheel housing
(31) Exhaust gas cooler (NRS)
(32) Rear lifting eye
C4.4 Engine with Single Turbocharger

Typical example
Copyright 1993 - 2020 Caterpillar Inc. Sun Aug 2 20:14:48 UTC+0700 2020
All Rights Reserved.
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• the camshaft gear

• the accessory drive gear (if equipped)

• the water pump gear

C4.4 Engine with Series Turbochargers

C4.4 Engine with Single Turbocharger

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