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Modelling and finite element analysis of stress distribution in total hip

replacement using different material combinations

Conference Paper · March 2011

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Manish Kadam, Manu Gupta, P.V. Sivaprasad, Saravana Kumar, G. and Olle Wijk, Modelling and finite element analysis
of stress distribution in total hip replacement using different material combinations, International Conference of
World-Class Technology in Materials and Manufacturing (M&MT 2011), Pune, March 8-10, 2011.

This conference paper should be cited as given above.

 Modelling and finite element analysis of stress distribution in
total hip replacement using different material combinations

Manish Kadam, Manu Gupta, P.V. Sivaprasad,

G. Saravana Kumar and Olle Wijk
Research Manager, Sandvik Asia Pvt Ltd, Pune

Abstract:
The hip joint is one of the largest weight bearing structures in the human body. Depending on the type
of activity, the hip joint is subjected to load intensity fluctuating between zero and maximum of about 7
times the body weight. Because of this loading, mechanical failures of the hip joint and of the
neighboring bony structure, particularly the upper femoral region, constitute a large proportion of the
problems confronting the orthopedic surgeons. Numerical modeling techniques, such as the finite
element method, open the possibility of predicting hip joint biomechanics noninvasively and to
estimate the magnitude of the stresses in hip joint.

The paper discusses development of a CAD model for the artificial hip stem. The steps involved in this complex model
includes 3D laser scanning of the hip stem, repairing and cleaning the model using SolidWorks, meshing the model using
HyperMesh and finally importing the model to MSC.Marc for finite element analysis. The stresses in the hip stem were
analyzed using the commercial software MSC.Marc for various material combinations such as Titanium alloys and Co-Cr
alloys. The paper also discusses development of an integrated model where the artificial hip stem is inserted in femur and
the finite element analysis is carried out to study the stress distribution in the impalnt and bone. The importance of
mathematical tools to understand the complex biomechanics of the hip stem are highlighted.

Keywords: Total Hip Replacement, Reverse engineering, 3D scanning, Meshing, Finite Element Analysis.

Introduction Total Hip Replacement (THR): where a significant portion

of femoral bone is cut through its neck and an implant is
In mechanical terms, hip joint is a kind of 'ball and socket'
inserted into the femur. This paper focuses mainly on Total
joint. It connects thigh bone (femur) and the pelvis region
Hip Replacement.
(acetabulum part). The joint consists of femoral head,
acetabulum cup, and a cartilage & synovial fluid for even Earliest records of THR date back to 1891 when Dr. Gluck
distribution of stress. Figure 1 shows a skeletal structure T (Germany) performed a hip replacement using ivory.
of hip joint & cross section of human femur. Variety of implant designs were developed in 1940s &
1950s which were commonly made of Co-Cr (Cobalt
Osteoarthritis is one the most common problems
Chrome) alloys. In late 1950s, Sir John Charnley,
occurring at the hip joint, which results in pitting and
developed an implant made of Stainless Steel and for the
erosion. Consequently, it becomes very difficult to
first time a material called Polymethylmethaacrylate
perform every day activities. Also, severe accidents at
(PMMA) was used as bone cement to improve the
times can cause injuries to hip joint resulting in surgical
treatments. Broadly, two types of surgical hip joint Manish Kadam
treatments are performed: a) Hip Resurfacing: where only
Research Manager, Sandvik Asia Pvt Ltd, Pune
the outer surface of femoral head and acetabulum cup e-mail: [email protected]
are ground and replaced with artificial shell and a cup; b)

M&MT 2011 01
 Common causes of implant failure can be broadly
Acetabulum categorized as follows:
Cancellous
Head a) Aseptic loosening

b) Septic loosening

Cortical c) Failure due to fatigue loading of hip joint.

Medullary
caviy
d) Stress shielding & degradation of bone.
Neck
Cartilage Upper
trochanter e) Wear, corrosion and debris formation

(a) (b) Aseptic loosening refers to a phenomenon when

Femur
reactions between blood and implant material cause
degradation of bone around the bone-implant interface
and result in weakening of implant. Septic loosening
Fig. 1. (a) Various parts of hip joint and
occurs due to relative micro-motions between bone and
(b) cross section of femur (thigh bone) in human body.
(Source: Biomechanical basis of human movement, implant, and it is one of the major causes of implant
Hamill & Knutzen, 3rd edition 2009) failure.

According to 19th century German anatomist, Julius

bonding between bone & implant. This model is still
Wolff, stated that the functional adaptation of bones
considered as one of the gold standards for the reasons of
reorients the trabeculae, so that they align with the new
its very high success rate (~92%) after 10 years [1] and
principal stress trajectories when the environmental loads
~85% after 15 years. Now a days, Ti alloy (Ti6Al4V) is
on the bone are changed by trauma or a life pattern
widely used for implants due to its biocompatibility and
change. This is called as Wolff's law. [2]. Animal bones
high strength to weight ratio.
adapt themselves to the loads they are placed under.
Typical parts of a THR assembly consist of stem, head, Stress shielding is a phenomenon referring to reduction in
neck & acetabular cup as shown in Fig. 2. bone density owing to reduced normal stresses [3].

As the hip joint undergoes high cycle fatigue over the

period of 15-20 years or more, there are chances of
fatigue failure.

Due to active nature of hip joint, wear results in debris

formation and toxic elements are produced in the body.

Following are the main biomaterial requirements for an

implant [4]:

1. Mechanical properties: The important properties are

hardness, tensile strength, modulus and elongation.
The response of the material to the repeated cyclic
loads is determined by the fatigue strength. Bone is
continuously remodelling itself and undergoes
changes based on the stress distribution. It is
expected that the material replacing the bone should
have properties close to that of the bone. Current
implant materials have higher stiffness, and prevent
the needed stresses being transferred and distributed
Fig. 2. Typical components of THR assembly [4] over the bone. This is called as 'stress shielding effect'
which consequently weakens the bone and loosens

M&MT 2011 02
 the implant. understanding of the biomechanical function of the hip
joint prosthesis and stress distrbution within bone and
2. Biocompatibility: Implant materials are expected to be
implant for different material of the implant is essential.
highly non toxic, non allergic, and non inflammatory.
Finite element method, one of the advanced simulation
3. High corrosion & wear resistance: Implant is expected
techniques has been used in orthopaedic biomechanics
not to release any toxic or allergic elements during
for many decades. It is an important tool used in the
debris formation over the years of usage.
design and analysis of total joint replacement and other
4. Osseo-integration: It is the process of implant surface orthopaedic devices. Xio - Wen Zheng developed a 3D
material integrating with adjacent bones & tissues. A finite element model to study stress distribution of the
layer of hydroxyl-apatite on the surface of implant is artificial femoral stem in a different cemented conditions
commonly used for this purpose which promotes and loading conditions [5]. El- Sheikh et al. studied the
fibrous growth of adjacent tissues resulting in an effect of prosthesis Young's modulus and cement Young's
improved fix. Inability to osseo-integration results in modulus on the stresses in the prosthesis stem and
loosening of implant. cement layer [6]. Pyburn et al. carried out FE analysis of
the hip implant for different cross sections of the stem [7].
David et al. carried out finite element analysis of different
hip stem designs. Subsequently, the stem that had
highest stress and displacement were optimized for
stress and displacement [8]. Oguz Kayabasi et al studied
the effect of static, dynamic and fatigue behaviour on
three dimensional shape optimization of hip prosthesis by
finite lement method [9]. Taylor et. al investigated
cancellous bone stresses surrounding femoral
component using finite element analysis [10]. The
resulting cancellous bone stresses were compared to that
of intact femur. Stress shielding of the femur is known to
be a principal factor in aseptic loosening of hip
replacements. Gross and Abel carried out finite element
Fig. 3. Elastic modulus of various biomedical alloys [4]
analysis of a hollow stemmed hip implant for reducing the
effects of stress shielding, while maintaining acceptably
Conventionally, Stainless Steel had been used with
low levels of stress in the cement [11]. Using finite element
polyethelene acetabular cup until a few decades ago
modelling, the stresses in the proximal femur using
when Ti6Al4V, a titanium alloy was being deployed for the
different shapes of hollow stem were compared with those
same purpose. Co-Cr alloys, on the other hand, have
produced using comparable sizes of solid stem with
been used recently for their very good wear resistant
different values of elastic modulus. Results showed that a
properties to make acetabular parts and femoral head.
reduction in stress shielding could be achieved with a
Thus, making a metal-on-metal joint contact. Different
hollow stem [11]. Oguz Kayabasi et al carried out static
materials with their elastic modulus used for impalnt are
and dynamic analysis of hip prosthesis for four different
shown in Fig. 3. Average service life of artificial hip joint is
stem shapes to investigate an optimum stem shape [12].
around 10 years. Middle aged patients and especially
Based on static and dynamic FE analysis results, safety
younger patients need to have arthoplasty replaced two
factors for fatigue life of the hip prosthesis were calculated
or more times within their expected life. A wide range of
[12]. Though extensive FE work has been carried out by
materials are available which may be suitable for use in
various researchers, using combination of materials for
artificial hip joint prosthesis. Young's modulus of
stem and neck were not attempted. In the present study,
prosthesis material is a critical design variable because
various Titanium alloys have been taken into
for a given stem geometry design, it largely determines
consideration, and their combination is analyzed for
how the load is transferred to the bone. So, thorough

M&MT 2011 03
stress distribution in implant & bone using finite element
method.

This paper aims at following goals:

l To develop a CAD model from physical prototype

l To make an integrated model of bone-implant for total

hip replacement.

To apply various material property combinations for

implant (neck & stem) and to study stress distribution in
implant and the bone.

Methodology:
This paper describes the entire process of reverse
engineering of hip implant, followed by developing an Fig. 4 (a) Prototype
integrated CAD model of femur and implant, further
undergoing the process of meshing to be analyzed using
finite element analysis. The novel approach of work
focuses on applying different material properties for
different parts of implant in order to achieve an improved
stress distribution.

Reverse Engineering
The first part of the work deals with developing a CAD
model for an implant prototype available at Sandvik
Materials Technology R&D exhibition, Pune. Figure 4(a)
shows the hip stem. The hip stem is scanned using 3D
laser scanning facility at the Department of Engineering
Design, IIT Madras, at Chennai. This scanning was done
using a point scanner. But the point cloud data obtained
does not meet the desired quality. Figure 4(b) shows the
output from this scanning. Since the scanner was such
that laser emitting and receiving source was stationary,
and the object was kept on a rotary indexing table, a few
surfaces have not been traced by the laser at all. Also,
because of a complicated geometric shape of the
prototype, it was difficult to fix the object in desired
orientations. Therefore the scanning was again
performed using Perceptron ScanWorks manual
scanning system which uses the same principle of
triangulation with a resolution of 0.1mm. It is a hand held
line scanner which provides better flexibility in capturing
the shape and geometry of the implant. Since the scanner
is hand held, it provides enhanced flexibility to capture the Fig. 4(b) Scanned output from IIT Madras facility
geometry even at corners. Point cloud data is initially
extrapolated to form continuous geometry. The output appears good but not perfect. So, actual measurements
from second scanning is shown in Fig. 4(c). Though it were taken from the physical prototype and SolidWorks

M&MT 2011 04
 The final CAD model of implant is integrated with 3D solid
model of left thigh femur downloaded from the repository
available in the website [13] which has been widely
referred in the literature. Inputs taken from Dr. Dastane at
Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital, Pune & Dr. Sancheti,
Sancheti Hospital, Pune provided information needed for
assembling femur & implant. This work considers
cementless hip replacement assembly. In a real scenario,
broaching is used to rasp the cancellous bone so that the
implant fits exactly into the void created. In 3D, it is
ensured that the implant lie as close to the centre at
different cross sections of the bone. A cut is made through
the neck of femur parallel to the shoulder of implant. This
process is called Osteoctomy during the real operation.
Figure 5 shows the final model.

Fig. 4(c): Scanned data image

Fig. 4(d) Finally repaired CAD model of Implant

(data imported as .igs) software is used for developing the

more accurate model. Since the scanned geometry does Fig. 5. Final Total Hip Replacement
not have any references in the model, quite a few (THR) assembly
judicious approximations were made to create a plane of
symmetry to incorporate necessary features into the
Meshing
model. Figure 4(d) shows repaired CAD model of the
implant. Further, a spherical head of 32mm diameter was This CAD model is imported to HyperMesh10.0 in .step
created and mated with the neck in the model, fitting format. The entire geometry is divided into smaller parts
exactly onto it. Thus, the final implant model is prepared. for ease of meshing. A suitable approach is followed for

M&MT 2011 05
this purpose. A large part of assembly is uniaxial and
relatively more uni-form than the rest. Thus, this part of the
assembly is converted into 3D solid 'hexahedron'
elements each with eight nodes. The process starts by
choosing one cross section, with creating a 2D mesh of
quad elements and refining them with the available tools.
This set of elements is duplicated and translated at the
other end of the part. The 2D planar elements are refined
again and projected as close to the geometric cross
section. Reference points and vectors are chosen at two
sets of element lie as close to the vertical axis, and 3D
hexahedron elements are created in the vertical direction 40

with desired axial density.

Fig. 6. Meshed THR assembly, meshed implant assembly,
This process is repeated for all the axial solid parts while and closer look at proximal part of THR assembly.
keeping the radial density of elements same. Outer
surface of cancellous bone & inner surface of cortical Material Properties
bone share exactly the same geometry. Hence, inner
This work focuses on using more than one material for the
faces of cortical bone elements are projected onto outer
implant. Spherical head of the implant has been made of
surface of cancellous bone. This is then, used to create
Co-Cr alloy and is not changed due to its suitable wear
elements for cancellous bone and maintaining
properties. Neck & Stem (including shoulder & tip) are
connectivity of the elements across one part to another
taken as two different element sets and are applied with
through common location of nodes. The complex
different combination of material properties. Table 1 show
geometry at ends of femur is meshed using 'tetrahedron'
various material properties taken into account for the
elements. A 2D 'tria' mesh is created and refined as per
present study. TiCP grade 4 is high oxy content
the desired fineness to capture the geometric shape as
commercially pure titanium. Ti6Al4V (Ti64 in common
close as possible.
usage) grade 5 and Ti6Al4V ELI grade 23 (extra low
Once, all the surfaces with 'tria' enclose a volume, solid interstitial), Ti6Al7Nb (commonly also written as Ti67) and
'tetrahedron' elements with four nodes are generated. Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (TiNbZr, for convenience). All of the
Variety of quality checks (aspect ratio, Jacobian, warpage
etc) are done on both, 'hex' and 'tet' elements and are Table 1: Material Properties of various biomaterial alloys
repeatedly refined. Connectivity at the interface of 'hex'
and 'tet' is initially ensured by converting the 2D 'quad' Elastic Yield
Poisson’s
elements of planar mesh into 'trias' and further connecting modulus strength
ratio
(Gpa) (MPa)
these elements to the enclosed surface mesh.
.27-.5
The implant is meshed separately with a finer mesh
Bone cortical 4-30 80-170
(anisotropic)
density considering its criticality for the main analysis. Bone cancellous ~2 0.3 ~4
With a similar approach as the femur, the large axial part, PMMA (Bone
2-5 .35-0.4 48-76
the neck and the spherical head of the implant are cement)
meshed using 'hexahedron' element. Relatively complex Co-Cr 220 0.3 450
geometry at the shoulder & the tip is meshed using 'tet' Ti6Al4V(Ti64) 110 0.342 895
elements. Figure 6 shows mesh created for THR Ti6Al7Nb(Ti67) 120 0.33 870
assembly and implant. The entire THR assembly consists ~900
TiCP 114 0.3
(compressive
of about ~275,000 elements. This is exported to
Ti-29Nb-13Ta-
MSC.Marc software for finite element analysis. 40-80 0.33 >1000
4.5Zr

M&MT 2011 06
material properties were assumed to be homogeneous, Boundary conditions (Static)
isotropic and perfectly elastic except cancellous which Femur load
was assiumed to be isotropic and elastic –plastic and Both forces at 20
degrees from
cortical bone was assiumed to be orthotropic and elastic
vertical
–plastic.

Boundary Conditions
Abductor
Two different load cases were considered. In the first load muscle force
Y ~1.25kN
case, stress analysis of implant alone with different
X
material combination is carried out. A force of 3kN, 4KN
and 5KN is applied as a point load on the nodes over an Z
area on the implant head at an angle of 20 degrees from Fixed
the vertical. This is due to the fact that if force is applied on 18

Fig. 8. Boundary conditions for THR

a single node then it causes unrealistic local stress at that
point. This magnitude is taken from the peak load value
condition for the load case 1 and 2 is shown in Figs. 7 and
during a normal gait cycle. Under different circumstances,
8. In both the load cases, only static analysis is carried
the load can vary from 2.5 to 7 times the bodyweight (W)
out.
[2]. Fixed constraint is provided to stem in two cases. In
first, lower 1/3rd part is fixed. In other, full part of stem is Results and Discussion
fixed. A peak von mises stress was found to occur in the neck
In the second load case, stress analysis of integrated region of the femoral stem prosthesis when 1/3rd or full
bone-implant assembly was carried out. In the integrated part of the stem was fixed. This is logical since neck is thin
model a force of 3kN, 4kN and 5kN is applied as a point and there is transition between neck and stem which
load on the nodes over an area on the implant head and causes stress concentration. There was not much
abductor muscle force of magnitude ~1.25kN, is applied difference in the peak stresses for different cemented
on upper trochanter in the direction almost exactly conditions. These stress values are well below yield
opposite to the femoral load. The distal end of femur is strength of the material. Figure 9 shows a qualitative view
considered fixed [12]. Finite element model with boundary of stress contours with peak stresses at neck region. The
other peak stresses were found to occur on medial side of
the implant and at fixed end due to bending when 1/3 part
of the stem is fixed as shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 7. Boundary conditions for implant alone Fig. 9. Von Mises streses in neck of the implantg

M&MT 2011 07
 observed in the neck when stem is made of lowest
stiffness material i.e. TiNbZr and neck is made of highest
stiffness material i.e. Ti67.

It is also observed that when neck is made of relatively

higher stiffness material and stem with relatively lower
stiffness, the peak stresses in neck are found to increase
in comparison to that of the case when neck and stem
both were composed of same material. As shown in Table
2, when neck is made of Ti67 and stem is made of TiNbZr
Maximum von peak stresses are more than when same material is used
Mises stresss for neck and stem. Smilarly, when neck is made of
relatively lower stiffness material and stem with relatively
higher stiffness, the peak stresses in neck are found to
decrease in comparison to that of the case when neck and
stem both were composed of same material.

Fig. 10. von Mises stress contours on the medial side of Another interesting result is that for a given load, same
the implant peak Von Mises are generated when same material is
used for neck and stem but strain in higher stiffness
Effect of different material combinations for implant on the material are lower. Similar results were obtained when
stress distribution within the implant when 1/3 part of the load varied to 4 and 5 KN and full length of the stem was
stem is fixed is shown in Table 2. fixed.
Table 2: Peak von Mises stresses in the neck of the implant Further analyses are done with the integrated bone-
1/3 part is fixed implant assembly model. It is to be noted that the abductor
von Mises stresses (MPa) at 3KN muscle force of magnitude ~1.25kN was considered
Load acting on upper trochanter in the direction almost exactly
Neck\Stem TiNbZr Ti64 TiCP Ti67
opposite to the femoral load. Load is varied from 3kN to
5kN. Stress contours for different material combination
TiNbZr 335.2 316.5 314.3 313.1 are plotted and results are tabulated.
Ti64 359.8 335.2 332.5 331.1
TiCP 364.9 340.2 337.4 336
Ti67 366.2 339.5 336.6 335.2 Comparison of peak stresses (neck_stem)
356Mpa- TiNbZr_TiCP
From the Table 2, it is observed that for a given neck 378Mpa- Ti64_Ti64

material when stiffness of the stem increases, peak Von 405Mpa- Ti67_TiNbZr

Mises stresses in the neck decreases. This is because

more load is transferred to stem so, less load is shared by
the neck which results in lower stress and lower strain in
the neck. Lowest stresses of 313 MPa are observed in the
neck when stem is made of highest stiffness material
i.e.TI67 and neck is made of lowest stiffness material i.e.
TiNbZr. So, stiffer the stem material, less the stresses is in
20

the neck. Similarly for a given stem material when Eq. Von Mises Stresses

stiffness of the neck increases peak Von Mises stress in

Fig. 11(a) Peak stresses for implant. [Material of neck
the neck increases. So, stiffer the neck material, more the material of stem]
stresses are in the neck. Highest stresses of 366 MPa are

M&MT 2011 08
 TiNbZr(70)

Ti64(110)

5kN
4kN
TiCP(114) 3kN

Ti67(120)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Cortical Peal Stress(

Mpa)
Fig. 11(b) von Mises Stress distribution in cortical bone
Fig. 12 (b) Cortical bone peak stresses

TiNbZr(70)

Ti64(110)

5kN
4kN
TiCP(114) 3kN

Ti67(120)

Fig. 11(c) von Mises stress distribution in Cancellous bone

5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

Stem Ti6Al4V (Ti64) Cancellous Peak Stress(Mpa)

Load Fig. 12 (c) Cancellous bone peak stresses

Material neck and stem with lower stiffness and neck higher
for Neck stiffness generate higher stiffness. Increasing neck
stiffness for a given Ti64 as a stem material, stresses in
neck increases.

The contour plot of Von Mises stress in the cortical bone is

shown in Fig. 10(b) shows a similar stress distribution for
different material combinations of the implant material.
Peak Stress (Mpa)
The highest stresses are observed on medial side.
Fig. 12(a) Implant peak stresses in neck region Graphs in figures 11(b) indicate there is no difference in
the stress distribution in the cortical bone for different
Effect of different material combinations for implant on the loads for implant material combinations.
stress distribution within the implant is shown in Fig. 11(a).
Figure 10(c) shows the Von Mises distribution in the
A peak von mises stress was observed in the neck region.
cancellous bone for different material combination for the
Figure 11(a) shows that stem with higher stiffness and
neck when stem is of TI6Al4V material. Maximum
neck with lower stiffness generate lower stresses in the
stresses have been observed in a region where collar of

M&MT 2011 09
stem is resting on cancellous bone. Next higher stresses 2. Manish Kadam - Research Manager, Sandvik
were observed on the medial side at proximal end. Material Technology R&D, Sandvik Asia Pvt Ltd.
Graphs in Fig. 11(c) indicate there is little variation with 3. Dr. Palla Sivaprasad, General Manager, Sandvik
different implant material combinations Materials Technology R&D, Sandvik Asia Pvt. Ltd
Detailed study of proper selection of prosthesis material References
from point of view of stress distrbution in the bone will
1. William J. Hozack, Richard H. Rothman, Robert E.
form the basis for our future work. Booth Jr., Richard A. Balderston, Joy C. Cohn, Gary
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From the peak stress values obtained from implant alone
2. In Gwun Jang, Il Yong Kim, Journal of
analysis and complete THR assembly analysis, following
Biomechanics, Volume 41, Issue 11, 7 August 2008,
conclusions are drawn: pp. 2353-2361.
1. Von Mises stresses of the artificial femoral stem are 3. D. R. Sumner, T. M. Turner, R. Igloria, R. M. Urban,
not significantly affected by cemented condition. J. O. Galante Journal of Biomechanics, Vol 31,
2. Neck peak stress is sensitive to elastic modulus. Issue 10, pp. 909-917,
3. Increasing neck stiffness increases neck stress for a 4. M. Geetha, A.K. Singh, R. Asokamani, A.K. Gogia,
given stem material. Progress in Materials Science, Volume 54, Issue 3,
4. Increasing stem stiffness decreases neck stress for a May 2009, pp. 397-425,
given neck material 5. Xiao-Wen Zheng in Bioinformatics and biomedical
5. Peak stresses in the neck do not vary when same engineering, 2009 ICBBE 3Rd international
material is used for neck and stem. conference

6. Neck with lower elastic modulus combined with stem 6. H.F.El-Sheikh, B.J. Macdonald M.S.J.Hashmi,
of higher elastic modulus turns out to be a better Journal of material processing technlogy,122,2002,
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Acknowledgement:
550, 1995.
We are grateful to Perceptron Non-contact Metrological 11. A finite element analysis of hollow stemmed hip
Solutions, Chennai and Sandvik Mining & Construction prosthesis as a means of reducing stress shielding
for providing their support, facilities and guidance of the femur, Journal of Biomechanics, 34, 2001 pp.
through the course of this project. We are also thankful 995–1003, S Gross, E.W.Abel.
to Dr. Manish Dastane, Aditya Birla Memorial hospital 12. Oguz Kayabasi, Fehmi Erzincanli, Advances in
Pune, for his valuable inputs. Engineering Software, Volume 37, Issue 7, July
2006, pp. 477-483.
Notes about Authors:
13. Marco Viceconti, Massimiliano Casali, Barbara
1. Manu Gupta is a final year dual degree (BTech & Massari, Luca Cristofolini, Sanzio Bassini, Aldo
MTech) engineering student at the Department of Toni, Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 20, No. 9, pp.
Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology, 1241 (1996); www.biomedtown.org
Chennai, India.
n

M&MT 2011 10

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