041 Maths PDF

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
ABOUT THE SAT ........................................................................................................ 1
MATH SESSION # 1 .................................................................................................... 1
Heart of Algebra – I ............................................................................................. 1
MATH SESSION # 2 .................................................................................................. 21
Heart of Algebra – II........................................................................................... 21
MATH SESSION # 3 .................................................................................................. 28
Co-ordinate Geometry ....................................................................................... 28
MATH SESSION # 4 .................................................................................................. 36
Heart of Algebra – III.......................................................................................... 36
MATH SESSION # 5 .................................................................................................. 44
Heart of Algebra – IV & Complex Numbers ....................................................... 44
MATH SESSION # 6 .................................................................................................. 54
Problem Solving – I............................................................................................ 54
MATH SESSION # 7 .................................................................................................. 65
Problem Solving – II........................................................................................... 65
MATH SESSION # 8 .................................................................................................. 75
Problem Solving – III.......................................................................................... 75
MATH SESSION # 9 .................................................................................................. 89
Problem Solving – IV ......................................................................................... 89
MATH SESSION # 10 .............................................................................................. 101
Functions ......................................................................................................... 101
MATH SESSION # 11 .............................................................................................. 114
Quadratic Equations ........................................................................................ 114
MATH SESSION # 12 .............................................................................................. 124
Geometry - I..................................................................................................... 124
MATH SESSION # 13 .............................................................................................. 139
Geometry - II.................................................................................................... 139
MATH SESSION # 14 .............................................................................................. 159
Compound Interest & Trigonometry ................................................................. 159
MATH SESSION # 15 .............................................................................................. 177
Probability ........................................................................................................ 177
Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT

About the SAT
About the SAT

Math Test
Focus on Math That Matters Most
 A group of select mathematics skills and abilities contributes the most to readiness for a college
education and career training. These skills and abilities are used extensively in a wide range of
college majors and careers. The three areas of focus for math in the redesigned SAT are:
 Heart of Algebra
 Problem Solving and Data Analysis
 Passport to Advanced Math
The Makeup of the SAT Math Test

Calculator and No-calculator portions
 There are calculator and no-calculator portions on the SAT Math Test (as is also often true
of Advanced Placement® assessments). A calculator is a tool, and the ability to determine
when to use it is a skill that you are expected to have. In the calculator portion, many
questions do not require a calculator and many questions can be completed faster by hand
without using a calculator. In general, the questions in the calculator portion are more
complex than those in the no-calculator portion. Questions in the no-calculator portion are
intended to reward your ability to do problems efficiently and accurately.
 You should bring a calculator to use on the math section of the SAT. A scientific or graphing
calculator is recommended, and familiarity with your calculator may provide an advantage
on some questions. Every question on the SAT can be solved without a calculator;
however, strategically deciding when to use a calculator will reduce the time required to
complete the test. Using a calculator can also help you avoid missing a question because of
computation errors.
Multiple-Choice and Gridded-Response Questions

 About 80% of the questions on the Math Test are multiple-choice. Each multiple-choice
question consists of a question followed by four options. There is only one correct answer
and there is no penalty for selecting an incorrect answer. (The pre–March 2016 SAT had a
one-quarter-point penalty for an incorrect answer). Therefore, you should provide an
answer to every question on the test.
 The other questions on the Math Test are gridded-response questions (also called student-
produced response questions), and these questions make up about 20% of the test. The
answer to each gridded-response question is a number (fraction, decimal, or positive
integer) that you will enter on the answer sheet into a grid like the one shown on the next
page. Like all questions on the SAT, there is no penalty for answering a gridded-response
question incorrectly.
 Examples of filled-in answer grids are shown on the next page. Note that you may also
enter a fraction line or a decimal point. Further details on how to grid your answers are
provided in Chapter 24.
Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT

Remember
 On gridded-response questions, you must fill in the circles that correspond to your answer.
You won’t receive credit if you write your answer only in the boxes at the top of the grid.
Test Summary
 The following table summarizes the key content dimensions of the SAT Math Test.
SAT Math Test Content Specifications

Time Allotted 80 minutes
Calculator Portion (38 questions) 55 minutes
No calculator Portion (20 questions) 25 minutes
Number Percentage of Test

Time Questions 58 questions 100%
Multiple Choice (MC, 4 options) 45 questions 78%
Student Produced Response (SPR–grid–in) 13 questions 22%
Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Maths Session # 1 1
MATH SESSION # 1
Heart of Algebra – I
Skills Covered:
a) Understanding of Number system
b) Rational & Irrational numbers
c) Expressions with Rational Exponents
Number System Introduction:

 Integers
 Numbers and Factors
 Multiples and Squares
 Rational and Decimals
Integers:
 Integers consists of the whole numbers and extends infinitely in both negative and positive
directions …….-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4……….
Positive Integers:
1, 2, 3, 4, ………
Negative Integers:
….. –4, –3, –2, –1
Consecutive integers:
 Integers that follow in sequence, where the difference between two successive integers is
1, are consecutive integers.
 Here are three examples of some consecutive integers:
–1, 0, 1, 2, 3
1001, 1002, 1003, 1004
–14, –13, –12, –11
 The following is an expression representing consecutive integers:
n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, …, where n is any integer.
 The integer “0” is neither positive nor negative
Numbers and Factors:

 We derive integers into “ODD NUMBERS” AND “EVEN NUMBERS”
Odd Numbers:
…… – 5, – 3, – 1, 1, 3, 5 ……
Even Numbers:
…… – 6, – 4, – 2, 0, 2, 4, 6 …… “0” is an even number
Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 1

2
Addition of Numbers:
EVEN + EVEN = EVEN (2 + 4 = 6)
ODD + ODD = EVEN (1 + 3 = 4)
ODD + EVEN = ODD (2 + 3 = 5)
 Adding “0” to any number doesn’t change the value (4 + 0 = 4).
Multiplication of Numbers:
EVEN × EVEN = EVEN (2 × 6 = 12)
ODD × ODD = ODD (3 × 5 = 15)
ODD × EVEN = EVEN (2 × 3 = 6)
 Multiplying “1” to any number doesn’t change the value (3 × 1 = 3).
 Multiplying “0” to any number change the value to “0” (3 × 0 = 0)
 Number Line: A number line is used to graphically represent the relationships between
numbers: integers, fractions or decimals.
 Numbers on a number line always increase to right, and ticks marks are always equally
spaced.
 Negative numbers are always shown with a negative sign (–). For positive numbers, the
plus sign (+) is usually not shown. Number lines are drawn to scale.
Place Value and Scientific Notation:

 The number 123 can be written as 100 + 20 + 3. We say these digits have the following
place values:
 1 is in the hundreds place.
 2 is in the tens place.
 3 is in the units (ones) place
(OR)
 As (1  102) + (2  101) + (3  1). The digit 1 stands for 1 time 100; the digit 2 stands for 2
times 10; and the digit 3 stands for 3 times 1.
 Every digit in a decimal number has a place value. The next places to the left of 123 are the
thousands place, the ten-thousand place, the hundred–thousand place, the millions place
and so on. Digits to the right of the decimal point also have place values.
 For example 0.56= 0.5 + 0.06 = (5  10–1) + (6  10–2); the digit 5 is in the tenths place, and
the digit 6 is in the hundredths place.
Prime Numbers:
 A prime number is a positive integer greater than 1 that has exactly two number factors –
itself and the number 1. The number 1 itself is not prime.
 The first eight prime numbers are:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
Note that 2 is the only even prime number.
Composite Numbers:
 A composite number is an integer that has more numbers factors other than 1 and itself.
2 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Maths Session # 1 3
 Example: 6 which has more factors that is (1, 2, 3, 6).
Prime Factors:
 Prime factors are the factors of a number that are prime numbers. That is, the prime factors
of a number cannot be factored further. For example, the prime factors of the number 24
are 2 and 3.
24 = 2  2  2  3
Example:
Consider the number 32760, it can be expressed as
32760 = 2  2  2  3  3  5  7  13 = 23  32  5  7  13
This prime factorization is unique apart from the order in which the prime factor occurs.
Factors:
 The factors of a number are positive integers that can be divided evenly into the number –
that is, without remainder.
 For instance, consider the number 24: The numbers 24, 12, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2 and 1 are all
factors of the number 24. Each of these numbers can be divided evenly into 24 with no
remainder.
 The term divisible by means divisible by without any remainder or with a remainder of zero.
For instance, 15 is divisible by 5 because 15 divided by 5 is 3 with a remainder of 0. But 15
is not divisible by 7 because 15 divided by 7 is 2 with a remainder of 1.
 Common factors: Common factors are factors that two (or more) numbers have in
common. For instance, 3 is a common factor of 12 and 18. The largest common factor of
two (or more numbers) is called their greatest common factor (GCF). For example 6 is the
GCF of 12 and 18.
 Factor theorem: x – a is a factor of the polynomial p(x), if p(a) = 0. Also, if x – a is a factor
of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
Example:
Factorise y2 – 5y + 6 by using the Factor Theorem.
Sol: Let p(y) = y2 – 5y + 6. Now, if p(y) = (y – a) (y – b), you know that the constant term will be ab.
So, ab = 6. So, to look for the factors of p(y), we look at the factors of 6.
The factors of 6 are 1, 2 and 3. Now, p(2) = 22 – (5 × 2) + 6 = 0
So, y – 2 is a factor of p(y). Also, p(3) = (3)2 – (5 × 3) + 6 = 0
So, y – 3 is also a factor of y – 5y + 6.
2
Therefore, y2 – 5y + 6 = (y – 2) (y – 3)
Note that y2 – 5y + 6 can also be factorized by splitting the middle term –5y.
Multiples and Squares:

Multiples:
 The multiple of any given number are those numbers that can be divided by that given number
without a remainder. For instance, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 are sine if multiples of 8.
 Notice that the multiples of 8 are also multiples of 2 and 4 (factors of 8). Remember, the
multiples of any number will always be multiples of all the factors of that number.
For instance:
The number 30, 45, 60 and 75 are all multiples of the number 15.
Two factors of 15 are the numbers 3 and 5.
The means that 30, 45, 60 and 75 are all multiples of 3 and 5.
4
Common multiples:
 Suppose we have two (or more) numbers. Any number that is a multiple of all the given
numbers is called a common multiple. For instance, 48 and 96 are both common multiples
of 8 and 12. The smallest multiple of two (or more) numbers is called their least common
multiple (LCM). For example, 24 is the LCM of 8 and 12.
HCF and LCM:
 In general, given a composite number x, we factorise it as x = p1p2 … pn, where p1, p2, …,
pn are primes and written in ascending order, i.e. p1 ≤ p2 ≤ … ≤ pn. If we combine the
same primes, we will get powers of primes.
 HCF of numbers is the Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the
numbers.
 LCM of numbers is the Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in the
numbers.
Example
Find the LCM and HCF of 6 and 20 by the prime factorization method.
Sol: We have: 6 = 21  31 and 20 = 2  2  5 = 22  51.
HCF(6, 20) = 2
= Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers = 2.
LCM (6, 20) = 22  31  51
= Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in the numbers = 60.
Remainders:
 If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x)  0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and
r(x) such that p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
 This result is known as the Division Algorithm for polynomials.
 i.e. Dividend = Divisor  Quotient + Reminder
Example
Divide 3x2 – x3 – 3x + 5 by x – 1 – x2, and verify the division algorithm.
Sol: Note that the given polynomials are not in standard form. To carry out division, we first write both
the dividend and divisor in decreasing orders of their degrees. x–2
–x2+x–1 –x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5
So, dividend = –x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5 and divisor = –x2 + x – 1. –x3 + x2 – x
Division process is shown on the right side. + – +
2x2 – 2x + 5
We stop here since degree (3) = 0 < 2 = degree (–x + x – 1).
2
2x2 – 2x – 2
So, quotient = x – 2, remainder = 3. – + –
3
Now, Divisor × Quotient + Remainder = (–x + x – 1) (x – 2) + 3
2
= –x3 + x2 – x + 2x2 – 2x + 2 + 3 = –x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5 = Dividend

In this way, the division algorithm is verified.
Squares:
Perfect square:
 A natural number is a perfect square, if it is the square of some natural number.
Properties of Square Numbers:

i) A natural number ending in 2, 3, 7 or 8 is never a perfect square.

Maths Session # 1 5
ii) The number of zeros in the end of a perfect square is never odd. So, a number ending in an
odd number of zeroes is never a perfect square.
iii) A natural number having 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 at the one’s place may or many not be a perfect
square. For example 100, 121, 144, 256 and 169 are perfect squares but 10, 221, 224, 326
and 389 are not perfect squares.
iv) Squares of even numbers are always even.
v) Squares of odd numbers are always odd.
vi) The square of a number ending with 1 or 9 ends with 1. For example, 212 = 441 and 92 = 81.
vii) The square of a number ending with 2 or 8 ends with 4. For example 22 = 4, 182 = 324, etc.
viii)The square of a number ending with 3 or 7 ends with 9. For example 72 = 49, 132 = 169.
ix) The square of a number ending with 4 or 6 ends with 6. For example 42 = 16, 62 = 36.
x) The square of a number ending with 5 ends with 5. For example 52 = 25, bn152 = 225.
xi) The square of a number ending with 0 ends with even number of zeros. For example
102 = 100, 202 = 400.
 For any natural number n, we have n2 = (Sum of first n odd natural numbers).
 The square of a natural number, other than 1, is either a multiple of 3 or exceeds a multiple
of 3 by 1.
 The square of a natural number, other than 1, is either a multiple of 4 or exceeds a multiple
of 4 by 1.
 Between the squares of any two consecutive natural nos. n and (n + 1) there are 2n non
perfect square numbers.
 For any natural number n greater than 1, (2n, n2 – 1, n2 + 1) is a Pythagorean triplet.
 The square root of a given natural number n is that natural number which when multiplied
by itself gives n as the product and we denote the square root of n by n.
Rational and Decimals:

Rational Numbers:
a
 A number which can be expressed as , where both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers and ‘b’ is not
b
equal to zero, is called a rational number.
 In general, the set of rational numbers is denoted by the letter Q.
a
 Q={ ; a, b  Z and b  0}
b
Example:
2
is a rational number, because 2, 7  Z and 7  0.
7
5 2 3
11 4 15 19
 Similarly, ,– ,– ,– , etc. are rational numbers.
9
a
 The condition b  0, is necessary for to be a rational number, as division by zero is not
b
defined.
 Every integer (positive, negative or zero) and every decimal number terminating or non
terminating, repeating is a rational number. For ex. 3, –112, 0, 1.7, –3.75, 1.353535, …..

6
Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers:

 Every rational number can be expressed either as a terminating decimal or as a non-
terminating decimal.
Terminating decimals:
1 1 2
i) = 0.125 ii) = 0.04 iii) 3 = 3.4
8 25 5
 In each example, given above, the division is exact i.e. no remainder is left. The quotients of
such divisions are called terminating decimals.
Non-terminating decimals:
3 18
iv) = 0.42857 … v) = 0.7826086 …
7 23
 In each example, given above, the division never ends, no matter how long it continues.
The quotients of such divisions are called non-terminating decimals.
4 11
vi) = 0.4444 … = 0. 4 vii) = 0.36666 … = 0.3 6
9 30
4
viii) = 0.571428571428 … = 0. 571428
7
In (vi); digit ‘4’ is repeated again and again.
In (vii); digit ‘3’ is not repeated but digit ‘6’ is repeated again and again.
In (viii); the set of digits ‘571428’ is repeated again and again.
Recurring or a periodic or a circulating decimal:

 A non-terminating decimal, in which a digit or a set of digits repeats continually, is called a
recurring or a periodic or a circulating decimal. The repeating digit or the set of repeating
digits is called the period of the recurring decimal.
 If the denominator of a rational number can be expressed as the power either of 2 or of 5 or
of 2 and 5 both, the rational number is convertible into terminating decimal.
 Otherwise, the rational number is convertible to a recurring decimal.
Example:
24
i) The denominator of rational number is 25. And 25 = 5  5 = 52 i.e. 25 can be expressed
25
as the power of 5.
5
ii) = 0.8333 … = 0.83
6
13  8
iii) = 0.1181818.... = 0.11
110
Here, denominators 6 (3  2) and 110 (2  5  11) is not in the form of 2m or 5n or 2m  5n
Rational number is convertible into recurring decimal.

Maths Session # 1 7
Introduction:
 Exponents
 Expression with Rational Exponents
Exponents:
 Product of a Power: To multiply exponentials with the same base, add their exponents (or
powers).
 Power to a Power: When we have a power to a power, we multiply the exponents (or powers).
 Quotient of Powers: To divide exponentials with the same base, subtract the exponents (or
powers).
 Power of a Product: When we have a product of a power, we give each base its own exponent
(or distribute the exponent to each base).
 Power of a Quotient: When we have a quotient to a power, we give each base its own exponent.
 In a fraction rewrite the exponential as a radical expression. The numerator of the fraction is the
exponent inside the radicand and the denominator is simply the index.
 Rational exponents follow the exponent rules. Reduce fractions in final answer, but don't reduce
until the final answer. For operations on radical expressions, change the radical to a rational
expression, follow the exponent rules, then change the rational expression back to a radical
expression.
Expressions with Rational Exponents:

 Rational exponents follow exponent properties except using fractions.
Product of Powers: x3a*x3b = x3 (a + b) ex: {232 x 233 = 23 (2+3) = 235}
Power to a Power: (x3a)3b = x3(a * b) ex: {(232)33 = 23(2 x 3) = 236}
Quotient of Powers: (x a) / (x b) = x (a – b)
3 3 3
ex: {(232) / (233) = 23(2 – 3) = 23 –1}
Power of a Product: (xy)3a = x3ay3a ex: {(23) 32 = 232 332}
Power of a Quotient: (x/y)3 a = x3a / y3a ex: {(2/3) 32 = 232/233}
3 3
Negative Exponent: x (–a) = 1 / x a ex: {23(-2) = 1 / 232}
Zero Exponent: x30 = 1 ex: {230 = 1}
Putting the exponent rules to work with exponent properties.
Examples:
1) x3(1/3) * x3 (4/5) = x3(1/3 + 4/5) = x3(17/15)
x3 y8
2) x33y38 / y33x37 = 7
 3
= x3–7  y8–3
x y
1 y5
= x–4  y5 =  y5 =
x4 x4
5x 2 y 9 5 x2 y9 1
3) 5x32y39 / 15y39x34 = 9 4
=  4  9 =  x2–4  y9–9
15 y x 15 x y 3
1 1 1 1
=  x–2  y0 =  2 1 =
3 3 x 3x 2

8
Introduction:
 An equation is a statement of equality of two algebraic expressions involving one or more
unknown quantities, called the variables.
Solving an Equation:
 We can add same number (or quantity) to both sides of an equation.
For example, 2x – 10 = 0  2x – 10 + 10 = 10 (Adding 10 on both sides).
 We can subtract same number (or quantity) from both sides of an equation.
For example, 3x + 5 = 0  3x + 5 – 5 = –5 (subtracting 5 from both sides)
 We can multiply both sides of an equation by the same number (non–zero).
x x
For example, = 5  2   = 2  5 (Multiplying by 2 on both sides)  x = 10
2 2
 We can divide both sides of an equation by the same number (non–zero).
1 20 62
For example, 7x + 20 = 62  (7x) + = (Dividing both sides by 7).
7 7 7
 By these operations, the equation remains unchanged.
Introduction:
 Equations in Two variables
Equations in Two Variables:

 An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 where a, b, c are real numbers and a  0, b  0, is called a
linear equation in two variables (unknown), x and y are called variables. For example
x y 1
i) 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 ii) –x + y = –1 iii) + = iv) 2x+ 3y= 5
2 3 6
 The following equations are not linear in two variables.
1 1
i) + =6 ii) x + y =4 iii) y = x2 + 4
x y
 Because (i) on simplification it becomes x + y = 6xy, xy is of degree 2 (ii) on squaring it becomes
x + y + 2 xy = 16 and if you again remove the radical sign it will not be of degree 1 (iii) It is the
equation of degree 2.
Example:
Write each of the following equations in the form ax + by + c = 0 and indicate the values of
a, b and c in each case:
i) 2x + 3y = 4.37 ii) x – 4 = 3y iii) 4 = 5x – 3y iv) 2x = y
Sol: i) 2x + 3y = 4.37 can be written as 2x + 3y – 4.37 = 0. Here a = 2, b = 3 and c = –4.37.
ii) The equation x – 4 = 3y can be written as x – 3y – 4 = 0. Here a = 1, b = –3 and c = –4.
iii) The equation 4 = 5x – 3y can be written as 5x – 3y – 4 = 0. Here a = 5, b = –3 and c = –4. Do
you agree that it can also be written as –5x + 3y + 4 = 0? In this case a = –5, b = 3 and c = 4.
iv) The equation 2x = y can be written as 2x – y + 0 = 0. Here a = 2, b = –1 and c = 0.

Maths Session # 1 9
Equations of the type ax + b = 0 are also examples of linear equations in two variables
because they can be expressed as ax + 0.y + b = 0
For example, 4 – 3x = 0 can be written as –3x + 0.y + 4 = 0.
Solution of Linear Equations in Two Variables:

 The pair of values of x and y which satisfies the given equation is called a solution of the
equation.
 We know that every linear equation in one variable has a unique solution. But we cannot say
about the solution of linear equation involving two variables. In this equation there are two
variables. A solution of such an equation contains one value for x and another value for y
which satisfies the given equation.
 For example; 3x + 4y = 24. Here x = 4, y = 3 is a solution because when we substitute x = 4
and y = 3 in the equation. Then, we get 3x + 4y = 3  4 + 4  3 = 12 + 12 = 24. This solution is
written as an ordered pair (4, 3), first writing the value of x and then the value of y.
 But (2, 3) is not a solution of the above equation because on putting x = 2 and y = 3, we get
3x + 4y = 3  2 + 4  3 = 6 + 12 = 18, which is not 24. (0, 6) is another solution for given
equation. So, in this way we have seen true solution. In this way we get many–many solutions.
Substitute any value of x say x = 5, in 3x + 4y = 24 we get 3(5) + 4(y) = 24 which is a linear
9  9
equation in one variable. On solving we get y = . So,  5,  is another solution of 3x+4y = 24.
4  4
Therefore, there is no end to different solutions to a linear equation in two variables.
 A linear equation in two variables has infinite number of solutions
1) Find different solutions of the equation x + 2y = 10
10  x
Sol: We have, x + 2y = 10  y =
2
10  2 10  4
When x = 2  y = = 4, x = 2, y = 4 When x = 4  y = = 3, x = 4, y = 3
2 2
10  6 10  8
When x = 6  y = = 2, x = 6, y = 2 When x = 8  y = = 1, x = 8, y = 1
2 2
10  10
When x = 10  y = = 0, x = 10, y = 0
2
It clearly shows that there are unlimited pairs of x and y which will satisfy the given equation.
(2, 4), (4, 3), (6, 2), (8, 1), (10, 0) are called the solutions of the equation x + 2y = 10
A linear equation in two variables has infinite number of solutions.
2) Find the value of k if x = –3, y = 2 is a solution of the equation 3x – 4y = k.
Sol: We have 3x – 4y = k –– (i)
If x = –3 and y = 2 is a solution of (i) then we
Substitute x = –3 and y = 2 in (i)
i.e. 3(–3) – 4(2) = k  –9 –8 = k  k = –17

10
CLASS WORK – 1.1

1) If x represents an odd integer, which of 7) Let the symbol  represent the number
the following represents the next odd of different pairs of positive integers
integer greater than x? whose products is x. For example,
A) x – 1 B) x + 1 16 = 3, because there are 3 different
pairs of positive integers whose product
C) x + 2 D) x + 3
is 16:16  1, 8  2 and 4  4. What does
2) If t represents an odd integer, which of 36 =?
the following expressions represents an
A) 5 B) 6
even integer?
C) 8 D) 10
A) t + 2 B) 2t – 1
C) 3t – 2 D) 5t + 1 3 4
8) If w= , what is the value of w?
3) If n and p are integers greater than 5 3
1 and if p is a factor of both n + 3 and 9 4
n + 10, what is the value of p? A) B)
20 5
x3 5 20
4) If is an integer, then x must be C) D)
2 4 9
A) a negative integer 9) If 2x – 2 = –1, then x =
B) a positive integer A) 1 B) 0.5
C) a multiple of 3 C) –1.5 D) –3
D) an odd integer z1
10) If = 0, then z + 1 =
5) When 15 is divided by the positive 3
integer k, the remainder is 3. For how 1
many different values of k is this true? A) –1 B) –
3
A) One B) Two
C) 0 D) 2
C) Three D) Four
2x  1 4
6) If a and b are odd integers, which of the 11) If = , then x =
following must also be an odd integer? 3 3
A) 1 B) 1.33
I. (a +1)b II. (a + 1) + b
C) 1.5 D) 3
III. (a + 1) – b
3(x  1)
A) I only B) II only 12) What is the value of x – 1 if =9?
4
C) III only D) II and III
A) 2 B) 8
C) 12 D) 13

Class Work – 1.1 11
2 4 1 2x 3 4 5 6
13) If = and y  0 where a  1, what 19)      =
a1 y 2 3 4 5y 6 7
is y in terms of a? x 3x
A) B)
A) y = 2a – 2 B) y = 2a – 4 7y 7y
1 1 21 6x
C) y = 2a – D) y = a+1 C)  xy D)
2 2 27 7
1 1 20) If 2s + 10r = 2 (2s – 5r) = 42, then what is
14) If X+ y = 4, what is the value of
2 3 the value of r?
3x + 2y? A) 0 B) 1
A) 24 B) 12 C) 1.4 D) 14
C) 36 D) 48 21) –2(3x – 2.4) = –3(3x – 2.4)
5 15 x What is the solution to the equation
15) If = , what is the value of ? above?
x x  20 5
A) 05 B) 0.4
A) 10 B)5
C) 0.8 D) 0.6
1 22) If 3r = 18, what is the value of 6r + 3?
C) 2 D)
2 A) 6 B) 27
7 4 1 5 C) 36 D) 39
16) If x – x = + , what is the
9 9 4 12 x 2x
value of x? 23) If = and x  0, what is the value
4 a
A) 1 B) 2 of a?
C) 3 D) ½ A) 8 B) 4
17) If 4(k + 1) = k + 10, then 3k= 1
C) 2 D)
3 5 2
A) B)
2 2 24) If 6,565 = 65 (x + 1), then x =
C) 2 D) 6 A) 10 B) 11
3a  2 C) 100 D) 101
18) If = 11, then what is the value of
a 25) If 6x + 4 = 7, what is the value of
1 6x – 4?
?
a A) –7 B) –1
1 C) 1 D) 7
A) B) 4 26) How much greater than r – 2 is r + 5?
4
C) 8 D) 11 A) 2 B) 3
C) 5 D) 7

12
x 39 33)
27) If = , then x =
x2 37 x 1 2 3 4
A) 37 B) 39
y 3 7 11 15
C) 41 D) 74
The table above represents a
28) If a  k = a for all values of a, what is the relationship between x and y. Which of
value of k? the following linear equations describes
A) –a B) –1 the relationship?
C) 0 D) 1 A) y = x + 1 B) y = x + 4
29) If k is a constant and 2x + 5 = 3kx + 5 for C) y = 3x D) y = 4x – 1
all values of x, what is the value of k? 34) Five times a number is the same as the
A) 5 B) 3 number added to five. What is the
number?
2
C) 2 D) 3 5
3 A) B)
30) If 3 more than twice a number is equal 4 4
to 10, what is 4 times the number? 7 9
C) D)
1 4 4
A) 3 B) 7
2 35) How old was a person exactly 1 year
ago if exactly x years ago the person
1
C) 10 D) 14 was y years old
2
A) y – 1 B) y – x – 1
31) To edit a manuscripts Miguel charges
C) x – y – 1 D) y + x – 1
$50 for the first 2 hours and $20 per
hour after the first 2 hours. Which of the 1  3
36) 3   y  = + 15y
following expresses the amount in  2  5
dollar, C, Miguel charges if it takes him
x hours to edit a manuscript, where What is the solution to the equation
x > 2? above?
A) C = 20x B) C = 20x + 10 A) (1/20) B) 1/16
C) C=20x+50 D) C=20x+90 C) 1/8 D) 1/12
32) If 3x + n = x + 1, what is n in terms
of x? 37) If y = x – 5 and 20y –5y = 15, what is the
A) 4x + 1 B) 2x + 1 value of x?
C) 2 – x D) 1 – 2x A) 6 B) 9
C) 12 D) 15

38) If 3a + 4b = b, which of the following 44) Charlie has built houses for 5 years less
must equal 6a + 6b? than twice as long as Maly has.
A) 0 B) 12 If Maly has built houses for n years,
which of the following expressions
C) 2b D) 12b
represents the number of years that
39) If x2 – y2 = 77 and x + y = 11, what is the Charlie has built houses?
value of x?
A) n – 5 B) n + 5
A) 7 B) 8
C) 2n – 5 D) 2n + 5
C) 9 D) 10
x 2
40) If 4(x + y)(x – y) = 40 and x – y = 20, what 45) If xy = 10, what is the value of 2 y
is the value of x + y? y
1 1 A) 5 B) 8
A) B) C) 10 D) 20
4 3
1 x -3
46) If 2 (x – 3)= 8, what does equal?
C)
2
D) 1 x3
x 1 2
A) B)
41) If = x2, the value of x can be which of 5 5
3
the following? 3 4
C) D)
1 1 5 5
I) – II) 0 III)
3 3 3x  y 6 x
47) If = , what is the value of ?
A) I only B) II only y 5 y
C) III only D) II and III only 1 1
42) If x – y = 8, y = 3z and z = 2, what is the A) B)
15 5
value of x?
2 2
A) –14 B) –2 C) D)
C) 2 D) 14 15 5
43) The numerator of a certain fraction is 5 48) A family of 5 is planning a 4–day
less than the denominator. If the camping trip. Each person will need to
bring 1 bottle of water for each day of
3
fraction is equal to , what is the the trip. If the water is sold only in
4 3–bottle packages, minimum how many
denominator of this fraction? packages must the family buy for the
A) 8 B) 12 trip?
C) 16 D) 20 A) 6 B) 7
C) 5 D) 8

14
49) aa bc 53) The scenic route from Mia’s home to her
ab aa office is 5 kilometers longer than the
ac ba direct route. When she goes by the
scenic route and returns by the direct
In the six pairs of letters shown above,
route, the round trip is 35 kilometers.
if a is paired with itself, the pair has a
How many kilometers is the direct
value of 2. If a appears in a pair with
route?
another letter, the pair has a value of 1.
All other pairs have a value of 0. What is 1
A) 5 B) 12
the sum of the value of the six pairs? 2
A) 6 B) 7 C) 15 D) 20
C) 8 D) 10 54) Ken and Paul each ordered a sandwich
50) Stacy noted that she is both the 12th at a restaurant. The price of Ken’s
tallest and the 12th shortest student in sandwich was x dollars, and the price of
her class. If everyone in the class is of a Paul’s sandwich was $1 more than the
different height, how many students are price of Ken’s sandwich. If Ken and Paul
in the class? split the cost of the sandwiches evenly
A) 22 B) 23 and each paid a 20% tip, which of the
C) 24 D) 25 following expressions represents the
amount, in dollars, each of them paid?
51) One of the requirements for becoming a
(Assume there is no sales tax.)
court reporter is the ability to type 225
words per minute. Donald can currently A) 0.2x + 0.2 B) 0.5x + 0.1
type 180 words per minute, and believes C) 1.2x + 0.6 D) 2.4x + 1.2
that with practice he can increase his 55) Francesca, Geraldine, and Hilda each
typing speed by 5 words per minute have prepaid gift cards to spend at the
each month. mall. Geraldine has $20 more than
Which of the following represents the Francesca has, and Hilda has one third
number of words per minute that of the money Geraldine has. If the dollar
Donald believes he will be able to type amounts Francesca, Geraldine, and
Hilda have are represented by f, g, and
m months from now?
h, respectively, which of the following
A) 5 + 180m B) 225 + 5m equations is true?
C) 180 + 5m D) 180 – 5m
1 1
52) Bobby receives $ 2 for each chore he A) h=g B) h = f + 20
does during the week, plus a weekly 3 3
allowance of $10. If Bobby receives no C) 3h = f + 20 D) g – 20 = 3h
other money, which of the following
expressions represents the total dollar
amount Bobby receives for a week in
which he has done n chores?
A) 10 + n B) (10 + 2)n
C) 10n + 2 D) 10 + 2n

56) Nadine works in a call center. Last 60) Three consecutive integers are listed in
week, she took x calls on Monday. On increasing order. If their sum is 102,
Tuesday, she took 13 more calls than what is the second integer in the list?
she took Monday. On Wednesday, she A) 28 B) 29
took 9 fewer calls than she took on
C) 33 D) 34
Tuesday. On Thursday, she took 5 fewer
calls than she took on Wednesday. On 61) The sum of a and 10 is twice as large as
Friday, she took 118 calls. Which of the b, where both a and b are integers. If the
following expressions shows how many sum of a and b is divisible by 4, which
calls Nadine took during her Monday to of the following CANNOT be the value of
Friday work week, in terms of x? b?
A) 28x + 118 B) 4x + 134 A) 6 B) 8
C) x + 117 D) 4x + 117 C) 10 D) 14
57) The number of states that joined the 62) Graphene, which is used in the
United States between 1776 and 1849 is manufacture of integrated circuits, is so
twice the number of states that joined thin that a sheet weighing one ounce
between 1850 and 1900. If 30 states can cover up to 7 football fields. If a
joined the United States between 1776 football field has an area of
and 1849 and x states joined between 1
approximately (1 ) acres, about how
1850 and 1900, which of the following 3
equations is true? many acres could 48 ounces of
A) 30x = 2 B) 2x = 30 graphene cover?
x A) 250 B) 350
C)  30 D) x + 30 = 2
2 C) 450 D) 1,350
58) Several people are standing in a straight 63) A total of k passengers went on a bus
line. Starting at one end of the line. Bill trip. Each of the n buses that were used
is counted as the 5th person, and to transport the passengers could seat
starting at the other end, he is counted maximum of x passengers. If one bus
as the 12th person. How many people had 3 empty seats and the remaining
are in the line? buses were filled, which of the following
A) 15 B) 16 expresses the relationship among n, x,
C) 17 D) 18 and k?
59) There is the same number of boys and A) nx – 3 = k B) nx + 3 = k
girls on a school bus when it departs C) n + x + 3 = k D) nk = x + 3
from school. At the first stop, 4 boys get
off the bus and nobody gets on. After
the first stop, there are twice as many
girls as boys on the bus. How many
girls are on the bus?
A) 4 B) 6
C) 8 D) 12

16
64) The average number of students per 65) A voter registration drive was held in
classroom at Central High School from Town Y. The number of voters, V
2000 to 2010 can be modeled by the registered T days after the drive began
equation y = 0.56x + 27.2, where can be estimated by the equation
x represents the number of years since V = 3,450 + 65T. What is the best
2000, and y represents the average interpretation of the number 65 in this
number of students per classroom. equation?
Which of the following best describes A) The number of registered voters at the
the meaning of the number 0.56 in the beginning of the registration drive
equation?
B) The number of registered voters at the
A) The total number of students at the end of the registration drive
school in 2000
C) The total number of voters registered
B) The average number of students per
during the drive
classroom in 2000
C) The estimated increase in the average D) The number of voters registered each
number of students per classroom each day during the drive
year
D) The estimated difference between the
average number of students per
classroom in 2010 and in 2000

Home Work – 1.1 17
HOME WORK –1.1

1) The number that results when an 8) What is the value of x + 2 if
integer is multiplied by itself CANNOT 5( x  2 )
end in which of the following digits? = 10?
3
2) If n is any negative number, which of
the following must be positive? A) 1 B) 4
C) 5 D) 6
n
A) B) 2n t5
2 9) If = 10, what is the value of t?
C) n + 2 D) 2 – n t5
3) If k is a positive integer, which of the 45
A) B) 5
following must represent an even 11
integer that is twice the value of an odd
11 55
integer? C) D)
2 9
A) 2k B) 2k + 3
10) If q = p – 3, and (4p + 4)/(2q) = 10, what
C) 2k + 4 D) 4k + 2
is the value of p?
4) If x and y are positive consecutive odd
A) 1 B) 2
integers, where y > x, which of the
following is equal to y2 – x2? C) 3 D) 4
A) 2x B) 4x 11) If s + t = 3, what is the value of s + t – 6
C) 2x + 2 D) 4x + 4 A) –3 B) 0
5) How many integers in the set of all C) 3 D) 6
integers from 1 to 100, inclusive, are not 12) If x + 3 = a, then 2x + 6 =
the square of an integer? A) a + 3 B) a + 6
A) 19 B) 50 C) 2a D) 2a + 3
C) 89 D) 90 13) If 3(n – 4) = 18, what is the value of n?
6) What is the value of z if 2(z + 3) = 6? 14 22
A) B)
A) -6 B) -3 3 3
C) –2 D) 0 C) 6 D) 10
14) If n = 3p, for what value of p is n = p?
q+6
7) If q = , then q = 1
3 A) 0 B)
A) 2 B) 3 3
C) 1 D) 3
C) 5 D) 6

18
15) If x2 – y2 = 10 and x + y = 5, what is the 3x  2
value of x – y? 21) If = x, then what is the value of
4
A) 1 B) 2 x?
C) 3 D) 4 A) –2 B) 0
16) If 2x + z = 2y and 2x + 2y + z = 20, what 1
is the value of y? C) D) 2
3
A) 5 B) 8
5(p - 1)
C) 10 D) 15 22) What is the value of p if –1 = 0?
4
17) A, B, and C are points on a line in that
order. If AB = 30 and BC is 20 more than 5
A) 1 B)
AB, what does AC equal? 9
A) 50 B) 60 5 9
C) D)
C) 70 D) 80 4 5
18) When Ms. Yun arrived at the grocery x3
store there were 5 packages of hot dog 23) If = 4, what is the value of x?
rolls left on the shelf. One package x3
contained 12 rolls, and each of the A) 1 B) 3
others contained 8 rolls. If Mx. Yun C) 5 D) 12
bought all 5 packages, how many hot
1 4 5 1
dog rolls did she purchase at the store? 24) If x+ x= – , what is the value
3 9 9 6
A) 32 B) 36
of x?
C) 44 D) 48
25) If 2x – 10 = 20, then x – 5 =
19) If 3 more than n is a negative number
A) 5 B) 10
and if 5 more than n is a positive
number, which of the following could be C) 15 D) 20
the value of n? 26) If 2(x – 3) = 7, what is the value of x?
A) –5 B) –4 27) The sum of 3x and 5 is equal to the
C) –3 D) 4 1
product of x and
x+2 3
20) If = 2, then x = Which of the following equations gives
3
the relationship stated in the problem
A) 2 B) 4
above?
C) 6 D) 8
1 1
A) 3x = x+5 B) 5 (3x) = x +
3 3
1 1
C) 3(x + 5) = x D) 3x + 5 = x
3 3

Home Work – 1.1 19
28) Last week Raul worked 11 more hours x
than Angelica. If they worked a 30) If = y and 2y = y, what is value of x?
2
combined total of 59 hours, how many
hours did Angelica work last week? A) 1 B) 0
A) 24 B) 35 C) –1 D) ½
C) 40 D) 48
29) To celebrate a colleague’s graduation,
the m coworkers in an office agreed to
contribute equally to a catered lunch
that costs a total of y dollars. If p of the
coworkers fail to contribute, which of
the following represents the additional
amount, in dollars, that each of the
remaining coworkers must contribute to
pay for the lunch?
y y
A) B)
m mp
py py
C) D)
mp m(m  p)

20
Answer Keys
Class Work 1.1
1) c 2) d 3) 7 4) d 5) c 6) d 7) a 8) d 9) b 10) c
11) c 12) c 13) a 14) a 15) c 16) b 17) d 18) b 19) a 20) c
21) c 22) d 23) a 24) c 25) b 26) d 27) b 28) d 29) d 30) d
31) b 32) d 33) d 34) b 35) d 36) a 37) a 38) a 39) c 40) c
41) d 42) d 43) d 44) c 45) d 46) b 47) a 48) b 49) b 50) b
51) c 52) d 53) c 54) c 55) c 56) b 57) b 58) b 59) c 60) d
61) b 62) c 63) a 64) c 65) d
Home Work 1.1

1) 8 2) d 3) d 4) d 5) d 6) c 7) b 8) d 9) d 10) d
11) a 12) c 13) d 14) a 15) b 16) a 17) d 18) c 19) b 20) b
21) a 22) d 23) c 24) 1/2 25) b 26) 6.5 27) d 28) a 29) d 30) b

Math Session # 2 21
MATH SESSION # 2
Heart of Algebra – II
Skills Covered:
a) Linear Equation Concept
b) Forming Equation
c) Number of Solution to system of equation
d) Solution to systems of linear equation
CLASS WORK 2.1
1) 3x + b = 5x – 7 3y + c = 5y – 7 5) 2y + 6x = 3
In the equations above, b and c are y + 3x = 2
1 How many solutions (x, y) are there to
constants. If b is c minus , which of the system of equations above?
2
the following is true? A) Zero B) One
C) Two D) More than two
1 6) If 6,700 = 100(6k + 7), then k =
A) x is y minus
4 7) x + 3y = – 7 2x – 3y = 13
1 Based on the system of equations
B) x is y minus
2 x
above, what is the value of ?
C) x is y minus 1 y
1 18
D) x is y plus A) –3 B) 
2 13
2) –3x + 4y = 20 6x + 3y= 15 2
If (x, y) is the solution to the system of C)  D) 2
3
equations above, what is the value of x? 8) If x – y = 4 and 2x + 3y = 10, what is the
A) 0 B) 1 value of 3x + 2y?
C) – 1 D) 2 9) If x – 7 = 2y and x = 5 + 3y, what is the
3) 3s – 2t = a value of y?
–15s + bt = –7 A) –5 B) –2
In the system of equations above a and C) 2 D) 12
b are constants. If the system has 10) The average (arithmetic mean) of three
infinitely many solutions, what is the positive numbers x, y, and z, is 12.
value of a? When the greatest of these numbers is
A) a = (7/5), b= 10 B) a = 5/7, b = 5 subtracted from the sum of the other
C) a = 7/15, b = 7 D) a = 2/5, b = 4 two, the result is 4. If x < y < z, which of
4) –2x = 4y + 6 the following pairs of equations could
2(2y + 3) = 3x – 5 correctly express the information
What is the solution (x, y) to the system above?
of equations above? A) x + y + z = 36; x + y – z = 4
A) (1, –2) B) (1, 2) B) x + y + z = 36; x + y – z = 8
C) (–1, 2) D) (–1, –2) C) x + y + z = 24; x + y – z = 4
D) x + y + z = 24; x + y – z = 8

22
11) 2x – 3y = 17 16) Chloe is purchasing different types of
–2x +4y = –20 yarn. She purchases ‘a’ skeins of alpaca
Based on the system of equations yarn for $3.49 each and ‘s’ skeins of silk
above, which of the following is a yarn for $5.52 each, after taxes. If Chloe
possible solution? purchased a total of 14 skeins of yarn
and spent a total of $73.22, which of the
A) (–4, –3) B) (–3, 4) following sets of equations is true?
C) (3, 4) D) (4, –3) A) a + s = 14
x $5.52a + $3.49s = $73.22
12) If k = and x  0, what does 3x equal in
3 B) 2a + 12s = 14
terms of k?
($3.49 + $5.52)(a + s) = $73.32
A) k B) 9k
C) a + s = 14
9 k $3.49a + $5.52s = $73.22
C) D)
k 9 D) as = 14
13) If 3x + y = 11 and 2x + y = 7, then x = $3.49a + $5.52s = $73.22
A) 4 B) 6 17) Sara has a jar filled with 135 coins,
C) 2 D) 8 which consist only of quarters and
14) The normal systolic blood pressure P, nickels. If Sara has a total of $22.75 in
in millimeters of mercury, for an adult the jar, which of the following is the
male x years old can be modeled by the number of nickels Sara has in the jar?
x  220 A) 25 B) 55
equation P = . According to the
2 C) 80 D) 130
model, for every increase of 1 year in 18) A yoga studio charges $8 dollars per
age, by how many millimeters of student for its morning class and $16
mercury will the normal systolic blood dollars per student for its evening class.
pressure for an adult male increase? Three times as many students attended
A) (1/2) or 0.5 B) 0.2 or 1/5 the evening class as attended the
C) 15 or 3 D) 0.4 or ¼ morning class. If the yoga studio earned
$2,520 on Friday, how many people
15) If x + y = 9, and 8(x + 3y) = 120, what is attended the morning class?
the value of x – y?
A) 15 B) 45
A) 0 B) 3
C) 56 D) 135
C) 7 D) 9

Class Work 2.1 23
19) Mr. Kohl has a beaker containing n 22) Alex sells only hats and scarves at his
milliliters of solution to distribute to the store, for which he charges $13 and $7,
students in his chemistry class. If he respectively. On Monday, he sold 15
gives each student 3 milliliters of items and made $123. How many hats
solution, he will have 5 milliliters left did Rajesh sell on Monday?
over. In order to give each student 4 A) 3 B) 4
milliliters of solution, he will need an
C) 5 D) 6
additional 21 milliliters. How many
students are in the class? 23) At a lunch stand, each hamburger has
A) 16 B) 21 50 more calories than each order of
fries. If 2 hamburgers and 3 orders of
C) 23 D) 26 fries have a total of 1700 calories, how
20) Marguerite and Whitney are collecting many calories does a hamburger
canned goods for their neighborhood have?
Thanks Giving-a-Can can drive. For A) 370 B) 470
each house they visit when collecting,
they receive an average of 2 canned C) 570 D) 670
goods. If Whitney started with 4 cans 24) Marisol has two different methods of
from her own kitchen for the drive while commuting to and from work: she either
Marguerite started with none, which of takes the subway, which costs $2.75 per
the following situations is correct at a one way trip, or she takes a car service,
given point during their can drive? which costs $18.50 per one way trip.
A) When Marguerite has 4 cans, Whitney Last week, she worked 5 days,
has 4 cans commuting to and from work each day.
If her total commuting cost for the
B) When Marguerite has 8 cans, Whitney weeks was $74.75, how many times did
has 12 cans she take the car service?
C) When Marguerite has 12 cans, Whitney A) 2 B) 3
has 20 cans
C) 4 D) 6
D) When Marguerite has 16 cans, Whitney
has 24 cans 25) A piece of cloth costs $200. If the piece
were 5m longer, and each meter of cloth
21) From where he lives, it costs Jared $4 costs $2 less, the cost of the piece
more for a round trip train ticket to would have remained unchanged. How
Chaska than it does for one to Waconia. long is the piece and what is its original
Last month, Jared took round trips to rate per meter?
Chaska 7 times and to Waconia 8 times.
If he spent a total of $103 on train A) 50, 4 B) 40, 5
tickets, how much does Jared spend on C) 20, 10 D) 25, 8
one round trip ticket to Waconia?
A) $12 B) $10
C) $7 D) $5

24
26) The angry Andy carried some arrows for 30) In a class test, the sum of the marks
fighting with Ben. With half the arrows, obtained by P in Mathematics and
he cut down the arrow thrown by Ben Science is 28. Had he got 3 more marks
on him and with 6 other arrows he killed in Mathematics and 4 marks less in
Rocky driver of Ben. With one arrow Science, the product of marks obtained
each he knocked down respectively the in the two subjects would have been
Rocky, flag and the bow of Ben. Further 180. Find the marks obtained in the two
with one more than four times the subjects separately.
square root of arrows he laid Ben. Find A) (16, 12) or (19, 9)
total number of arrows Andy had. B) (20, 8) or (15, 13)
A) 25 B) 60 C) (24, 4) or (14, 14)
C) 300 D) 100 D) (12, 16), (10, 18)
27) The numerator of a fractions is 3 less 31) Divide 29 into 2 parts so that the sum of
than its denominator. If 1 is added to the the squares of the parts is 425.
denominator, the fraction is decreased
A) 13, 16 B) 14, 15
1
by . Find the fraction. C) 15, 14 D) 17, 12
15
32) Find the whole no. which when
A) (5/8) or (1/4) B) (6/9) or (2/5)
decreased by 20 is equal to 69 times the
C) (4/7) or (3/6) D) (2/5), (4/7) reciprocal of the number.
28) A trader bought a number of articles for 33) A two digit number is four times the
$900. Five articles were found damaged. sum and three times the product of its
He sold each of the remaining articles at digits. Find the number.
$2 more than what he paid for it. He got
a profit of $80 on the whole transaction. 34) kx – 3y = 4 4x – 5y = 7
Find the number of articles he bought. In the system of equations above, k is a
29) Two years ago a man’s age was three constant and x and y are variables. For
times the square of his son’s age. Three what value of k will the system of
years hence his age will be four times equations have no solution?
his son’s age. Find their present ages. 12 16
A) B)
A) 15, 10 B) 20, 15 5 7
C) 29, 5 D) 20, 10 16 12
C) – D) –
7 5

Home Work 2.1 25
HOME WORK 2.1

1) If 7x + 12 y = 10 and 3x – 2y = 5, what is 8) Philip used four pieces of masking tape,
value of 5x + 5y? each 6 inches long, to put up each of
A) 5 B) 7.5 his posters. Philip had a 300–foot roll of
C) 10.5 D) 15 masking tape when he started. If no
2) If 4e – f = 9 and –2e + f = 5, what is the tape was wasted, which of the following
value of e? represents the number of feet of
A) 7 B) 8 masking tape that was left on the roll
C) 11 D) 14 after he put up n posters?(12 inches = 1
3) If ab + b = a + 2c, what is the value of b foot)
when a = 2 and c = 3? A) 300 – 6n B) 300 – 2n
3 8 1
A) B) C) 300 – n D) 300 – n
8 3 2
C) 6 D) 8 9) A hotel charges a service fee of $ 1.00
4) If 3x + 9 = 5x + 1, what is the value of x? per day to use it copy machine. In
A) 1 B) 2 addition, there is a charge of $0.10 per
C) 3 D) 4 copy made. Which of the following
5) If a (x + y) = 45 and ax = 15, what is the represents the total charge, in dollars;
value of ay? to use this copy machine to make n
A) 3 B) 5 copies in one day?
C) 15 D) 30 A) 0.90n B) 1.10n
6) 2x – 3y = – 14 3x – 2y = – 6 C) 1.00 + 10n D) 1.00 + 0.10 n
If (x,y) is a solution to the system of 10) Ahmad has containers of two different
equations above, what is the value of sizes. The total capacity of 16
x–y? containers of one size is x gallons, and
A) –20 B) – 8 the total capacity of 8 containers of the
C) – 4 D) 8 other size is also x gallons, and
x x > 0. In terms of x, what is the capacity,
7) = 6; 4(y + 1) = x in gallons, of each of the larger
y
containers?
If (x, y) is the solution to the system of
A) 4x B) 2x
equations above, what is the value of y?
A) 2 B) 4
x x
C) D)
C) 12 D) 24 2 8

26
Use Calculator: 12) What is the value of z if 2(z + 3) = 6?
11) The cost of a telephone call using long
A) -6 B) -3
distance carrier A is $1.00 for any time
up to and including 20 minutes and C) –2 D) 0
$0.07 per minute thereafter. The cost q+6
using long distance carrier B is $0.06 13) If q = , then q =
3
per minute for any amount of time. For a
call that lasts t minutes, the cost using A) 2 B) 3
carrier A is the same as the cost using C) 5 D) 6
carrier B. If t is a positive integer greater
than 20, what is the value of t?
A) 20 B) 30
C) 40 D) 50

Answer Key 27
Answer Keys
Class Work: 2.1
1) a 2) a 3) a 4) a 5) a 6) 10 7) c 8) 14 9) c 10) a
11) d 12) b 13) a 14) a 15) b 16) c 17) b 18) b 19) d 20) b
21) d 22) a 23) a 24) b 25) c 26) d 27) b 28) 75 29) c 30) d
31) a 32) 23 33) 24 34) a
Home Work: 2.1

1) b 2) a 3) b 4) d 5) d 6) c 7) a 8) b 9) d 10) b
11) c 12) b 13) a

28
MATH SESSION # 3
Co-ordinate Geometry
Skills Covered:
a) Co-ordinate Geometry – Basics
b) Equation of line, Slope & Lines
The Cartesian Plane or The Co–ordinate Plane or The XY–Plane:

 When we choose these two lines to locate a point in a plane
in this chapter, one line will be horizontal and the other will
be vertical, as in Figure.
 The horizontal line X′X is called the x-axis and the vertical
line Y′Y is called the y-axis. The point where X′X and Y′Y
cross is called the origin, and is denoted by O. Since the
positive numbers lie on the directions OX and OY,OX and
OY are called the positive directions of the x-axis and they-
axis, respectively. Similarly, OX ′and OY′ are called the
negative directions of the x-axis and they-axis, respectively.
 We call the plane, the Cartesian plane, or the coordinate
plane, or the xy-plane. The axes are called the coordinate axes.
Quadrant:
 The axes divide the plane into four parts. These four parts are called quadrants. So, the plane
consists of axes and quadrants. The plane is called the Cartesian plane or the coordinate
plane or the xy-plane. These axes are called the co-ordinate axes.
 A quadrant is
1
2
 5  3  part of a plane divided by co-
ordinate axes.
 XOY is called the first quadrant.
 YOX’ the second.
 X’OY’ the third.
 Y’OX the fourth as marked in the figure.
Origin:
 It is the point O of intersection of the axes of co–ordinates.
 It has zero distance from both the axes so that its abscissa and
ordinate are both zero.
 Therefore, the coordinates of the origin are (0, 0).

Math Session # 3 29
Main Points:
 The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its x-coordinate, or abscissa, and the distance
of the point from the x-axis is called its y-coordinate, or ordinate.
 If the abscissa of a point is x and the ordinate is y, then (x, y) are called the coordinates of the
point.
 The coordinates of a point on the x-axis are of the form (x, 0) and that of the point on the y-axis
are (0, y).
 The coordinates of a point are of the form (+, +) in the first quadrant, (–, +) in the second
quadrant, (–, –) in the third quadrant and (+, –) in the fourth quadrant, where + denotes a
positive real number and – denotes a negative real number.
 If x ≠ y, then (x, y) ≠ (y, x), and (x, y) = (y, x), if x = y.
Distance Formula:
 If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are two points then length (AB) = ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y 1 ) 2
Corollary:
 The distance of the point P(x, y) from (0, 0) is given by OP = x2  y 2
Section Formula:
 If A = (x1, y1), B = (x2, y2) and P divides seg. AB internally in the ratio m:n, then the co–
 mx 2  nx 1 my 2  ny 1 
ordinates of P are  , 
 mn mn 
 kx  x1 ky2  y 1 
Note: If the ratio in which P divides AB is k : 1, then P will be  2 , .
 k 1 k 1 
Special case:
Mid–Point Formula:
 If M(x, y) is the midpoint of seg. AB, where A = (x1, y1) and B = (x2, y2)
 x  x2 y1  y 2 
  Mid–point of seg. AB is  1 , .
 2 2 
Area of A Triangle :
 Let ABC be any triangle whose vertices are A(x 1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3).
 Thus, the area of ΔABC is the numerical value of the expression
1
[x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)]
2
Straight Line:
 y = mx + c where m is the slope.
 M: tan of the angle made with the positive x-axis.
 When lines are parallel: The slopes of two parallel lines, m 1 and m2 are equal.

30
 When two lines are perpendicular, m 1 * m2 = (–) 1
 Finding the y-intercept: Put x = 0, In the above equation, c is the y-intercept.
 Finding the x-intercept: Put y = 0. In the above equation, -c/m is the x-intercept.
 Equation of a straight line parallel to the y-axis at a distance 'a' from it is x = a.
 Equation of a straight line parallel to the x-axis at a distance 'b' from it is y = b.
 Equation of a line parallel to the x-axis and passing throught the point (a, b) is y = b.
 Equation of a line perpendicular to x-axis and passing through (a, b) is x = a.
 Equation of a line parallel to the y-axis and passing through (a, b) is x = a.
 Equation of a line perpendicular to the y-axis and passing through (a, b) is y = b.
 Equation of x-axis is y = 0 and equation of y-axis is x = 0.
 The equation of a straight line which cuts off intercepts a and b on the x-axis and y-axis is
x y
 1
a b
 The equation of a straight line passing through the origin (0, 0) is y = mx.
 Equation of line passing through a point (x 1, y1), and having a slope m,
 y – y1 = m(x – x1)
 Slope of a line passing through (x – y1), (x – y2)
 is given by
y 2  y1
x 2  x1
Perpendicular Distance from Origin:
 The perpendicular distance from the origin to the line ax + by + c = 0 is
c
P=
a2  b2
Perpendicular Distance of A Line from A Point:
 The perpendicular distance from the point
 (x1, y1)
 to the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by
ax 1  by1  c
P=
a2  b2
Circle :
 The equation of a circle whose center is (h, k) and radius is a is given by the equation
 (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2
 The equation of a circle whose centre is the origin and whose radius is a is given by the
equation
x2 + y2 = a2

Class Work 3.1 31
CLASS WORK 3.1

1) In the xy–plane, the center of a circle 4) In the xy–coordinate plane, the distance
has coordinates (3, –7). If one endpoint between point B(10, 18) and point A
of a diameter of the circle is (–2, –7), (x, 3) is 17. What is one possible value
what are the coordinates of the other of x?
endpoint of this diameter? A) 2 B) 7
A) (–7, –7) B) (–2, –2) C) 8 D) 10
C) (3, –2) D) (8, –7) 5)
2)
In the figure above, point T is the same

Point B is the midpoints of AC in the distance from O as point P is from O.
figure above. What is the value of t? Which of the following could be the
coordinates of point T?
A) 1 B) 1.5
A) (–a, b) B) (a, –b)
C) 2 D) 2.5
C) (–b, –a) D) (–b, a)
3) In the xy–coordinate system, (p, 0) is
one of the points of intersection of the 6) In the xy–plane, the line 2x – 3y = c
graphs of y = –x2 + 9 and y = x2 – 9. If passes through points (5, –1). What is
p is positive, what is the value of p? the value of c?
A) 10 B) 11
A) 3 B) 6
C) 12 D) 13
C) 9 D) 18

32
7) 9) Which of the following is the graph of a
linear function with a negative slope
and a positive y–intercept?
The equation of the line above is

y = –2x + 6. Which of the following is the
graph of y = |–2x + 6|?
10)
8) In the xy–plane, the line with equation

y = 5x – 10 crosses the x–axis at the
point with coordinates (a, b). What is the In the xy–coordinate plane above, line
value of a? n is perpendicular to line l. What is the
A) –10 B) –2 slope of line n?
C) 0 D) 2

Class Work 3.1 33
11) Line l has a positive slope and passes 13) In the xy–coordinate plane, line l is
through the point (0, 0). If line k is perpendicular to the y–axis and passes
perpendicular to line l, which of the through the point (5, –3). Which of the
following must be true? following is an equation of line l?
A) Line k passes through the point (0, 0) A) x = 0 B) x = 5
B) Line k has a positive slope C) y = –3 D) y + 3 = x + 5
C) Line k has a negative slope
D) Line k has a positive x–intercept
12) In the xy–plane, line lpasses through
the origin and is perpendicular to the
line 4x + y = k, where k is constant. If
the two lines intersect at the point
(t, t + 1), what is the value of t?
4 5
A) – B) –
3 4
3 5
C) D)
4 4

34
HOME WORK 3.1

1) Which of the following is the equation of 5) Rectangle ABCD lies in the
a circle that is tangent to y-axis and has xy–coordinate plane so that its sides
its center at (3, –1)? are not parallel to the axes. What is the
A) x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y = –1 product of the slopes of all four sides of
rectangle ABCD?
B) x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y = 1
A) –2 B) –1
C) x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y = –7
C) 0 D) 1
D) x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y = 7
6) P(3, 2); Q(7, 2); R(7, 4)
2) If Y is the midpoint of XZ , which of the
following must be true? The coordinates of points P, Q, and R in
the xy–plane are given above. What is
1 the perimeter of PQR?
I. YZ = XZ
2 A) 12
1 B) 14
II. XZ = 2XY
2
C) 6 + 20 (approximately 10.47)
III. 2XY = XZ
A) I only B) II only D) 6 + 32 (approximately 11.66)
C) III only D) I and III 7) In the xy–coordinate plane, line ‘l’ and
q are perpendicular. If line l contains the
No Calculator: points (0, 0) and (2, 1), and line
q contains the points (2, 1) and (0, t),
3) A, B, and C are points on a line in that what is the value of t?
order. If AB = 30 and BC is 20 more than
AB, what does AC equal? A) –3 B) –2
C) 2 D) 5
A) 50 B) 60
C) 70 D) 80
4) In the xy–coordinate plane, line m is the
reflection of line l about the x–axis.
4
If the slope of line m is – , what is the
5
slope of line l?

Answer Keys 35
Answer Keys
Class Work: 3.1
1) d 2) c 3) a 4) a 5) a 6) d 7) b 8) d 9) d 10) 3
11) c 12) a 13) c
Home Work: 3.1
1) a 2) d 3) d 4) 4/5 5) d 6) c 7) d

36
MATH SESSION # 4
Heart of Algebra – III
Skills Covered:
a) Concept of Inequalities
b) Solving Inequalities
c) Forming Inequalities from word problem
Inequalities Introduction:
 Addition & Subtraction
 Multiplication & Division
 Multiplicative Inverse
Addition and Subtraction:

 If a < b, then a + c < b + c
 Likewise:
If a < b, then a − c < b – c
If a > b, then a + c > b + c, and
If a > b, then a − c > b − c
 So adding (or subtracting) the same value to both a and b will not change the inequality
Multiplication and Division:

 When we multiply both a and b by a positive number, the inequality stays the same.
 If a < b, and c is positive, then ac < bc
 But when we multiply both a and b by a negative number, the inequality sign changes.
 If a < b, and c is negative, then ac > bc (inequality swaps).
 Additive Inverse
If a < b then −a > −b
If a > b then −a < −b
 So if we multiply an inequality by (–1), it changes direction.
Example 1:
– 2x – 10 < 2
– 2x – 10 + 10 < 2 + 10
– 2x < 12
x > – 6 [Dividing by – 2 required the flipping of the inequality sign]
 In the following example, notice how the < sign becomes a > sign when the inequality is divided by
– 2.
Example 2:
– 2x + 15 < 3
– 2x + 15 - 15 < 3 – 15

Math Session # 4 37
– 2x < -12
x > 6 [Dividing by -2 required the flipping of the inequality sign]
Multiplicative Inverse:
 Taking the reciprocal of both a and b can change the direction of the inequality.
 When a and b are both positive or both negative:
 If a < b then 1/a > 1/b
 If a > b then 1/a < 1/b
Warning: Caution When Multiplying or Dividing Variables:

 You cannot divide by an unknown (i.e. a variable) unless you are sure of its sign since you do
not know whether you must flip the sign of the inequality.
 If (2x)(5y) < 10y, what is the range of potential values for x?
 You cannot divide by y or 5y since you do not know whether y is negative or positive and, as
such, you do not know whether to flip the inequality.
Example:
t2 – k2< 6; t + k > 4
If t and k are positive integers in the inequalities above and t > k, what is the value of t?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
t2 – k2 can be written as (t – k) (t + k).
Now since t > k, then we know (t – k) is positive. Therefore So (t-k) will always either 1 or more
than 1 (as both t and k are integers)
Now we also know that t + k > 4. Then t + k can have a value 5, 6, 7 etc.
But if t + k is more than 6, then {(t – k) (t + k)} cannot be less than 6.
This means that t + k can be at most 5. [Because we want inequality to be less than 6]
Then t-k will have to be 1 (anything higher than 1, will ensure that (t – k) (t + k) is more than 6)
So finally we get
t+k=5 t–k=1 2t = 6 t = 3. Answer

38
CLASS WORK 4.1

1) If 3b + 1 < 10, which of the following 5)
cannot be the value of b?
A) –1 B) 0
C) 1 D) 3
2) If x + y = 30 and x > 8, then which of the
following must be true? In the figure above, PQST is a rectangle
A) y > 0 B) y < 22 and URST is a square. PU = 5 and UT is
C) y = 22 D) y > 22 a positive integer. If the area of PQST
must be more than 10 but less than 30,
3) If k, n, and r are integers, let k  (n, r) be what is one possible value of UT?
defined to be true only if n < k < r.
If –2  (n, 0) is true, which of the A) 1 B) 4
following could be a possible value of C) 3 D) 0.5
n? 6) The average (arithmetic mean) of 4
I) –3 II) –1 III) 3 numbers is greater than 7 and less than
A) I only B) III only 11. What is one possible number that
could be the sum of these 4 numbers?
C) I and II D) I and III
A) 10 B) 40
4) If a > b and a(b – a) = 0, which of the
C) 27 D) 45
following must be true?
7) For how many ordered pairs of positive
I) a = 0 II) b < 0 III) a – b > 0 integers (x, y) is 2x + 3y < 6?
A) I only B) II only A) One B) Two
C) III only D) I, II, and III C) Three D) Five

8) If 0 < n < 1, which of the following gives 13) Body mass index (BMI) is a comparison
the correct ordering of n , n, and n2? of a person’s body mass to his or her
height. A high BMI can be an indicator
A) n < n < n2 B) n < n2< n
of high body fat, which can lead to
C) n < n < n2 D) n2< n < n health problems. According to the
9) If 0  x  8 and –1  y  3, which of the American Heart Association, an adult is
following gives the set of all possible underweight if his or her BMI is less
values of xy? than 18.5,or overweight if it is greater
A) xy = 4 B) 0 xy 24 than or equal to 25.0. Which of the
C) –1 xy 11 D)–8 xy 24 following number lines could be used to
10) If 4x = 6u = 5v = 7w > 0, which of the model a healthy BMI range for an adult?
following is true?
A) x < v < u < w B) x < u < v < w
C) x < v < w < u D) w < u < v < x
11) Which of the following gives all values
of j that satisfy the inequality
3j – 4  6j + 11?
A) j  – 5 B) j  – 5
C) j  5 D) j  5
12) Yasmine is a pharmaceutical sales
representative. Her firm gives her a
weekly allowance of $300 to spend on 2(4k  1) k(6  5)  3
lunches with physicians and their office 14) 
staffs. A restaurant from which Yasmine
3 2
often buys the lunches charges $7 for a Which of the following correctly
cold dish and $11 for a hot dish, describes the possible values of k in the
including drinks. If each meal is subject inequality above?
to a 5.75% sales tax, which of the A) k  –1 B) k  – 1
following inequalities represents the
13 13
number of cold dishes (c) and hot C) k  D) k 
dishes (h) that Yasmine can purchase 17 17
for sales-related lunches in one week,
assuming she purchases all the lunches
from this restaurant?
A) 7c + 11h  1.0575(300)
B) 7c + 11h  1.0575(300)
C) 1.0575(7c + 11h)  300
D) 1.0575(7c + 11h)  300

40
15) 18,000 + x  72,000 19) To take the neighbor’s children to the

The federal interstate weight limit for a movies, Mellie charges $5 for gas and
particular four-axle transfer truck is $8 per hour spent with the children. Ron
18,000 pounds per axle. The cab (front) charges $3 for gas and $8.50 per hour
of the truck weighs 11,000 pounds, and spent with the children. If h represents
the trailer of the truck, when empty, the number of hours spent with the
weighs 7,000 pounds. The inequality children, what are all the values of h for
above represents the legally which Ron’s total charge is greater than
permissible weight range for this truck Mellie’s total charge?
when travelling on an interstate. What A) h < 3 B) 3 < h  4
does the value 18,000 represent in the C) 4  h < 5 D) h > 4
inequality?
5 1 1 3
A) The weight of the truck when fully 20) If < x– y < , then what is one
loaded 6 2 2 2
possible value of x – y?
B) The weight of the truck when the trailer
is empty A) 3 B) 1
C) The maximum weight allowed per axle C) 2 D) 4
D) The maximum weight of the cargo being 21) A math teacher decides to create
transported several practice tests for her students
before they take the SAT. She wants to
16) For which of the following values of m
make some non-calculator tests and
will the value of 3m – 1 be greater than
some calculator tests so that her
10?
students will be able to practice both.
A) 4 B) 3 She figures that each non-calculator
C) 2 D) 1 test will take her 3 hours to create, and
17) For what integer value of x is 3x + 5 > 11 each calculator test will take 4 hours to
and x – 3 < 1? create. If she is willing to devote at most
6 hours per week of her time for the
A) 3 B) 1
next 5 weeks to create the practice
C) 2 D) 4 tests, and she wants to provide at least
18) If 0 < x < 1, which of the following 8 practice tests, which of the following
statements must be true? systems of inequalities can help her
determine how many of each type of
x
I) x2> x3 II) x > III) x > x3 test she can create?
2
A) n + c  8; 3n+4c  6
A) I only B) II only
B) n + c  8; 3n+4c  30
C) I and II only D) I, II, and III
C) n + c  8; 3n + 4c  30
D) n + c  6; 3n + 4c  8

5 7 Use Calculator:
22) If – < – 2m + 1 < – , what is the
2 5 25) An international bank issues its Traveler
greatest possible integer value of the credit cards worldwide. When a
expression 10m – 5? customer makes a purchase, using a
A) 6 B) 7 traveler card in a currency different
from customer’s home currency, the
C) 10 D) 12 bank converts the purchase price at the
23) y < x + k1 ; y > 2x + k2 daily foreign exchange rate and then
Suppose that on a coordinate plane, charges a 4 % fee on the converted
(0, 0) a solution to the system of cost.
inequalities given above. Which of the Sara lives in the US and is on vacation
following conclusions about k1 and k2 in India. She used her traveler card for a
must be true? purchase that cost Rs.602. The bank
A) k1 < k2 B) k2 < k1 posted a charge of Rs.9.88 to her
C) k1 < k2 D) k1 = –k2 account that included a 4 % fee.
24) A housing down payment is money that What is the exchange rate
a prospective buyer provides up front approximately?
when purchasing a home and is usually A) Rs. 59 B) Rs. 69
a percent of the purchase price of the C) Rs. 63 D) Rs. 65
home. A lender typically requires 26) A bank in America sells a prepaid credit
private mortgage insurance (PMI) when card worth Rs.7500. Sara can buy the
the buyer’s down payment is less than prepaid card using dollars at the daily
20% of the purchase price. To secure a exchange rate with no fee, but she will
mortgage, buyers also need to have lose any money left unspent on the
additional cash on hand for closing prepaid card. What is the least number
costs and prepaid property tax. of the Rs.7500 on the prepaid card Sara
Suppose a buyer wants to purchase a must spend for the prepaid card to be
$375,000 house and must have $7,200 cheaper than charging all her purchases
on hand for closing costs and property on the Traveler card? Round your
tax. Which of the following inequalities answer to the nearest whole number of
represents the total funds (f) the buyer dollers.
must have on hand to secure the
mortgage without having to pay PMI? A) Rs. 7212 B) Rs. 7122
A) f  0.2(375,000) + 7,200 C) Rs. 7221 D) Rs. 7211
27) For which of the following functions is
B) f  0.2(375,000) + 7,200
f(–3) > f (3)
C) f  0.2(375,000 + 7,200)
A) f(x) = 4x2 B) f(x) = 4
D) f  0.2(375,000 + 7,200)
4
C) f(x) = D) f(x) = 4 – x3
x

42
HOME WORK 4.1

1) a, 2a, 4a, 8a 5) Margo can peel and slice at least 10
If a < 0, which of the four numbers dozen apples per hour and at most 15
above is the greatest? dozen apples per hour. Based on this
information, what is a possible amount
A) a B) 2a of time, in hours, that it could take
C) 4a D) 8a Margo to peel and slice 60 dozen
2) If k + n < k, which of the following must apples?
be true? A) time < 3 B) 3 < time 4
A) k > 0 B) k = 0 C) 4  time  6 D) time > 4
C) k < 0 D) n < 0 6) The variables x and y represent
3) If t > w, how much greater is the sum of numbers for which the statements
s and t than the sum of s and w? y
x – y > 300 and = 0.625 are true. What
A) s – t B) 2s – w x
C) t – w D) t + w is the smallest integer that x can equal?
4) Which of the following numbers is not a A) 400 B) 800
solution to the inequality 6x – 9  7x – C) 625 D) 500
5? 7) If x = 2, find value of |2x – 18| + |3x – 7|
A) –8 B) –5
C) –4 D) –2

Answer Keys 43
Answer Keys
Class Work: 4.1
1) d 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) c 6) b 7) a 8) d 9) d 10) d
11) b 12) c 13) a 14) c 15) b 16) a 17) a 18) d 19) d 20) c
21) b 22) d 23) b 24) b 25) c 26) a 27) d
Home Work: 4.1

1) a 2) d 3) c 4) d 5) c 6) b 7) 15

44
MATH SESSION # 5
Heart of Algebra – IV & Complex Numbers

Skills Covered:
a) Concept and Definition of Absolute value
b) Absolute value with ‘=’, >, < signs
c) Absolute value with inequalities
d) Concept and basic operation on complex number
e) power cycle of ‘i’
Absolute Values/ Modulus Introduction:

 Modulus with variable
 Modulus with Inequality
 Absolute Value mean, how far a number is from zero. Absolute value and modulus mean one and
same thing.
 “6” is 6 away from zero, and “–6” is also 6 away from zero.
 So the absolute value of 6 is 6, and the absolute value of –6 is also 6.
 The absolute value of −9 is 9
 The absolute value of -3 is 3
 The absolute value of 0 is 0
 The absolute value of −156 is 156
Absolute Value Symbol:

 To show that we want the absolute value of something, we pit “I” marks either side (they are
called “bars” and are found on the right side of a keyboard), like these examples:
 |–5| = 5 |7| = 7
 Sometimes absolute value is also written as “abs()”, so abs (–1) = 1 is the same as |–1| = 1.
|8–3| = 5 |3–8| = 5
(8–3 = 5) (3–8 = –5, and |–5| = 5)
Examples:
Here are some more examples of how to handle absolute values:
|–3  6| = 18
(–3  6 = – 18, and |–18| = 18)
–|5 – 2| = –3
(5 – 2 = 3 and then the first minus gets you –3)
–|2–5| = –3
(2–5 = –3, | – 3| = 3, and then the first minus gets you –3)
–|–12| = – 12
(| – 12| = 12 and then the first minus gets you – 12)
Math Session # 5 45
Modulus with a variable:

 How can we express |x|?
a) |x| = x ; if x ≥ 0
b) |x| = – x ; if x < 0
Corollary:
 |x – 3| can be rewritten as x – 3 when x > 3
 |x – 3| can be rewritten as –(x – 3) or 3 – x when x < 3
Another example: |3x + y|.
 |3x + y| can be rewritten as 3x + y when 3x + y > 0
 |3x + y| can be rewritten as –(3x + y) when 3x + y < 0
Solving an equation with Modulus
Example 1: |x| + 8 = 12.
 If x is positive, then the equation can be rewritten as: x + 8 = 12, so x = 4. Therefore, if
x > 0, x = 4.
 If, however, x is negative, then the equation can be rewritten as (–x) + 8 = 12, so x = –4.
Therefore, if x < 0, x = –4.
Example 2: |x + 1| = 8
 If (x + 1) is positive, x + 1 = 8; so x = 7. Note that the condition here is that x + 1 > 0 or
x > –1 Soif x > –1, x = 7
 If (x + 1) is negative, then –(x + 1) = 8, so x = –9.
Therefore, if x < –1, x = –9
Modulus in inequality:
 When you multiply or divide an inequality by a negative value, you must change the direction of
the inequality symbol.
 You cannot multiply/divide an inequality by a variable unless you know the sign of that variable
because you need to know whether or not to switch the direction of the inequality symbol. The
inequality p/q > 1 does not necessarily imply that p > q (unless q is positive).
 You cannot take the square root of both sides of an inequality expression.
 x2< 4 is not simply equivalent to x < 2 (it's actually equivalent to –2 < x < 2).
 You can't square both sides of an inequality. x > y does not necessarily imply that x 2 > y2.
Main point: Absolute value expressions have two possible scenarios.
Result 1
|x| < a, where a is a positive number –a < x < a
Corollary:
|x| ≤ a, – a ≤ x ≤ a
Note: in case “a” is a negative number, then there are no solutions for |𝑥|< a and |𝑥|≤ a
{Any value within modulus will be necessarily positive. No positive value can ever be less than a
negative value}
|x| < 2.
Scenario 1: when x > 0, the inequality simply becomes x < 2.
Scenario 2: when x < 0, the inequality becomes –x < 2, which can be simplified to x > –2.
(Notice that the direction of the inequality symbol switches when we multiply by a negative.)
46
The solution is –2 < x < 2
Result 2
|x| > a, where a is a positive number x > a and x < – a.
Corollary:
|x|  a, x ≥ a and x ≤ –a
Note: in case “a” is a negative number, then all real numbers satisfy |𝑥|> a.
Example: |x – 4 | > 8
Scenario 1: when x – 4 > 0 (i.e. when x > 4), x – 4 > 8, which simplifies to x > 12.
Scenario 2: when x – 4 < 0 (i.e. when x < 4), –(x – 4) > 8 which simplifies to x < –4. The solution
is x >12 or x< –4.
2  |x – 9| = 24
|y  x| = 15
1) In the equations above, x < 0 < y. What is the value of x + y?
A) – 8 B) – 5 C) 2 D) 16
The Approach for these questions is as follows:
Make 2 equations:
2 * |x – 9| = 24
|x – 9| = 12
x – 9 = 12 …(1)
and x – 9 = – 12 …(2)
x = 21 and x = –3
Now as per given condition since x is less than zero, so we will take x = –3
|y * x|= 15
y * x = 15; putting x == –3, we get y = – 5
y * x = –15; putting x = –3, we get y = 5
Now since y has to be positive; we take y = 5.
x = –3 and y = 5 ; x + y = 2
C is the answer.
Complex Numbers Introduction:

 Addition of Complex Numbers
 Subtraction of Complex Numbers
 Multiplication of Complex Numbers
Important Concepts and Formulas – Complex Numbers Basics:
 A complex number is any number which can be written as a + ib where a and b are real numbers
and i =  1 .
 ‘a’ is the real part of the complex number and b is the imaginary part of the complex number.
 Example of a complex number: 9 + i2
i2 = – 1
i3 = – i
i4 = 1
 Conjugate of the complex number z = x + iy can be defined as z = x – iy

Math Session # 5 47
 Example: 4  i 2 = 4 – i2 and 4  i 2 = 4 + 2i
 If the complex number a + ib = 0, then a = b = 0
 If the complex number a + ib = x + iy, then a = x and b = y.
 If  + iy is a complex number, then the non–negative real number x 2  y 2 is the modulus (or
absolute value of magnitude) of the complex number x + iy. It can be denoted as
| x  iy | x2  y 2 .
Note that modulus is a non–negative real number.
Addition of Complex Numbers:

 To add complex numbers, add their real parts and add their imaginary parts.
(a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i(b + d)
 Example: Find (9 + i2) + (8 + i6)
(9 + i2) + (8 + i6) = (9 + 8) + i(2 + 6) = 17 + i8
Subtraction of Complex Numbers :

 To subtract complex numbers, subtract their real parts and subtract their imaginary parts.
(a + ib) – (c + id) = (a – c) + i(b – d)
 Example: Find (9 + 2i) – (8 + 6i)
(9 + 2i) – (8 + 6i) = (9 – 8) + i(2 – 6) = 1 – i4
Multiplication of Complex Numbers:

 Multiplication of Complex Numbers in Rectangular Form
(a + ib)(c + id) = ac + iad + ibc + i2bd = ac + iad + ibc – bd = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc)
Example: Find (9 + 2i)(8 – 6i)
(9 + i2)(8 – i6) = 72 – i54 + i16 – i212
= 72 – i(54 – 16) + 12 = 84 – i38
 Division of Complex Numbers in Rectangular Form
(a  ib) (a  ib) (c  id) (ac  bd)  i(ad  bc )
=  =
(c  id) (c  id) (c  id) c 2  d2
(We multiplied denominator and numerator with the conjugate of the denominator to proceed)
Example:
(9  2i)
Find
(8  6i)
(9  2i) (9  2i)(8  6i) 72  54i  16i  12
= =
(8  6i) (8  6i)(8  6i) 64  36
60  70i
= = .6 + .7i
100

48
CLASS WORK 5.1

1) |10–k| = 3; 6) Which of the following number lines
|k–5| = 8 represent the solution to the inequality
|x + 3| < 5
What is the value of k that satisfies both
equations?
A) 3 B) 13
C) 7 D) – 3
2) Solve for X
(–)8 – (2 |5x – 7| = – 14)
A) {2/5, 3} B) {5/4, 4} 7) If |3x – 4| < 5, which must be true for x?
C) {4/5, 2} D) {7/9, 5} A) (–) 1/3 < x < (1/3) B) –3 < x < 3
| y  1| C) x > 0 D) (–) 1/3 < x < 3
3) If 2|x + 3| = 4 and = 2, then
3 8) Let a and b be negative numbers such
|x + y| could equal each of the following that |2a – 3| = 5 and |3 – 4b| = 11. What is
EXCEPT. |b – a|?
A) 0 B) 4 A) 2 B) 1
C) + 12 D) 10 C) 0 D) –1
4) Find the interval of x, 3|x + 1| – 8 > 7 9) Solve : 5– (4 |–2x – 8|) = 5
A) 4 < x < 6 B) {No solution } A) {5} B) {No solution}
C) x > 4 or x < –6 D) x> 0 C) {0} D) {–4}
5) The solution set to the equation
|x + 3| = 5 is
A) {2} B) {2, –8}
C) {–8} D) {–2, –8}

Class Work 5.1 49
10) |m – 3| = 5 16) The earth is made up of four primary
|k + 7| = 15 layers: the inner core, outer core,
mantle, and crust. The outer core is
In the equations above, m < 0 and
more than 800 miles and less than 2,200
k < 0. What is the value of m – k?
miles from the Earth’s center. Which of
A) –24 B) –14 the following inequalities represents all
C) 8 D) 20 possible distances, d, in miles, from the
11) Find value of x that satisfies 15 |x – 7| + Earth’s center that are in the outer
4 = 10 |x – 7| + 4 core?
A) x= (–5/7) or x = (5/7) A) |d + 800| < 2,200
B) x = 7/5 or x = (–7/5) B) |d – 800| < 2,200
C) x = 7 C) |d + 1,500| < 700
D) There are no solutions D) |d – 1,500| < 700
12) If x = 0.6, Evaluate |4x – 1.4| + |x2 – 1|? 17) For pumpkin carving, Mr. Sephera will
not use pumpkin that weigh less than 2
13) If 4 < |x – 2| < 5 and x <0 , what is one pounds or more than 10 pounds. If x
possible value of |x |
represents the weight of a pumpkin, in
14) In the equation |x – 4| = 3, x could equal pounds, he will not use, which of the
A) 7 only B) 1 only following inequalities represents all
C) 7 or 1 D) 7 or –1 possible values of x?
A) |x – 2| > 10 B) |x – 4| > 6
1
15) x – 3 = C) |x – 5| > 5 D) |x – 6| > 4
2
18) Admission into a investigate agency
What is the least value of x that satisfies
requires the applicant be between the
the equation above?
ages of 32 and 46.which of inequalities
can be used to determine whether an
applicant age D, satisfies the
requirement for agency?
A) |D – 7| < 39 B) |D – 39| > 7
C) |D + 32| < 46 D) |D – 39| < 7

50
CLASS WORK 5.2
1) Given that i =  1 , which of the 7) If im = –i, which of the following

CANNOT be the value of m?
1
following is equal to 3 ? A) 15 B) 18
i
C) 19 D) 27
A) i B) –i 8) Which of the following are zeros of the
C) 1 D) – 1 quadratic equation x2 + 9 = 0?
2) If a + bi = (1 + 2i)(3 – 4i), where a and b (Note: i =  1)
are constants and i =  1 , what is the A)  3 B) 3i
value of a + b?
C) 8i D) 81i
A) –2 B) 13
C) 10 D) 11 9) What is  18   50 written in
4i simplest form? (Note: i =  1 )
3) If a + bi = , where a and b are
2i A) – 30 B) – 30i
constants and i =  1 , what is the C) 30 D) 30i
value of a? 10) If w and z represent two complex
numbers such that w = 3 – 2i and
A) 7/5 B) 4
z = – 2 + 4i, which if the following gives
C) 2 D) 1 w
4) For what value of b does (b + i)2 = 80 + written in the form a + bi?
z
18i?
(Note: i2 = –1)
A) 7 B) 4
3 1 7 2
C) 9 D) 1 A)   i B)   i
2 2 10 5
5) The solutions of the equation x2 – 2x +
13 1 7 2
15 = 0 are x = a + i b , where a and b C)  i D)  i
20 2 6 3
are positive numbers. What is the value
of a + b? 11) What is the value of –i ?
48
A) 1 B) 4 A) –i B) i
C) 6 D) 15 C) – 1 D) 1
6) Which of the following expressions is 12) If u and v are complex numbers such
equal to (2 + 2i)2? that u = 3 – 5i and v = – 6 + i, which if the
following is equivalent to (u + v)2?
A) 0 B) 4i (Note: i2 = –1)
C) 8i D) 4 – 4i
A) – 7 + 24i B) 9 + 8i
C) 9 + 16i D) 25 – 24i

Class Work 5.2 51
13) Which of the following is equivalent to 16) Which of the following expressions is
4  6i equivalent to (6 + 5i)3?
? (Note: i2 = – 1)
10  5i (Note: i =  1)
2 16 2 16 A) 11 + 60i
A)  i B)  i
15 15 25 25 B) 216 – 125i
2 6 2 6 C) –234 + 415i
C)  i D)  i
5 5 5 5 D) –3,479 + 320i
2i 17) Which of the following shows (2 + 6i)
14)
5  2i (3i – 4) written as a complex number in
If the expression above is rewritten in the form a + bi? (Note: i2 = –1)
the form a + bi, where a and b are real A) – 26 – 18i B) – 18 + 10i
numbers, what is the value of –b written C) 10 – 18i D) 30 + 10i
as a fraction? (Note: i2 = – 1) 18) Which of the following is equivalent to
2 2 (4 + 7i) – (3 – 2i)?
A) B)
15 25 A) 1 + 5i B) 1 + 9i
1 2 C) 7 + 5i D) 7 + 9i
C) D)
29 5 19) Two complex numbers, A and B, are
15) Which of the following is equivalent to defined as A = (3 – 4i) and B = (9 + ki),
where k is a constant. If AB – 15 = 60,
10 X  12
? (Note: i =  1) what is the value of k? (Note: i2 = –1)
1  27
2 20
A) - B)
7 3
2
C) - +i 3 D) 1 + i 3
7

52
HOME WORK 5.1

1) Find value of x that satisfies –3 |x + 9| + 3) If |3x + 6| = 12 and |–2y + 8| = 30, what is
2 = 10 |x +9 | + 5 the smallest possible value of xy?
A) x= (–9) or x = 9 x = 2, –6; y = –11, 19.
B) x = 3 or x = –3 4) If |6 – 5y| > 20, which of the following is
a possible value of y?
C) x = (–3/13)
A) –3 B) –1
D) There are no solutions
C)1 D)3
2) |x – 2| = 1
5) Find the absolute value of |3*4 – 25|
What is the least value of x that satisfies
the equation above. A) –13 B) 37
A) 1 B) –1 C) 13 D) –21
C) 3 D) –3 6) What is |(–4+5)–9| + |8+ (–2 – 3)|
A) {5} B) {11}
C) {0} D) {–5}
HOME WORK 5.2

1 i 8i
1) Which of the following is equal to ? 4)
1 i 3  2i
A) i B) 2i If the expression above is rewritten in
C) –1 + i D) 1 + i the form a + bi, where a and b are real
numbers, what is the value of a?
2) Which of the following is equal to
(14 – 2i)(7 + 12i)? (Note: i =  1) (Note: i =  1)
A) 74 B) 122 5) Find the value of i15
C) 74 + 154i D) 122 + 154i A) B) i
C) – I D) 1
3) For i =  1 , what is the sum (7 + 3i) + (–
8 + 9i)? 6) Find value of |3 + 4i|
A) –1 + 12i B) – 1 – 6i
C) 15 + 12i D) 15 – 6i

Answer Keys 53
Answer Keys
Class Work: 5.1
1) b 2) c 3) c 4) c 5) b 6) d 7) d 8) b 9) d
10) d 11) c 12) 1.64 13) 2.5 14) c 15) 5/2 16) d 17) d 18) d
Class Work: 5.2

1) a 2) b 3) a 4) c 5) d 6) c 7) b 8) b 9) c 10) b
11) c 12) a 13) a 14) c 15) 20/3 16) c 17) a 18) b 19) 12
Home Work: 5.1

1) d 2) a 3) 114 4) a 5) c 6) b
Home Work: 5.2

1) a 2) d 3) a 4) 2 5) b 6) 5

54
MATH SESSION # 6
Problem Solving – I
Skills Covered:
a) Concepts and application of Ratio and proportion
b) Concept and application of percentages
Introduction:
 Ration & Proportion
 Continued Proportion
 Percentage
Ratio & Proportion:

Ratio:
 A ratio expresses a mathematical relationship between two quantities. Specifically, a ratio is a
quotient of those quantities.
 The relation of one type of quantity to another quantity of the same type is called ratio.
 If a and b are two quantities of the same kind and with same units such that b 0; then the
a
quotient is called the ratio between a and b, which is denoted by a : b. (read as a is to b)
b
 The quantities “a” and “b” are called terms of the ratio.
 The following are all relationships that can be expressed as ratios:
 The first quantity a is called the first term or the antecedent and the second quantity b is
called the second term or consequent of the ratio a:b.
 The second term of a ratio cannot be zero.
 A ratio must always be expressed in its lowest terms.
 A ratio is in its lowest terms, if HCF of its both the terms is 1 (Unity).
 Ratios a : b and b : a cannot be equal unless a = b i.e. a : bb : a unless a = b.
 In other words, the order of the terms in a ratio are important.
1
 My serving of pizza is 4 of the whole pie.
 The ratio of my serving of pizza to the whole pie is one to four.
 There are twice as many chocolate cookies as vanilla cookies in the cookie jar.
 The ratio of chocolate to vanilla cookies is two to one.
 My brother earns $5 for each $6 earn.
 The ratio of my brother’s earnings to mine is five to six.
 The preceding ratios can be expressed in several different ways. They can be stated in words:
 They can be expressed as fractions:
1 2 5
, ,
4 1 6
Math Session # 6 55
 They can be expressed with a colon (:), as follows:
1:4 2:1 5:6
 Or they can be expressed using word to:
1 to 4 2 to 1 5 to 6
Properties:
 If both the terms a and b of the ratio are multiplied or divided by the same quantity then, the
ratio remains unchanged.
a ma
  =  a : b is the same as ma : mb
b mb
a am a b
 =  a : b is the same as :
b bm m m
Example:
1) i) If 2x + 3y : 3x + 5y = 18 : 29, find x : y.
ii) If x : y = 2 : 3, find the value of 3x + 2y : 2x + 5y.
2x  3y 18
Sol: i) 2x + 3y : 3x + 5y = 18 : 29  =
3 x  5y 29
 58x + 87y = 54x + 90y  4x = 3y
x 3
 = i.e. x : y = 3 : 4
y 4
x 2
ii) x : y = 2 : 3  =
y 3
x
3   2
3 x  2y y
Now, 3x + 2y : 2x + 5y = = (Dividing each term by y)
2x  5y x
2   5
y
2
3 2 2
3 x
= = 12 : 19 ( = )
2 y 3
2  5
3
2) If a : b = 5 : 3, find (5a + 8b) : (6a – 7b).
Sol: Let, a : b = 5 : 3  If a = 5x, then b = 3x;
5a  8 b 5  5x  8  3x 49 x
and = = = 49 : 9
6a  7 b 6  5x  7  3x 9x
Proportion:
 The equality of two ratios is called Proportion.
 Four non–zero quantities of the same kind a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion if
a : b = c : d.
 This is often expressed as a : b : : c : d read as “a is to b as c is to d”.
 a and d are called the extreme terms and b and c are called the mean terms.

56
a c
 If the quantities a, b, c, d are in proportion  or ad = bc
b d
 Product of extremes = Product of means
Continued Proportion:
a b
 a, b, c are said to be in continued proportion if 
b c
a b c
 a, b, c, d are said to be in continued proportion, if  
b c d
Example:
1) Find: i) the fourth proportional to 3, 6 and 4.5.
ii) the mean proportional between 6.25 and 0.16.
iii) the third proportional to 1.2 and 1.8.
Sol: i) Let fourth proportional to 3, 6 and 4.5 be x
 3 : 6 = 4.5 : x  3 x = 6  4.5
 x=9
ii) Let the mean proportional between 6.25 and 0.16 be x.
 6.25, x and 0.16 are in continued proportion
 6.25 : x = x : 0.16
 x  x = 6.25  0.16  x2 = 1
 x=1
iii) Let the third proportional to 1.2 and 1.8 be x.
 1.2, 1.8 and x are in continued proportion  1.2 : 1.8 = 1.8 : x
1 .8  1 .8
x=
1 .2
 x = 2.7
2) If p : q : : q : r, prove that p : r = p2 : q2.
Sol: p : q : : q : r q2 = pr
p2 p2
p2 : q2 = = (q2 = pr)
q2 pr
p
= = p:r
r
Percentage:
 A percent (%) is a ratio in which the second quantity is 100:
 For example, I got 75 percent of all the questions right. It means the ratio of questions I got
75
right to all the questions is
100
 By a cetain percent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus x percent means x hundredths,
written as x%.
x
 To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% =
100
Math Session # 6 57
20 1
 Thus, 20% = = ;
100 5
48 12
48% = = etc.
100 25
a a a
 To express as a percent: We have, =    100%
b b b
1 1 
Thus, =   100  = 25%;
4 4 
6 3 3 
 100  % = 60%
5  6
0.6 = = =
10 
Important Points:
When any value increases by
10%, it becomes 1.1 times of itself. (since 100+10 = 110% = 1.1)
20%, it becomes 1.2 times of itself.
When any value decreases by
10%, it becomes 0.9 times of itself. (Since 100-10 = 90% = 0.9)
20%, it becomes 0.8 times of itself
36%, it becomes 0.64 times of itself
Note: When a value is multiplied by a decimal more than 1 it will be increased and when multiplied by less than
1 it will be decreased.
Percentage- Decimal-Fraction Conversion:
Percentage Decimal Fraction
10% 0.1 1/10
12.5% 0.125 1/8
16.66% 0.1666 1/6
20% 0.2 1/5
25% 0.25 ¼
30% 0.3 3/10
33.33% 0.3333 1/3
40% 0.4 2/5
50% 0.5 1/2
60% 0.6 3/5
62.5% 0.625 5/8
66.66% 0.6666 2/3
70% 0.75 ¾
80% 0.8 4/5
83.33% 0.8333 5/6
90% 0.9 9/10
100% 1.0 1

58
CLASS WORK 6.1

3 1 7
1) If of a number is 18, what is of the 5) If the ratio of a to b is , what is the
4 4 3
number? ratio of 2a to b?
3 9 14 15
A) B) A) B)
2 2 3 3
C) 6 D) 12 13 10
2) On each of the days Monday through C) D)
3 3
Friday, Toni spent 1 hour commuting to
6) The number 0.008 is equivalent to the
work and 1 hour commuting back home.
ratio of 8 to what number?
What fraction of the total number of
hours in these five days did she spend A) 100 B) 1,000
commuting? C) 10,000 D) 10
1 1 7) If x  0 and x is inversely proportional to
A) B) y, which of the following is directly
12 24
1
5 5 proportional to 2 ?
C) D) x
12 24
1 1
m m A) – B)
3) If = 15, what is ? y 2
y2
2n 3n
10 b 1
4) If = , what is the value of ab? C) D) y2
a 12 y
5 6
A) B)
6 5
C) 120 D) 240

Class Work 6.1 59
8) 11) The eggs in a certain basket are either
white or brown. If the ratio of the
number of white eggs to the number of
2
brown eggs is , each of the following
3
could be the number of eggs in the
basket EXCEPT.
A) 10 B) 12
C) 15 D) 30
12) If a + 2b is equal to 125 percent of 4b,
a
what is the value of ?
b
1
A) B) 3
If the four regions shown in the graph 3
above are the only regions in Town T, 3 2
the total of which two regions accounts C) D)
2 3
for exactly 70 percent of all cable
television subscribers in Town T? 13) If y is directly proportional to x2 and
A) Regions M and N 1 1
y= when x = . What is the positive
B) Regions M and O 8 2
9
C) Regions N and O value of x when y = ?
2
D) Regions N and P
9) The ratio 1.2 to 1 is equal to which of 3 3
A) B)
the following ratios? 4 2
A) 1 to 2 B) 12 to 1 9
C) D) 3
C) 5 to 6 D) 6 to 5 4
10) l 3
P 14) The length of a drawing of a tool is of
In the figure above, if two points S and T 8
are to be placed on line  on opposite the length of the actual tool. If the
length of the drawing of the tool is
sides of point P so that 2 SP = PT, what
6 inches, what is the length, in inches,
ST of the actual tool?
will be the value of ?
PT
1 1
A) 2 B) 8
4 4
C) 16 D) 22

60
1 18) For a certain hot water heater, the

15) On a blueprint, inch represents 16 increase in heating expenses is directly
4
feet. If a driveway is 40 feet long, what is proportional to the increase in water
its length, in inches, on the map? temperature setting. If heating expenses
increased by $24 when the water
16) The force required to stretch a spring temperature setting is increased by 20
beyond its natural length is proportional degrees Fahrenheit, by how much will
to how far the spring is being stretched. heating expenses increase when the
If a force of 15 pounds stretches a water temperature setting is increased
spring 8 centimeters beyond its natural by 15 degrees Fahrenheit?
length, what force, in pounds, is needed
to stretch this spring 20 centimeters A) $16 B) $18
beyond its natural length? C) $ 19 D)$20
A) 23 B) 27 NO Calculator:
C) 37.5 D) 35 19) In a 2 weeks, 550 cartons of juice were
17) Bridgeton Voter Registration Data sold in the school cafeteria. At this rate,
how many cartons of juice would one
Voting Age Number of expect to be sold in 5 weeks?
Population Registered A) 1325 B) 1350
Voters
C) 1400 D) 1375
Men 1,200 1,000 20) The price of ground coffee beans is d
Women 1,300 1,200 dollars for 8 ounces and each ounce
makes c cups of brewed coffee. In terms
The table above gives the voter of c and d, what is the dollar cost of the
registration data for the town of ground coffee beans required to make 1
Bridgeton at the time of a recent cup of brewed coffee?
election. In the election, 40 percent of
the voting age population actually d cd
A) B)
voted. If the turnout for an election is 8c 8
defined to be the fraction 8c 8d
number who actually voted C) D)
what was d c
number of registered voters 21) According to a certain recipe, 25
the turnout for this election? pounds of flour are needed to make 300
4 5 rolls. At this rate, how many pounds of
A) B) flour are needed to make 12 rolls?
11 11
A) 1 B) 2
6 7
C) D) C) 3 D) 4
11 11
22) If the average of 5k and 3l is equal to
50% of 6l, what is the value of k/l?

Class Work 6.1 61
23) Ratings of Car Engine Oil 28) What is the number of cubic inches in
1 cubic foot?
Rating Relative Speed of Flow
A) 144 B) 864
10W Half as fast as 5W
C) 1728 D) 3526
15W Half as fast as 10W oil 29) A person goes from A to B at the speed
20W Half as fast as 15W oil of 40 kmph and comes back at the
speed of 60 kmph. What is his average
According to the table above, car speed for the whole journey?
engine oil with a rating of 5W flows how A) 24 B) 48
many times as fast as car engine oil
C) 50 D) 30
with a rating of 20W.
30) Moving at 50 kmph, a person reaches
A) 2 B) 4 his office 10 min late. Next day, he
C) 8 D) 16 increases his speed and moves at 60
24) How many seconds are there in m kmph and reaches his office 5 min early.
minutes and s seconds? What is the distance from his home to
A) 60m + s B) m + 60s his office?
A) 50 B) 48
ms
C) 60(m + s) D) C) 75 D) 100
60
31) Sueze can row her boat 5km/hr in still
25) If Peg traveled 10 miles in 2 hours and water. If it takes her one hour longer to
Linda traveled twice as far in half the row the boat 5.25 km upstream than to
time, what was Linda’s average return downstream. Find the speed of
speed, in miles per hour? the stream.
A) 5 B) 10 A) 5 B) 4
C) 20 D) 30 C) 3 D) 2
26) A recipe for chili for 20 people requires
32) Max takes 8 days more than John to do
4 pounds of beans. At this rate, how
a certain piece of work. Together they
many pounds of beans are required to
can do the work in 7½ days. How many
make chili for 150 people?
days will Max take to do that work?
A) 30 B) 29
A) 10 B) 40
C) 28 D) 32
C) 20 D) 12
27) If 10,000 microns = 1 centimeter and
100,000,000 angstrom units = 1 33) A passenger train takes 2 hours less for
centimeter, how many angstrom units a journey of 300 km, if its speed is
equal 1 micron? increased by 5 km/hr from its usual
speed. Find its usual speed.
A) 0.0000000001 B) 0.0001
A) 25, 12 B) 60, 5
C) 10,000 D) 1,00,000
C) 30, 10 D) 15, 20

62
34) A motor boat, whose speed is 9 km/hr in 38) A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/h in
still water, goes 12 km down-stream and still water takes 1 hour more to go 24
comes back in a total time of 3 hrs. Find km upstream than to return downstream
the speed of the stream. to the same spot. Find the speed of the
A) 3 B) 5 stream.
C) 10 D) 4 A) 3 B) 6
35) A train travels at a certain average C) 10 D) 7
speed for a distance of 54 km and then 39) Sunny takes 6 days more than Alex to
travels a distance of 63 km at an do a certain piece of work. Together
average speed of 6 km/h more than the 1
they can do the work in 13 days. How
first speed. If it takes 3 hours to 3
complete the total journey, what is its many days will Sunny take to do the
first speed? work himself?
A) 30 B) 36 A) 35 B) 16
C) 10 D) 40 C) 24 D) 30
36) A partially filled pool contains 600 40) A swimming pool is fitted with 3 pipes
gallons of water. A hose is turned on, with uniform flow. The 1st two pipes
and water flows into the pool at the rate operating simultaneously fill the pool in
of 8 gallons per minute. How many the same time during which the pool is
gallons of water will be in the pool after filled by the 3rd pipe alone The 2nd pipe
70 minutes? fills the pool 5 hours faster than the 1st
A) 560 B) 360 pipe and 4hrs slower than the 3rd pipe.
C) 1160 D) 400 Find the time required by each pipe to
fill the pool individually.
37) A cyclist cycles non-stop from A to B, a
distance of 14 km at a certain average A) 15, 10, 6 B) 20, 15, 10
speed. If his average speed reduces by C) 10, 8, 4 D) 20, 10, 5
1 km per hr he takes 1/3 hour more to
cover the same distance. Find the
original average speed.
A) 3 B) 6
C) 10 D) 7

Home Work 6.1 63
HOME WORK 6.1

1 4 6) There are 75 more women than men
1) If of is subtracted from 2, what is enrolled in Linden College. If there are n
4 3
the resulting value? men enrolled, then, in terms of n, what
percent of those enrolled are men?
A) 5/3 B) 7/3
n n
C) 3 D) 4 A) B)
n  75 2n  75
2) If a film takes 90 minutes to show, what
fraction of the film is completed 15 n 100 n
C) D)
minutes after it begins? 100 (2n  75 ) 2n  75
1 1 1
A) B) 7) A measuring cup contains of a cup of
9 6 5
1 1 orange juice. It is then filled to the 1 cup
C) D) mark with a mixture that contains equal
5 4
amounts of orange, grapefruit and
3) What is the least possible integer value pineapple juices. What fraction of the
for which 40% of that integer is greater final mixture is orange juice?
than 9.6?
8) The population of a town doubled every
A) 4 B) 12 10 years from 1960 to 1990. What was
C) 20 D) 25 the percent increase in population
4) If a is a positive number, 400% of a is during this time?
what percent of 400a? 1
A) 0.01 B) 0.1 9) 9 is % of what number?
3
C) 1 D) 10 A) 0.03 B) .27
5) Trains A, B, and C passed through a C) 3 D) 2700
station at different speeds. Train A’s
10) If y is inversely proportional to x and
speed was 3 times Train B’s speed, and
y = 15 when x = 5, what is the value of
Train C’s speed was twice Train A’s.
y when x = 25?
What was Train C’s speed, in miles per
hour, if Train B’s speed was 7 miles per 1 1
A) B)
hour? 5 3
A) 14 B) 21 C) 3 D) 5
C) 28 D) 42

64
Answer Keys
Class Work: 6.1
1) c 2) a 3) 10 4) c 5) a 6) b 7) d 8) a 9) d 10) 3/2
11) b 12) b 13) d 14) c 15) 5/8 16) c 17) b 18) b 19) d 20) a
21) a 22) 3/5 23) c 24) a 25) c 26) a 27) c 28) c 29) b 30) c
31) d 32) c 33) a 34) a 35) b 36) c 37) d 38) b 39) d 40) a
Home Work: 6.1

1) a 2) b 3) d 4) c 5) d 6) d 7) 7/15 8) 800 9) d 10) c

Class Work 7.1 65
MATH SESSION # 7
Problem Solving – II
Skills Covered:
a) Framing equations from word problem
b) Solution to word problems
Introduction:
 The SAT often has arithmetic word problems that do not require an algebraic equation or
expression.
 Such questions test ability to apply correctly arithmetic operations in a problem situation.
 To solve these problems,
 Identify which quantities are being given
 What is being asked for and which arithmetic operations must be applied to the given
quantities to get the answer.
 Tips on solving word problems:
 Assume the unknown value (value to find) as variable.
 Identify the conditions given.
 Convert these conditions in an equation.
 Solve the simultaneous equations for finding the desired value.
Examples:
1) Ms. Griffen is making bags of Halloween treats. If she puts 3 treats in each bag, she will
make 30 bags of treats and have no treats left over. If instead she puts 5 treats in each
bag, how many bags of treats can she make?
Sol: If Ms. Griffen puts 3 treats in each bag, she makes 30 bags of treats. There are 30  3 = 90
treats in the bags and none left over. Therefore, Ms. Griffen has a total of 90 treats.
If Ms. Griffen puts 5 treats in each bag, she can make 90  5 = 18 bags of treats.
2) A fraction becomes 4/5 if 1 is added to both numerator and denominator. If however 5 is

subtracted from both numerator and denominator, the fraction becomes 1/2. What is the
fraction?
Sol: Let the numerator of the fraction be x and the denominator of the fraction y
x
 Fraction =
y
x 1 4
According to the 1st condition given  –––– (1)
y 1 5
x 5 1
According to 2nd condition given  –––– (2)
y 5 2
 5(x + 1) = 4(y + 1); 5x + 5 = 4y + 4; 5x – 4y = – 1 –––– (1)
2(x – 5) = 1(y – 5) 2x – 10 = y – 5 2x – y = 5 –––– (2)
Solve for x and y 5x – 4y = –1 2x – y = 5
 x = 7 and y = 9 fraction = 7/9

66
3) Jorge bought 5 pencils from the store. He gave the cashier a five dollar bill and got back
$0.75 in change. Jorge saw that he had gotten too much change, and he gave $0.25 back.
to the cashier. What was the price, in dollars, of each pencil?
Sol: Jorge gave the cashier $5.00 for the 5 pencils, and he got $0.75 back. At this point, Jorge has
paid $5.00 – 0.75 = $4.25. Then Jorge gave the cashier $0.25.
Therefore, Jorge paid a total of $4.25 + 0.25 = $4.50 for the 5 pencils. Each pencil cost $4.
50  5 = $0.90.

Class Work 7.1 67
CLASS WORK 7.1

1) An aero plane takes 1 hour less for a 5) The pes, a Roman measure of length, is
journey of 1200km, if its speed is approximately equal to 11.65 inches. It
increased by 60km/h from its usual is also equivalent to 16 smaller Roman
speed. Find the usual speed of the units called digits. Based on these
plane. relationships, 75 Roman digits is
2) 2 pipes running together can fill the equivalent to how many feet, to the
cistern in 3 (1/13) min. If one pipe takes nearest hundredth? (12 inches = 1 foot)
3 mins more than the other to fill the
cistern, find the time in which each pipe A) 6.66 B) 5.55
would fill the cistern. C) 4.55 D) 7.55
A) 10, 6 B) 20, 8 6) The density of silver is 10.5 grams per
C) 5, 8 D) 6, 10 cubic centimeter. If a nugget of silver
3) A journey of 192 km by a fast train takes weighs 2,100 grams, what is the volume
2 hours less than by a slow train. If the of the nugget, in cubic centimeters?
average speed of the slow train be A) 100 B) 300
16km/h less than that of the fast train,
find the average speed of each train. C) 200 D) 400
A) 30, 45 B) 25, 30 7) One liter of water has a mass of 1000
C) 30, 45 D) 32, 48 grams. If there are 1000 milliliters in a
liter, and 1 milliliter is equal to 1 cubic
Use Calculator: centimeter, what is the density of water,
4) Superman can run so fast that he can in grams per cubic centimeter?
run on water as well as land, and he A) 1 B) 1.1
never gets tired. His average run- fling
speed is Mach 4, or 4 times the speed of C) 10 D) 11
sound. For fun, he decides to run 8) One match releases approximately
around the Earth’s equator, a distance 1,100 joules of heat energy when it is lit.
of 40,075 kilometers. If the speed of If 1 joule equals 0.23 9 calories, how
sound is 340.29 meters per second, and many of these matches must be lit to
there are 1,000 meters in a kilometer, produce 2,100 calories of heat energy?
approximately how many hours will it
A) 2 B) 3
take for Superman to complete his run?
C) 8 D) 62
A) 1.5 B) 8
C) 29 D) 118

68
9) Nate walks 25 meters in 13.7 seconds. If 13) A certain 3D printer creates objects by
he walks at this same rate, which of the building layers on top of each other.
following is closest to the distance he The average layer thickness is 102 tm
will walk in 4 minutes? (micrometers). There are 1,000,000
micrometers in a meter, and 1 inch
A) 150 meters B) 450 meters
equals 0.0254 meters. Approximately
C) 700 meters D) 1,400 meters how many layers are needed to print an
10) The density of an object is equal to the object one inch thick?
mass of the object divided by the A) 250 B) 630
volume of the object. What is the
volume, in milliliters, of an object with a C) 2,540 D) 4,015
mass of 24 grams and a density of 3 14) A certain 3D printer has a maximum
grams per milliliter? build volume of 230 mm x 170 mm x 200
A) 0.125 B) 8 mm. If 1 inch equals 25.4 millimeters,
which of the following is the best
C) 21 D) 72 approximation of the printer’s maximum
11) A block of copper weighs 2,230 grams build volume in cubic inches?
and measures 10 cm by 5 cm by 5 cm. A) 782 B) 477
Given that density is mass divided by
volume, what is the density of copper in C) 308 D) 148
grams per cubic centimeter? 15) A typical race car is travelling at its
maximum speed along a straight
A) 0.11 B) 8.92
section of track. The distance it covers
C) 44.6 D) 89.2 in 1 second is equal to the length of a
12) If a 3-pound pizza is sliced in half and football field, which is 120 yards or 360
each half is sliced into thirds, what is feet. Given that there are 5,280 feet in a
the weight, in ounces, of each of the mile, what is the race car’s maximum
slices? (1 pound = 16 ounces) speed, in miles per hour?
A) 4 B) 6 16) Flying at a constant speed, a bird

traveled 62 miles in 4 hours. At this rate,
C) 8 D) 16 how many miles did the bird travel in 3
hours?

Class Work 7.1 69
17) The stock price of one share in a certain 22) Mr. Howard was planning on depositing
company is worth $360 today. A stock a certain amount of money each month
analyst believes that the stock will lose into a college fund for his children. He
28 percent of its value each week for the then decided not to make any
next three weeks. The analyst uses the contributions during June and July. To
equation V = 360(r)t to model the value, make the same annual contribution that
V, of the stock after t weeks. he had originally planned, by what
What value should the analyst use for r? percent should he increase his monthly
deposits?
A) 0.68 B) 0.72
C) 1.28 D) 0.28 2
A) 16 % B) 20%
18) Charlie bought a $60 radio on sale at 5% 3
off. How much did he pay, including 5% 1
sales tax? C) 25% D) 33 %
3
A) $54.15 B) $57.00 23) Brian gave 20% of his baseball cards to
C) $57.75 D) $59.85 Scott and 15% to Adam. If he still had
19) What percent of 50 is b ? 520 cards, how many did he have
originally?
b
A) 2b B) A) 600 B) 800
2
C) 500 D) 700
50 2
C) D) 24) If United States imports increased 20
b b percent and exports decreased 10
20) Which of the following is equivalent to percent during a certain year, the ratio
1 of imports to exports at the end of the
of 23 percent of 618? year was how many times the ratio at
2
the beginning of the year?
309 25) A team has won 60 percent of the 20
A) 23% of 309 B) 23% of
2 games it has played so far this season.
1 23 If the team plays a total of 50 games all
C) 22 % of 618 D) % of 309 season and wins 80 percent of the
2 2 remaining games, how many games will
21) If xr = v, v = kr, and rv  0, which of the the team win for the entire season?
following is equal to k?
1
A) 1 B)
x
C) x – 1 D) x

70
26) After Michael gave 110 baseball cards to 31) The price of a telephone was first
Sally and 75 to Heidi, he had 315 left. increased by 10 percent and then the
What percent of his cards did Michael new price was decreased by 25 percent.
give away? The final price was what percent of the
A) 35 B) 36 initial price?
C) 31 D) 37 A) 78% B) 80%
27) A salesman monthly gross pay consists C) 82.5% D) 85%
of $1,200 plus 20 percent of the dollar 32) State University plans on accepting a
amount of his sales. If his gross pay for total of 1,000 students for next year’s
one month was $2,500, what was the class. Of the 800 students accepted so
dollar amount of his sales for that far, 60 percent are female and 40
month? (Disregard the $ sign when percent are male. How many of the
gridding your answer.) remaining students to be accepted must
28) A store has 660 books in stock. If 30 be male in order for half of the total
percent of these books are on sale, how number of students accepted to be
many books are not on sale? male?
29) On a test consisting of 80 questions, A) 100 B) 120
Marie answered 75% of the first 60 C) 160 D) 180
questions correctly What percent of the 33) In 1970 the population of town A and
other 20 questions did she need to town B were the same. From 1970 to
answer correctly for her grade on the 1980. however, the population of town A
entire exam to be 80% increased by 60% while the population
A) 85% B) 87.5% of town B decreased by 60%. In 1980,
C) 90% D) 95% the population of town B was what
percent of the population of town A?
30) If 20 percent of x equal 80 percent of y,
which of the following expresses y in A) 25% B) 36%
terms of x? C) 40% D) 60%
A) y = 16% of x B) y = 25% of x 34) From 2003 to 2004, the number of
C) y = 60% of x D) y = 100% of x applicants to a college increased 15% to
5060. How many applicants were there
in 2003?
A) 759 B) 4301
C) 4400 D) 5819

Class Work 7.1 71
35) At Harry’s Discount Hardware Use Calculator:
everything is sold for 20% less than the
38) Maizah bought a pair of pants and a
price marked.
briefcase at a department store. The
If Harry buys tool kits for $80, what sum of the prices before sales tax was
price should he mark them if he wants $130.00. There was no sales tax on the
to make a 20% profit on his cost? pants and a 9% sales tax on the
A) $96 B) $100 briefcase. The total Maizah paid,
C) $120 D) $150 including the sales tax, was $136.75.
What was the price, in dollars, of the
36) During his second week at the job, pants?
Jason earned $110. This represented a
25% increase over his earnings of the A) $55 B) $56
previous week. How much did he earn C) $57 D) $58
during his first week of work? 39) The audience of a reality TV show cast a
A) $82.50 B) $85.00 total of 3.4 million votes, and each vote
C) $88.00 D) $137.50 (6) went to either Brian or Susan. If Susan
received 34,000 more votes than Brian,
37) If Brunhilda went to the casino and lost what percent of the votes were cast for
40% of her money playing Pai Gow Brian?
poker before doubling her remaining
money playing roulette, the amount of A) 45% B) 49%
money she had after playing roulette is C) 49.5% D) 49.9%
what percent of the amount of money 40) According to the information in the
she started with? table, the population of Colorado was
A) 20% B) 80% how much greater than the population
C) 100% D) 120% of Utah from 2011-2013, in millions?
Further data was gathered regarding the
job growth in Texas by industry. The
following chart shows the results.
California California Colorado North Texas Utah
Dakota
Total Jobs 904,500 146,325 65,450 794,250 98,600

Added in State
New Jobs per 235 275 945 300 330

10,000
Residents

72
HOME WORK 7.1

1) What is 10% of 20% of 30%? 4) The cost of maintenance on an
A) 0.006% B) 0.6% automobile increases each year by 10
percent, and Andrew paid $ 300 this
C) 6% D) 60
year for maintenance on his automobile.
2) Luke purchased an automobile for If the cost c for maintenance on
$5,000 and the value of the automobile Andrew’s automobile n years from now
decreases by 20 percent each year. The is given by the function c(n) = 300xn,
value, in dollars, of the automobile n what is the value of x?
years from the date of purchase is given
A) 0.1 B) 0.3
by the function V, where V(n) = 5000
n C) 1.1 D) 1.3
4
  . How many years from the date of 5) In a mixture of peanuts and cashews,
5 the ratio by weight of peanuts to
purchase will the value of the cashews is 5 to 2. How many pounds of
automobile be $3,200? cashews will there be in 4 pounds of
A) One B) Two this mixture?
C) Three D) Four 5 8
3) A store charges $28 for a certain type of A) B)
7 7
sweater. This price is 40 percent more
than the amount it costs the store to 3 4
C) D)
buy one of these sweaters. At an end of 7 7
season sale, store employees can 6) A class has twice as many boys as girls.
purchase any remaining sweaters at 30 The students in the class stand in one
percent off the store’s cost. How much line, with a girl at the front of the line.
would it cost an employee to purchase a Which of the following must be true?
sweater of this type at this sale?
A) The last person in line is a girl
A) $ 8.40 B) $ 14.00
B) The last person in line is a boy
C) $ 19.60 D) $ 20.00
C) There are more girls than boys in the
class
D) There are at least two boys standing
next to each other

Home Work 7.1 73
7) Car A traveled 60 miles and averaged 9) An aero plane takes 1 hour less for a
20 miles per gallon of gasoline. If car B journey of 1200km, if its speed is
traveled 15 miles for each gallon of increased by 60km/h from its usual
gasoline it used, how many miles had speed. Find the usual speed of the
car B traveled when it had used the plane.
same amount of gasoline that car 10) 2 pipes running together can fill the
A used to travel 60 miles? cistern in 3 (1/13) min. If one pipe takes
A) 40 B) 45 3 mins more than the other to fill the
cistern, find the time in which each pipe
C) 60 D) 30 would fill the cistern.
8) The sum of three numbers is 855. One A) 10, 6 B) 20, 8
of the numbers, x, is 50% more than the
C) 5, 8 D) 6, 10
sum of the other two numbers. What is
11) A journey of 192 km by a fast train takes
the value of x?
2 hours less than by a slow train. If the
A) 570 B) 513 average speed of the slow train be
C) 214 D) 155 16km/h less than that of the fast train,
find the average speed of each train.
A) 30, 45 B) 25, 30
C) 30, 45 D) 32, 48

74
Answer Keys
Class Work: 7.1
1) 240 2) c 3) d 4) b 5) c 6) c 7) a 8) c 9) b 10) b
11) b 12) c 13) a 14) b 15) 245 16) 46.5 17) b 18) d 19) a 20) a
or
246
21) d 22) b 23) b 24) 4/3 25) 36 26) c 27) 6500 28) 462 29) d 30) b
31) c 32) d 33) a 34) c 35) c 36) c 37) d 38) a 39) c 40) 21
Home Work: 7.1

1) b 2) b 3) b 4) c 5) d 6) a 7) b 8) b 9) 240 10) c
11) d

Math Session # 8 75
MATH SESSION # 8
Problem Solving – III

Skills Covered:
a) Reading graphs
b) Data interpretation
c) Concept of Scatterplot and line of best fit
d) Concept of standard deviation
CLASS WORK 8.1
1) 2) The first metacarpal bone is located in
the hand. The scatterplot below shows
the relationship between the length of
the first metacarpal bone and the height
of 9 people. The line of best fit is also
shown
A curator at a wildlife society created

the scatterplot above to examine the
relationship between the gestation
period and life expectancy of 10 species
of animals.
What is the life expectancy, in years, of
the animal that has the longest
gestation period?
A) 3 B) 4 How many of the 9 people have an
actual height that differs by more than 3
C) 8 D) 10
centimeters from the height predicted by
the line of best fit?
A) 2 B) 4
C) 6 D) 9

76
3) Based on the line of best fit, what is the 5)
predicted height for someone with a
first metacarpal bone that has a length
of 4.45 centimeters?
A) 168 centimeters
B) 169 centimeters
C) 170 centimeters
D) 171 centimeters
4)
The scatterplot above shows the

income, in thousands, of all the
employees of Company X, based on
years of experience in the industry.
Michael swam 2,000 yards on each of Based on the line of best fit to the data
eighteen days. The scatterplot above represented, which of the following is
shows his swim time for and the closest to the expected number of
corresponding heart rate after each years of experience of an employee
swim. The line of best fit for the data is whose income is $30,000?
also shown, For the swim that took 34 A) 5 B) 5.55
minutes, Michael’s actual heart rate was
about how many beats per minutes less C) 37 D) 74
than the rate predicted by the line of 6) The scatterplot above shows the
best fit? income, in thousands, of all the
A) 1 B) 2 employees of Company X, based on
C) 3 D) 4 Based on the line of best fit to the data
represented, what is the minimum
starting salary, in thousands of dollars,
at Company X?

Class Work 8.1 77
7) The scatterplot above shows the 10) The first metacarpal bone is located in
income, in thousands, of all the the hand. The scatterplot below shows
employees of Company X, based on the relationship between the length of
years of experience in the industry. the first metacarpal bone and the height
Based on the line of best fit to the data of 9 people. The line of best fit is also
represented, which of the following is shown.
the expected income of an employee
with 35 years of experience?
A) $61,800 B) $65,000
C) $83,000 D) $96,000
8) The scatterplot above shows the
income, in thousands, of all the
employees of Company X, based on
Based on the line of best fit to the data
represented, which of the following is
the closest to the average increase in
income per additional year of
experience?
A) $900 B) $1,800
C) $4,500 D) $9,000
9) The scatterplot on the previous page Which of the following is the best
shows the income, in thousands, of all interpretation of the slope of the line of
the employees of Company X, based on best fit in the context of this problem?
years of experience in the industry. A) The predicted height increase in
Which of the following could be the centimeters for one centimeter increase
equation of the line of best fit to the in the first metacarpal bone
data represented, as shown on the B) The predicted first metacarpal bone
graph? increase in centimeters for every
A) y = 1.8x + 20 centimeter increase in height
B) y = 2x + 20,000 C) The predicted height in centimeters of a
C) y = 70x + 25 person with a first metacarpal bone
length of 0 centimeters
D) y = l,800x + 20,000
D) The predicted first metacarpal bone
length in centimeters for a person with a
height of 0 centimeters

78
11) The relative housing cost for a US city 12) Number of Portable Media Players Sold
is defined to be the ratio Worldwide Each Year from 2006 to 2011
average housing cost for the city
,
national average housing cost
expressed as percent.
According to the line graph above,

the number of portable media players
sold in 2008 is what fraction of the
number sold in 2011?
13) Miles Traveled by Air Passengers in
Country X 1960 to 2005
The scatterplot above shows the

relative housing cost and the population
density for several large US cities in the
year 2005. The line of best fit is also
shown and has equation y = 0.0125x +
61. Which of the following best explains
how the number 61 in the equation
relates to the scatterplot?
A) In 2005, the lowest housing cost in the
United States was about $61 per month.
According to the line of best fit in the
B) In 2005, the lowest housing cost in the scatterplot above, which of the
United States was about 61% of the following best approximate the year in
highest housing cost. which the number of miles traveled by
C) In 2005, even in cities with low air passengers in Country X was
population densities, housing costs estimated to be 550 billion?
were never below 61% of the national A) 1997 B) 2000
average.
C) 2003 D) 2008
D) In 2005, even in cities with low
population densities, housing costs
were likely at least 61% of the national
average.

Class Work 8.1 79
14) 15) The graph below shows the total
number of music album sales, in
millions, each year from 1997 through
2009.
The graph above shows Marilyn’s

distance from her campsite during a 3-
hour hike. She stopped for 30 minutes
during her hike to have lunch. Based on
the graph, which of the following is
closest to the time she finished lunch Based on the graph, which of the
and continued her hike? following best describes the general
A) 12:40 P.M. B) 1:10P.M. trend in music album sales from 1997
through 2009?
C) 1:40 P.M. D) 2:00 P.M.
A) Sales generally increased each year
since 1997.
B) Sales generally decreased each year
since 1997.
C) Sales increased until 2000 and then
generally decreased.
D) Sales generally remained steady from
1997 through 2009.

80
16) 17)
The bar graph above shows renewable

energy consumption in quadrillions of
British thermal Units (Btu) in the United The number of rooftops with solar panel
States, by energy source, for several installations in 5 cities is shown in the
energy sources in the years 2000 and graph above. If the total it number of
2010. installations is 27,500, what is an
Of the following, which best appropriate label for the vertical axis of
approximates the percent decrease in the graph?
consumption of wood power in the A) Number of installations (in tens)
United States from 2000 to 2010? B) Number of installations (in hundreds)
A) 6% B) 11% C) Number of installations (in thousands)
C) 21% D) 26% D) Number of installations (in tens of
thousands)

Class Work 8.1 81
18) 19) The tables below give the distribution of
high temperatures in degrees
Fahrenheit (°F) for City A and City B
over the same 21 days in March.
City A
Temperature (°F) Frequency
80 3
79 14
78 2
77 1
76 1
City B
Temperature (°F) Frequency
The bar graph above shows renewable 80 6

energy consumption in quadrillions of 79 3
British thermal Units (Btu) in the United
78 2
States, by energy source, for several
energy sources in the years 2000 and 77 4
2010. 76 6
In a scatterplot of this data, where Which of the following is true about the
renewable energy consumption in the data shown for these 21 days?
year 2000 is plotted along the x-axis and
renewable energy consumption in the A) The standard deviation of temperatures
year 2010 is plotted along the y-axis for in City A is larger.
each of the given energy sources, how B) The standard deviation of temperatures
many data points would be above the in City B is larger.
line y = x? C) The standard deviation of temperatures
A) 1 B) 2 in City A is the same as that of City B.
C) 3 D) 4 D) The standard deviation of temperatures
in these cities cannot be calculated with
the data provided.

82
20) TOP FIVE STATES FOR NEW JOB 25) A media market research company
GROWTH PER CAPITAL 2011-2013 surveyed 200,000 randomly selected
California Colorado North Texas Utah people in each of 6 age groups
Dakota regarding the ways in which they
receive their news. Participants were
Total Jobs 904,500 146,325 65,450 794,250 98,600
Added in asked if they received their news on the
State preceding day through traditional media
New Jobs 235 275 945 300 330 (newspapers, television, and radio),
per 10,000 through digital media (Internet, E-mail,
Residents
social media, or podcasts), through
According to the information in the both traditional and digital media, or if
table above, what was the approximate they did not get news from any of these
population of California from 2011- sources. The results are shown in the
2013? table below.
A) 3.8 million B) 21.2 million HOW AMERICANS GET THEIR NEWS
C) 38.5 million D) 90.5 million BY AGE GROUP (in thousands)
21) According to the information in the Traditional Digital Both No
Media Only Media Traditional News
table above, which of the following is Only and Digital Source
the closest to the ratio of job growth per 18 - to 24 40 32 66 62
capita in North Dakota to job growth per year olds
capita in California? 25 - to 29 60 30 68 42
year olds
A) 1 to 4 B) 2 to 9
30 - to 39 50 24 90 36
C) 3 to 1 D) 4 to 1 year olds
22) According to the information in the 40 - to 49 78 16 82 24
year olds
table, the population of Colorado was
50 - to 64 88 12 78 22
how much greater than the population year olds
of Utah from 2011-2013, in millions? 65 years 124 2 42 32
23) According to the information in the and older
table above, approximately what Based on the information in the table,
fraction of the jobs added in the top five people in which of the following groups
states for job growth were added in are most likely to receive news from
Utah? both digital and traditional sources and
24) According to the information given in which are most likely to have no news
the table above, which of the following source at all?
conclusions can be drawn about per No News Source Both Traditional and
capita job growth in the top five states? Digital Sources
A) Job growth was greatest in North A) 50 to 64 year-olds 65 years and older
B) 30 to 39 year-olds 18 to 24 year-olds
Dakota because it had the greatest
C) 25 to 29 year olds 40 to 49 year-olds
number of jobs added per 10,000
D) 18 to 24 year-olds 30 to 39 year-olds
residents.
B) Job growth was greatest in Texas
because it had the greatest number of
total jobs added.
C) Job growth was lowest in North Dakota
because it had the fewest number of
total jobs added.
D) Job growth was lowest in Colorado
because it had the fewest number of
jobs added per 10,000 residents.

Class Work 8.1 83
26) An additional 1,500 people in the 40 to 28) A square field measures 10 meters by
49 year old age group were surveyed. 10 meters Ten students each mark off a
Which of the following is most likely the randomly selected region of the field;
number of people from the follow-up each region is square and has lengths
survey that reported they received their of 1 meter, and no two regions overlap.
news exclusively from traditional The students count the earthworms
media? contained in the to a depth of 5
27) Mr. Martinson is building a concrete centimeters beneath the ground surface
patio in his backyard and deciding in each region. The results are shown in
where to buy the materials and rent the table below.
tools needed for the project. The table
Region Number of Region Number of
below shows the materials’ cost and
Earthworms Earthworms
daily rental costs for three different 107 141
A E
stores.
B 147 F 150
Store Materials Rental cost of Rental cost of
C 146 G 154
Cost, M wheel concrete mixer,
D 135 H 176
(dollars) barrow, w k (dollars per
(dollars per day) E 149 I 166
day)
Which of the following is a reasonable
A 750 15 65 approximation of the number of
B 600 25 80 earthworms to a depth of 5 centimeters
C 700 20 70 beneath the ground’s surface in the
entire field?
The total cost, y, for buying the
materials and renting the tools in terms A) 150 B) 1,500
of the number of days, x, is given by y = C) 15,000 D) 1,50,000
M + (W + K)x.
If the relationship between the total
cost, y, of buying the materials and
renting the tools at Store C and the
number of days, x, for which the tools
are rented is graphed in the xy-plane,
what does the slope of the line
represent?
A) The total cost of the project
B) The total cost of the materials
C) The total daily cost of the project
D) The total daily rental costs of the tool

84
29) 31)
Number of hours Tony plans to read the 3 DENSITY OF SUBSTANCES
novel per day
Substance Density (g/cm3)
Number of parts in the novel 8
Aluminum 1.71
Number of chapters in the novel 239
Number of words Tony reads per minute 250 Copper 9.0
Number of pages in the novel 1,078 Iron 7.87
Number of words in the novel 3,49,168 Lead 11.4
Tony is planning to read a novel. The Osmium ?
table above shows information about Silver 10.5
the novel, Tony’s reading speed, and
the amount of time he plans to spend The densities of various substances are
reading the novel each day. If Tony listed in the table above. The ratio of the
reads at the rates given in the table, density of aluminum to the density of
which of the following is closest to the lead is 3 to x. The ratio of the density of
number of days it would take Tony to osmium to the density of copper is x to
read the entire novel? 8. What is the density of osmium in
A) 6 B) 8 grams per cubic centimeter?
C) 23 D) 324
30) ORIGINAL THRIFT STORE PRICES 32) Further data was gathered regarding the
job growth in Texas by industry. The
Cost of items Cost of items purchased following chart shows the results.
purchased on on Wednesday
Monday NEW JOBS BY INDUSTRY PER 1,50,000
$1.50 $0.98 JOBs ADDED
Energy 25,000 Business Services 5,000
$2.99 $1.99
Construction 10,000 Finance Real 5,000
$2.99 $2.55 Estate
$3.49 $4.98 Trade 15,000 Information 30,000
Systems
$3.99
Manufacturing 20,000 Other 40,000
Anya shops at a thrift store only on sale According to the information on both
days. On Mondays, members with a tables, how many new jobs in Texas
savings card receive a 25% discount on were added in the manufacturing
all items. On select Wednesdays, industry from 2011 to 2013?
members receive a 30% discount on all A) 19,500 B) 52,950
items. The chart above shows the C) 105,900 D) 120,600
original costs of the items Anya bought
one week that included the special
Wednesday discount. A
tax of 6.25% of the total purchase is
applied to the total after all discounts.
What is the total amount Anya spent at
the thrift store this week, including tax?
A) $17.41 B) $18.57
C) $19.49 D) $19.73

Class Work 8.1 85
33) A media market research company 35) Of the 50 to 64 year-olds whose only
surveyed 200,000 randomly selected source of news was traditional media,
people in each of 6 age groups 1,000 were selected at random to do an
regarding the ways in which they additional survey in which they were
receive their news. Participants were asked what traditional media they
asked if they received their news on the preferred. There were 375 people in this
preceding day through traditional media follow-up survey who said they
(newspapers, television, and radio), preferred print media, and the other 625
through digital media (Internet, B-mail, preferred a different traditional media.
social media, or podcasts), through Using the data from both surveys,
both traditional and digital media, or if which of the following is most likely to
they did not get news from any of these be an accurate statement?
sources. The results are shown in the A) About 16,500 people 50 to 64 years old
table below. would report preferring print media for
HOW AMERICANS GET THEIR NEWS their news source.
BY AGE GROUP (in thousands) B) About 24,250 people 50 to 64 years old
Traditional Digital Both No News
Media Media Traditional Source
would report preferring print media for
Only Only and Digital their news source.
18- to 24- year olds 40 32 66 62
C) About 33,000 people 50 to 64 years old
25- to 29- year olds 60 30 68 42
would report preferring print media for
30- to 39- year olds 50 24 90 36
40- to 49- year olds 78 16 82 24
their news source.
50- to 64 - year olds 88 12 78 22 D) About 55,000 people 50 to 64 years old
65 years and older 124 2 42 32 would report preferring print media for
their news source.
Based on the information in the table,
which type of news source is inversely
associated with age?
A) Traditional only
B) Digital only
C) Both traditional and digital
D) No news source
34) If the United States population at the
time of this survey included
approximately 21 million people ages 25
to 29, approximately how many people
ages 25 to 29 got news from digital
media on a typical day at that time?
A) 10.3 million B) 7.14 million
C) 6.3 million D) 3.15 million

86
HOME WORK 8.1

1) A dietician working in a pediatrician’s 3) Number of Car Rental Locations
office is examining the diets of the Company United States Foreign
patients seen there. She has the parents Locations Locations
of each patient record their child’s A 1,400 4,000
consumption of fruits and vegetables B 1,300 3,300
each day for four weeks. She then C 1,012 3,618
averages the values for each child to D 1,242 2,268
find the grams of fruits and vegetables E 762 2,100
consumed daily by that child, rounded The table above shows the number of
to the nearest quarter of a thousand. car rental locations for five car rental
Each child’s average consumption is companies. For which of the five
marked as a dot on the graph below. companies is the ratio of the number of
foreign locations to the number of
United States locations the greatest?
A) A B) B
C) C D) D
4) Inventory of Clocks and Frequency of
Chimes
Number Chimes n Chimes Chimes
of times on the once on once on the
clocks nth Hour the hour half hour
Type A 10  
Type B 5 
Type C 3  
Which of the following ages has the
A merchant sells three types of clocks
greatest range of values for fruits and
that chime as indicated by the check
vegetables consumed daily?
marks in the table above. What is the
A) Age 5 B) Age 7 total number of chimes of the inventory
C) Age 9 D) Age 12 of clocks in the 90 minute period from
2) The median consumption value for 8- 7:15 to 8:45?
year-olds is how much greater than the A) 120 B) 136
median consumption value for 13-year- C) 150 D) 90
olds?
A) 2,750 B) 2,000
C) 1,250 D) 750

Home Work 8.1 87
5) Preston City Workforce 7) Bridgeton Voter Registration Data
Employed Unemployed Total Voting Age Number of
Men 27,000 Population Registered Voters
Women 21,500 Men 1,200 1,000
Total 48,000 50,500 Women 1,300 1,200

The table above, describing the Preston The table above gives the voter
City workforce, is partially filled in. registration data for the town of
Based on the information in the table, Bridgeton at the time of a recent
how many women in the Preston City election. In the election, 40 percent of
workforce are unemployed? the voting age population actually
A) 500 B) 1,000 voted. If the turnout for an election is
C) 1,500 D) 2,000 defined to be the fraction
number who actually voted
6) OUTDOOR SNEAKER COMPANY’S what was the
JULY PRODUCTION number of registered voters
turnout for this election?
High tops Low tops Total
White 3,600 4,000 7,600
Black 900 1,500 2,400
Total 4,500 5,500 10,000
Outdoor Sneaker Company

manufactures only white sneakers and
black sneakers, both of which are
available as either high tops or low
tops. On the basis of the information in
the table above, how many black
sneakers did Outdoor Sneaker
Company manufacture in July
A) 2300 B) 2400
C) 2500 D) 900

88
Answer Keys
Class Work: 8.1
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) b 5) b 6) 20 7) c 8) a 9) a 10) a
11) a 12) 5/8 13) c 14) c 15) c 16) b 17) c 18) c 19) b 20) c
21) d 22) 2.3 23) 9/20 24) a 25) d 26) 585 27) d 28) c 29) b 30) d
31) 22.5 32) c 33) b 34) a 35) c
Home Work: 8.1

1) b 2) c 3) c 4) b 5) a 6) b 7) 5/11

Math Session # 9 89
MATH SESSION # 9
Problem Solving – IV
Skills Covered:
a) Mean, Median mode – Central Tendency
b) Interpretation of Survey results and Statistical data
Mean, Median & Mode: Introduction

 Mean, Median and Mode
 Varience in Square of Standard Deviation
 Range: The difference of the highest and the lowest values in the data is called range of the data.
 Mean: It is found by adding all the values of the observations and dividing it by the total number of
observations. It is denoted by x
n
 xi
So, x = i 1 .
n
 You must understand what happens to an average question when numbers are added to or
deleted from a set. Consider the following:
 Median: It is the value of the middle–most observation(s).
th
 n  1
If n is an odd number, the median = value of the   observation
 2 
th th
n n 
If n is an even number, median = Mean of the values of the   and   1 observations.
2 2 
 The median is the middle number in a list of numbers placed in ascending or descending order.
On the SAT, if the numbers are not listed in ascending or descending order, rearrange them:
 Nearly all SAT questions concerning the median will use an odd number of items in the list. If you
are presented with an even number of items, the median is the average of the two numbers in the
middle:

90
 Mode: The mode is the most frequently occurring observation.

 There is a empirical relationship between the three measures of central tendency:
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
 Standard Deviation: The symbol for Standard Deviation is  (the Greek letter sigma).
N
 (  )
1
 This is the formula for Standard Deviation:   i
2
N i1
Variance is square of Standard Deviation:

 A measurement used to describe the how far apart numbers in a set are. This is also called the
spread or the variation of the set. Technically, SD is a measure of how far from that set average
the data points fall. SD can be either positive or zero.
 A small SD indicates that the terms of the set are clustered closely around the average value of
that set.
 A large SD indicates that the terms of the set are widely spread, with some terms very far from the
average value of that set.
 An SD of zero indicates that all of the terms of that set are exactly equal to that set’s average.
The Bell Curve or the Normal Distribution Curve:
 A six sigma process is one in which 99.99966% of all opportunities to produce some feature of
a part are statistically expected to be free of defects (3.4 defective features per million
opportunities).

Math Session # 9 91
Note:
1) For a set of consecutive integer, the average and median are the same.
2) If you add a constant to every value, the mean and median increase by the same constant. For
example, suppose you have a set of scores with a mean equal to 5 and a median equal to 6. If
you add 10 to every score, the new mean will be 5 + 10 = 15; and the new median will be 6 + 10
= 16.
3) Suppose you multiply every value by a constant. Then, the mean and the median will also be
multiplied by that constant. For example, assume that a set of scores has a mean of 5 and a
median of 6. If you multiply each of these scores by 10, the new mean will be 5 * 10 = 50; and
the new median will be 6 * 10 = 60.
4) If you add or subtract the same amount from every term in the set, the standard deviation
doesn't change. So, the set {10, 20, 30} has the same standard deviation as {150, 160, 170}.
5) When you multiply or divide every term in a set by the same number, the standard deviation
changes by that same number. The standard deviation of {20, 40, 60} is exactly double that of
the standard deviation of {10, 20, 30}.
6) The range also follows the same rules as SD
Probability Introduction:
 Sample Space
 Complementary Event
 Impossible Event
 Sure event
Sample Space:
 The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called sample space.
 Example 1: In tossing an unbiased coin (fair coin) outcomes are head (H) and tail (T). and
sample space is {H, T}
 Example 2: When two coins are thrown simultaneously the possible outcomes are {HH, HT,
TH, TT}
 Example 3: When a dice is thrown sample points are 1, 2, …., 6 and sample space
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6}
 Any particular outcome of a random experiment is called an event.
 Example: In a single throw of die, the outcomes favourable to the event of getting an even
number E = {2, 4, 6}
Note: In a deck of playing cards, it consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each – spades(),
hearts(), diamond() and clubs(). Clubs and spades are of black colour while hearts and diamonds are of red colour.
The cards in each suit are ace, king, queen, jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2. Kings, queens and jacks are called face
cards.
Equally likely outcomes (events):
 Outcomes of an experiment are said to be equally likely if none of them is expected to occur in
preference to the other, i.e. each outcome is as likely to occur as the other.
 Example 1: When a dice is thrown then all the six faces are equally likely to come.
 Example 2: When a card is drawn from a well shuffled pack then all 52 cards are equally likely
to come.

92
Probability:
 Probability of Event E taking place as:
P(E) = Number of outcomes favourable to E  

= nE
Number of all possible outcomes of the exp eriment nS 
Complementary Event:
 The event E representing ‘not E’ is called the complement of the event E. We also say that E and
E are complementary events.
 Eg. If E is the event ‘getting a head’ when a coin is tossed then E is the event ‘not getting the
head’.
 In general, it is the true that for an event E, P( E ) = 1 – P(E).
Impossible Event:
 Consider the outcomes in a single throw of a dice. The outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. If E is the
event of getting 8, which is impossible. Such events are called impossible events. Probability of an
impossible event is 0 (zero).
Sure Event:
 Consider the outcome when a coin is tossed once. If E is the event of getting atmost one head.
So, the number of favourable outcomes is the same as the number of all possible outcomes. Such
an event is called a sure event or a certain event. Probability of the sure event is 1.
Solved Example:
Find the probability that a leap year selected at random, will contain 53 Sundays.
Sol: In a leap year there are 366 days.
We have, 366 days = 52 weeks and 2 days. Thus, a leap year has always 52 Sundays. The
remaining 2 days can be:
i) Sunday and Monday ii) Monday and Tuesday
iii) Tuesday and Wednesday iv) Wednesday and Thursday
v) Thursday and Friday vi) Friday and Saturday
vii) Saturday and Sunday.
Clearly, there are seven elementary events associated with this random experiment.
Let A be the event that a leap year has 53 Sundays.
Clearly, the event A will happen if the last two days of the leap year are either Sunday and
Monday or Saturday and Sunday.
2
 Favourable number of elementary events = 2. Hence, required probability =
7

Class Work 9.1 93
CLASS WORK 9.1

1) Fred, Norman, and Dave own a total of 5) Consider Integers and not real numbers.
128 comic books. If Dave owns 44 of The least and greatest numbers in a list
them, what is the average (arithmetic of 7 real numbers are 2 and 20,
mean) number of comic books owned respectively. The median of the list is 6,
by Fred and Norman? and the number 3 occurs most often in
A) 42 B) 44 the list. Which of the following could be
C) 46 D) 48 the average (arithmetic mean) of the
2) In a certain in school, there are k numbers in the list?
classes with n students in each class. If I.) 7 II). 8.5 III). 10
a total of p pencils are distributed A) I only B) I and II only
equally among these students, how C) I and III only D) II and III only
many pencils are there for each 6) The median of a list of 99 consecutive
student? integers is 60. What is the greatest
P kn integer in the list?
A) B) A) 60 B) 61
kn P
C) 109 D) 85
kP nP
C) D) 7) A stamp collecting club calculated that
n k the average (arithmetic mean) number
3) What is the coordinate of the point on a of stamps in its members’ 10 collections
number line that is exactly halfway was 88. However, it was discovered that
between the points with coordinates 53 2 numbers in the calculations were
and 62? entered incorrectly. The number 55 was
A) 56.5 B) 57 entered as 75 and the number 78 as 88.
What is the correct average number of
C) 57.5 D) 58
stamps in the 10 collections?
4) The average (arithmetic mean) of 6, 19, A) 91 B) 89
and x is 19.
C) 87 D) 85
A) 19 B) 25
8) A, B, C, D, and E are integers such that
C) 31 D) 32
A < B < C < D < E. If B is the average of
A and C, and D is the average of C and
E, what is the average of B and D?
A) (A + 2C + E)/4 B) (2A+C + 2E)/2
C) (A + E)/2 D) (A + E)/4

94
9) For the fall semester, three quizzes were 12) History Test Result
given, a mid–term exam, and a final Score Number of students
exam. To determine a final grade, the 100 1
mid–term was worth three times as 95 2
much as a quiz and the final was worth 90 4
five times as much as a quiz. If Jonuse 85 1
scored 85, 72 and 81 on the quizzes, 79 80 3
on the mid–term and 92 on the final 75 2
exam, what was his average for the 70 2
course? 65 0
A) 72 B) 79 60 1
C) 82 D) 85 The scores on Tuesday’s history test for

16 students are shown in the table
10) If the average (arithmetic mean) of 6, 6,
above. Sam, who was the only student
12, 16 and x is equal to x, what is the
absent on Tuesday, will take the test
value of x?
next week. If Sam receives a score of 95
A) 6 B) 8 on the test, what will be the median
C) 9 D) 10 score for the test?
11) Test Scores of Five Students A) 90 B) 87.5
C) 85 D) 82.5
13)
City Noon Temperature
(degree Fahrenheit)
A 50
B 33
C 27
D t
What was average (arithmetic mean) of E 68
the scores of the 5 students on test II? F 44
A) 60 B) 65 G 40
C) 68 D) 70 The table above shows the noon

temperatures for seven cities
designated A through G. If the median
noon temperature of these cities is 40F,
then the noon temperature for City D
could be any of the following EXCEPT.
A) 29F B) 35F
C) 39F D) 42F

Class Work 9.1 95
14) Number of Siblings per Student in a 17) An online store receives customer
Preschool Class satisfaction ratings between 0 and 100,
Number of Siblings Number of Students
inclusive. In the first 10 ratings the store
received, the average (arithmetic mean)
0 3 of the ratings was 75. What is the least
1 6 value the store can receive for the 11th
2 2 rating and still be able to have an
average of at least 85 for the first 20
3 1 ratings?
The table above shows how many A) 50 B) 75
students in a class of 12 preschoolers C) 60 D) 90
had 0, 1, 2 or 3 siblings. Later, a new
student joined the class, and the 18) A sociologist chose 300 students at
average (arithmetic mean) number of random from each of two schools and
siblings per student became equal to asked each student how many siblings
the median number of siblings per he or she has. The results are shown in
student. How many siblings did the new the table below.
student have? Students’ Sibling Survey
A) 0 B) 1 Number of Lincoln Washington
siblings School School
C) 2 D) 3
15) In a set of eleven different numbers, 0 120 140
which of the following CANNOT affect 1 80 110
the value of the median? 2 60 30
A) Doubling each number 3 30 10
B) Increasing each number by 10
4 10 10
C) Increasing the smallest number only
There are a total of 2,400 students at
D) Increasing the largest number only Lincoln School and 3,300 students at
16) A figure skater competing at a local Washington School.
competition needs a mean of 5.8 (out of What is the median number of siblings
a total 6.0) to win the first – place medal. for all the students surveyed?
If there are three judges and one of
them gives her a 5.5, what is the lowest A) 0 B) 1
score she can get from the remaining C) 2 D) 3
two judges if she still want to finish
first?
A) 4.8 B) 5.2
C) 5.5 D) 5.9

96
19) 10,18, 4, 15, 3, 21, X 23) 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, n, 6
If x is the median of the 7 numbers For the number listed above, the only
listed above, which of the following mode is 5 and the median is 6. Each of
could be the value of x? the following could be the value of n
A) 5 B) 8 EXCEPT
C) 9 D) 14 A) 6 B) 7
20) If the average (arithmetic mean) of t and C) 8 D) 9
t + 2 is x and if the average of t and t – 2 24) If the average (arithmetic mean) of x and
is y, what is the average of x and y? y is k, which of the following is the
t average of x, y, and z?
A) 1 B)
2 2k  z 2k  z
A) B)
1 3 2
C) t D) t +
2 kz kz
C) D)
21) I recently joined a bowling team. Each 3 2
night we play three games. During my 25)
first games I scored a 112 and 134, what
must I scored on my next game to
ensure my average for the night will be
a 132?
A) 140 B) 132
C) 150 D) 175
22) N is a set of numbers whose average
(arithmetic mean) is 3. M is a set that is
generated by doubling each number in
N. What is the average of the numbers
in set M?
1
A) B) 2
3 In the figure above, what is the median
C) 3 D) 6 of the slopes of OA , OB , OC , OD , and
OE ?
4
A) B) 1
3
3 3
C) D)
4 5

Class Work 9.1 97
26) The average (arithmetic mean) of the 30) In order to determine if treatment X is
test scores of a class of p students is successful in improving eyesight, a
70, and the average of the test scores of research study was conducted. From
a class of n students is 92. When the a large population of people with
scores of both classes are combined, poor eyesight, 300 participants were
the average score is 86. What is the selected at random. Half of the
p participants were randomly assigned
value of ? to receive treatment X, and the other
n
half did not receive treatment X. The
27) 12 – n, 12, 12 + n
resulting data showed that
What is the average (arithmetic mean) of participants who received treatment
the 3 quantities in the list above? X had significantly improved
A) 4 B) 12 eyesight as compared to those who
did not receive treatment X. Based
n
C) 18 D) 4 + on the design and results of the
3 study, which of the following is an
28) The average (arithmetic mean) of m, n appropriate conclusion?
and p is 8. If m + n = 15 then p equals: A) Treatment X is likely to improve the
A) 9 B) 8 eyesight of people who have poor
C) 24 D) 7.5 eyesight.
29) It takes Johnny 25 minutes to run a loop B) Treatment X improves eyesight better
around the track. He runs a second loop than all other available treatments.
and it takes him 30 minutes. If the track C) Treatment X will improve the eyesight of
is 5.5 miles long, what is his average anyone who takes it.
speed in miles per hour? D) Treatment X will cause a substantial
A) 12 B) 10 improvement in eyesight.
C) 13 D) 11

98
31) 32) A researcher is measuring the effects of
anxiety on performance of a certain task
completed in the workplace. Subjects
are asked to rate their subjective
feelings of anxiety about the task on a
scale of 1 to 10. The researcher
measures their performance on the task
based on an objective set of criteria.
The curve of best fit for the resulting
data is shown below.
A chemistry student is studying the

effect of a catalyst on a chemical
reaction. She heats solid potassium
chlorate (KC1O3), which becomes
potassium chloride (KC1) and oxygen
(02). She runs the reaction again,
adding solid manganese dioxide (Mn02)
as a catalyst. She graphs the potential
energy, in kilojoules, as a function of What level of anxiety could result in a
time. Which of the following statements performance score of 4?
is true of the graph above? A) 4 or 8 B) 2 or 9
A) The potential energy of the reactants C) 6 D) 2
was less than that of the products.
33) What would be considered the optimal
B) The potential energy of the reaction was level of anxiety an employee should feel
lowest during the transition state. to perform at her best on this task?
C) The addition of the catalyst lowered the A) 0 B) 5
potential energy of the reaction during
C) 5.5 D) 10
the transition state.
34) More than one level of anxiety can
D) The addition of the catalyst had no
result in a given performance score.
effect on the potential energy of the
Which of the following pairs of numbers
reaction.
indicating anxiety levels would result in
the same performance score?
A) 2.5 and 8.5 B) 3.5and8
C) 4 and 6 D) 4.5 and 7.5

Home Work 9.1 99
HOME WORK 9.1

1) If the average (arithmetic mean) of 3, s, 5) Profits of Certain Stores
and t is 5, what is the value of s + t? Year 1 Year 2
A) 2 B) 4 Store A $5, 000 $6, 200
C) 6 D) 12 Store B $6,000 $7, 350
2) The median of a set of 9 consecutive
Store C $10, 000 $12,700
integers is 42. What is the greatest of
these 9 integers? Total $21,000 $26, 250
A) 44 B) 45 The table above lists the profits of 3

C) 46 D) 47 stores in 2 consecutive years. What was
the average (arithmetic mean) increase
3) 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12
in profit, in dollars, for these 3 stores
The number n is to be added to the list from year 1 to year 2?
above. If n is an integer, which of the
6) When the sum of a list of prices is
following could be the median of the
divided by the average (arithmetic
new list of seven numbers?
mean) of the prices, the result is k. What
1 does k represent?
I. 6 II. 6 III. 7
2 A) The sum of the prices
A) I only B) II only B) Half of the sum of the prices
C) III only D) I and III only C) The average of the prices
4) If the average (arithmetic mean) of x and D) The number of prices
3x is 12, what is the value of x? 7) A recipe for chili for 20 people requires
A) 2 B) 4 4 pounds of beans. At this rate, how
C) 6 D) 12 many pounds of beans are required to
make chili for 150 people?
A) 30 B) 29
C) 28 D) 32

100
Answer Keys
Class Work: 9.1
1) a 2) a 3) c 4) d 5) c 6) c 7) d 8) c 9) d 10) d
11) c 12) c 13) d 14) a 15) d 16) d 17) a 18) b 19) d 20) c
21) c 22) d 23) a 24) a 25) c 26) 3/8 27) b 28) a 29) a 30) a
31) c 32) b 33) c 34) a
Home Work: 9.1

1) d 2) c 3) d 4) c 5) 1750 6) d 7)

Math Session # 10 101
MATH SESSION # 10
Functions
Skills Covered:
a) Concept of Domain, Range, Relation and Functions
b) Graphs of Standard functions
c) Zeros of functions
d) Functions of functions – Interpretation and Solution
e) Shifting, Scaling and Reflection of functions
Relations and Functions, Polynomials & Expressions, Graph of Functions :
Definition of a Relation in x and y

 Any set of ordered pairs (x, y) is called a relation in x and y. Furthermore,
 The set of first components in the ordered pairs is called the domain of the relation.
 The set of second components in the ordered pairs is called the range of the relation.
Example 1:
Finding the Domain and Range of a Relation
Sol.: Domain: (45.5, 48.2, 41.8, 46.0, 50.4) Set of first coordinates
Range: (65.5, 68.0, 62.2, 66.0, 70.0) Set of second coordinates
Relation:
 A relation R from a non–empty set A to a non–empty set B is a subset of ordered pairs of the
set AB, where the members of the pair have a relationship, symbolically written as R: AB.
 A relation may be defined as a set of ordered pairs.
 [(1, 2), (–3, 4), (1, –4), (3, 4)]
 A relation may be defined by a correspondence (Figure 4 – 1). The corresponding ordered
pairs are [(1, 2), (1, –4), (–3, 4) (3, 4)]
 A relation may be defined by a graph.

 The corresponding ordered pairs are [(1, 2), (–3, 4), (1, –4), (3, 4)].

102
 Suppose there are three persons Ram, Shyam and Lakshman to whom a newspaper vender
who stocks Times, Express, Mid day, Hindu and Hindustan Times, distributes papers.
 If Ram gets Times and Hindu, Shyam gets Mid day, Lakshman gets Express and Midday, this
fact can be represented by a diagram as shown below.
Times
Ram
Express
Shyam
Hindustan Times
Lakshman
Hindu
Midday
 Let P = {Ram, Shyam, Lakshman} Q = {Times, Express, Hindustan Times, Hindu, Midday}.
 Then the subset of elements of PQ which are related through the word ‘gets’ is
 G = {(Ram, Times), (Ram, Hindu), (Shyam, midday), (Lakshman, Express), (Lakshman,
Midday)}.
 The subset G is called a ‘relation’ from P to Q written as G :PQ.
Definitions:
 Domain, Co–domain and Range.
 The set of all first objects of the ordered pairs in R :AB is called the domainof the relation R.
 The set B is called co–domain of R. The set of all second objects in the ordered pairs in the
relation R is called the range of R.
Find the domain and range of the realtions:
Sol.:
Function:
 A function is a special type of relation.

 Definition: A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be function if every element of set A
has one and only one related element in B. The related element in B is called the image and
the corresponding element in A is called its pre–image A function is also called a mapping of A
onto B.
 In f: A  B the set A is called the (domain) and the set B is called the co–domainof f. If x is a
general element is A then f(x) will denote the image of x in B clearly x  A and f(x)  B.
 Therefore, the range of the function f  A is {f(x): x  A}.
Example :
Which of the following is a function? If it is a function determine its domain and range
i) {(2, 1) (5, 1) (8,1) (11, 1) (14, 1) (17, 1)} ii) {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 5)}
Sol: i) All elements are such that the first component has a unique second component.
Therefore it is a function.
Domain is {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17} and range is {1}
ii) In this 1 has more than one image namely 3 and 5 therefore it is not a function
 A relation that is not a function has at least one domain element x paired with more than one
range value y. For example, the ordered pairs (4, 2) and (4, –2) do not constitute a function
because two different y–values correspond to the same x. These two points are aligned
vertically in the xy–plane, and a vertical line drawn through one point also intersects the other
point. Thus, if a vertical line drawn through a graph of a relation intersects the graph in more
than one point, the relation cannot be a function. This idea is stated formally as the vertical line
test.
The Vertical Line Test:

 Consider a relation defined by a set of points (x, y) in a rectangular coordinate system. The
graph defined y as a function of x if no vertical line intersects the graph in more than one point.
 Use the vertical line test to determine whether the following relations define y as a function of x.
Sol.:

104
Summary of Six Basic Functions and Their Graphs

Class Work 10.1 105
CLASS WORK 10.1

3 2
1) If y = x + 2x + 5 and z = x + 7x + 1, what 4) If 3x = 0, what is the value of 1 + x + x2?
is 2y + z in terms of x? 7 A) 3x3 + 11x + 11
B) 2x3 + x2 + 9x + 6 A) B) 1
9
C) 2x3 + x2 + 11x + 11 13
D) 2x3 + 2x2 + 18x + 12 C) D) 7
9
2) (5x + 1) – (3x + 2) + 3(x + 5) 5) If x = 4, which of the following is
If the expression above is rewritten in greatest in value?
the form ax + b, where a and b are A) (x + 1)(x + 2) B) (x + 1)(x – 1)
constants, which of the following
C) (x – 2)(x + 2) D) (x – 2)(x + 1)
statements is true?
6) If x = k(k – 2), then x + 1 =
A) a > b B) a < b
A) k2 – k B) k2 – 3k
C) a = b D) a = –b
C) k – 2k + 1
2
D) k2 + 2k + 1
pqr
3) + 34a = 374 7) If x2 = k, where x and k are integers,
mn which of the following could be the
If m and n are both greater than zero, value of k?
then according to the equation above, A) 3 B) 6
which of the following is equal to a?
C) 9 D) 12
pqr 8) If m = t3 for any positive integer t, and if
A) 11 –
34 mn w = m2 + m, what is w in terms of t?
 mn  A) t2 + t B) t3
B) 374   – 34
 pqr  C) t3 + t D) t6 + t3
9) If a and b are positive integers and
 pqr  a2 – b2 = 7, what is the value of a?
C) 374   – 34
 mn  A) 3 B) 4
mn C) 5 D) 6
D) 11 +
34 pqr

106
10) If x = –1 and k > 0, which of the 15)

following has the greatest value? n 1 2 3 4 5 6
A) 2kx B) 4kx2
3
f(n) 7 13 19 P 31 37
C) 6kx D) 8kx4
11) If xy = 7 and x – y = 5, then x2y – xy2 = The table above defines a linear
function. What is the value of p?
A) 2 B) 12
A) 21 B) 23
C) 24 D) 35
C) 25 D) 27
12) If 3x = 4y = 12, what is the value of x2y?
2
16) h(t) = c – (d – 4t) 2
A) 48 B) 36
At time t = 0, a ball was thrown upward
C) 24 D) 12 from an initial height of 6 feet. Until the
13) The total daily profit p, in dollars, from ball hit the ground, its height, in feet,
producing and selling x units of a after t seconds was given by the
certain product is given by the function function h above, in which c and d are
p(x) = 17x – (10x + b), where b is a positive constants. If the ball reached
constant. If 300 units were produced its maximum height of 106 feet at time
and sold yesterday for a total profit of t = 2.5, what was the height, in feet of
$1,900, what is the value of b? the ball at time t = 1?
A) –200 B) –100 A) 70 B) 10
C) 0 D) 200 C) 100 D) 25
t2 17) A certain function f has the property
14) n(t) = – 20t + k that f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all values of
2
x and y. Which of the following
There was a 100 day period when the statements must be true when a = b?
number of bees in a certain hive could
I) f(a + b) = 2f(a)
be modeled by the function n above. In
the function, k is a constant and n(t) II) f (a + b) = [f(a)]2
represents the number of bees on day III) f(b) + f(b) = f(2a)
number t for 0  t  99. On what number A) None B) I only
day was the number of bees in the hive
the same as it was on day number 10? C) I and III only D) II and III only
A) 20 B) 30
C) 40 D) 50

Class Work 10.1 107
18) 21)
x –1 0 1
f(x) 1 1 2
8 2
The table above gives values of the
function f for several values if t. If the The table above shows some values for
graph of f is a line, which of the the function f. If f(x) = kax for some
following defines f(t)? constants k and a, what is the value of
A) f(t) = t – 1 B) f(t) = t + 1 a?
C) f(t) = 2t + 1 D) f(t) = 2t – 1 A)
1
B)
1
19) 2 4
x f(x) g(x) C) 2 D) 4
0 5 2
22) For all positive values of x, the function
1 0 4 f is defined by f(x) = x3 – x–2. Of the
following, which is the best
2 2 3 approximation of f(x) for values of
3 4 1 x greater than 1,000?
A) x3 B) x4
4 1 5
C) x5 D) x6
5 3 0
23) Let the function f be defined by
According to the table above, if k = f(3), f(x) = 5x – 2a, where a is a constant. If
what is the value of g(k)? f( 10) + f(5) = 55, what is the value of a?
A) 1 B) 4 A) – 5 B) 0
C) 3 D) 5 C) 5 D) 10
20) Let the function f be defined by f(x) = 2x 24) Let f() = 4 – 3. If f(a) = 9 and f(b) = 5,
1 then what is f(a + b)?
– 1. If f( t ) = 4, what is the value of t?
2

108
25) A group of students washed cars to 29)
raise money. The net amount A, in
dollars, raised by washing k cars is
given by the function A(k) = 4k – 30. If
the group washed 15 cars, what is the
net amount they raised?
A) $10 B) $15
C) $20 D) $30
26) Let the function of P defined by f(x) = x
+ 1. If 2f(p) = 20, what is the value of
f(3p)?
27)
The graph of y = g(x) is shown above. If
g(2) = k which of the following could be
the value of g(k)?
30) f(x) = |3x – 17|
For the function defined above, what is
one possible value of a for which f(a) <
a?
A) 4 B) 5
The figure above shows the graph of the C) –6 D) 9
function h. Which of the following is 31) The following are coordinates of points
closest h(5)? in the xy–plane. Which of these points
A) 1 B) 2 is nearest the origin?
C) 3 D) 4  1
A) (0, –1) B)  0, 
28)  2
 1 1
C)  ,  D) (–1, –1)
2 2
The graph of y = g (x) is shown above. If

g(k) = 1, which of the following is a
possible value of k?
A) – 1.5 B) – 0.5
C) 1 D) 1.5

Class Work 10.1 109
32) 34)
In the figure above, point T is the same

distance from O as point P is from O.
Which of the following could be the
coordinates of point T?
A) (–a, b) B) (a, –b)
C) (–b, –a) D) (–b, a) The figure above shows the graph of
33) y = f(x) from x = –8 to x = 8. For what
value of x in this interval does the
function f attain its maximum value?
35) Two softball players are standing in a
field facing each other. One player
throws the ball up into the air and the
other player catches it. A third player
videotapes the throw and catch, and the
three players analyze the film. They
make the following graph of the ball’s
In the semicircle above, the center is at height above the ground as a function
(4, 0). Which of the following are of time.
x–coordinates of two points on this
semicircle whose y–coordinates are
equal?
A) 1 and 6 B) 1 and 8
C) 2 and 6 D) 2 and 8
According to the graph, what is the

height above the ground of the ball as it
left the first player’s hand?
A) 0 B) 3
C) 4 D) 13

110
36) If a point on the graph is to be defined 38)
as (x, y), where the x-coordinate is the
time in seconds and the y-coordinate is
the height of the ball in feet, which of
the following shows the coordinates of
the maximum height attained by the ball
during its flight?
The graph of y = f(x) is shown above.
A) (1.5, 13) B) (4, 3) Which of the following could be the
C) (8, 1) D) (13, 1.5) graph of y = 2f(x)?
37) According to the graph, what is the
average change in the height of the ball,
in feet per second, during the first third
of its flight?
A) 4 B) 8
C) 9 D) 12

Class Work 10.1 111
39) 40) If the function f has five distinct zeros,
which of the following could represent
the complete graph of f in the xy –
plane?
The graph of y = f(x) is shown above.

Which of following could be the graph A) B)
of y = f(x + 2)?
C) D)

112
HOME WORK 10.1

1) If x, y, and z are positive integers such 6) P(t) = 3,000·2t/4
that the value of x + y is even and the Some organisms are being cultured in a
value of (x + y)2 + x + z is odd, which of biology lab. The population, P, of the
the following must be true? organisms in the culture t days after the
A) x is odd culture began is modeled by the
B) x is even function above. By how many
organisms does the population increase
C) If z is even, then x is odd
from t = 4 to t = 16?
D) If z is even, then xy is even
A) 6,000 B) 24,000
2) 3(2x + 1)(4x + 1) C) 36,000 D) 42,000
Which of the following is equivalent to 7) If f() = 2 + 4, then what is the value of
the expression above? f(4) + f(6)?
A) 45x B) 24x2 + 3 A) f(8) B) f(10)
C) 24x2 + 18x + 3 D) 18x2 + 6 C) f(12) D) f(18)
3) If k (2x + 3) (x – 1) = 0 and x > 1, what is
the value of k? 3  2x 2
8) If f(x) = for all nonzero x, then
x
3
A) B) 0 f(2) =
2
11 7
2 A) B)
C) D) 1 2 2
3
1 5
4) If f(x) = x2 – 1, and f(2a) = 35, then what C) – D) –
2 2
could be the value of a?
9) Let the function h be defined by
A) –6 B) –3
x2
C) 1 D) 2 h(x) = 14 + . If h(2m) = 9m, what is
4
5) g(n) = n2 + n
one possible value of m?
h(n) = n2 – 2
10) Evaluate: f(x), at x = 5 f(x) = |3x – |x2 – 7||
g(5) – h(4) =
A) 3 B) 9
A) 16 B) 14 C) 17 D) 5
C) 10 D) 18

Answer Keys 113
Answer Keys
Class Work: 10.1
1) c 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) a 6) c 7) c 8) d 9) b 10) d
11) d 12) d 13) d 14) b 15) c 16) a 17) c 18) d 19) d 20) 81/4
21) d 22) a 23) c 24) 17 25) d 26) 28 27) c 28) b 29) 2.5 30) b
31) b 32) c 33) d 34) 4 35) c 36) a 37) b 38) d 39) c 40) d
Home Work: 10.1

1) c 2) c 3) b 4) b 5) a 6) d 7) c 8) d 9) 10 10) a

114
MATH SESSION # 11
Quadratic Equations
Skills Covered:
a) Quadratic Equations – Concept and Solutions
b) Parabolic functions – Graphs
c) Various forms of parabolic equations and interpretation
Quadratic Equations and Functions, and Parabola:

 The quadratic function has the form:
 F(x) = y = a + bx + cx 2
 where a, b, and c are numerical constants and c is not equal to zero.
 Note that if c were zero, the function would be linear.
 An advantage of this notation is that it can easily be generalized by adding more terms. We could
for example write equations such as
y = a + bx + cx 2 +dx3
y = a + bx + cx 2 +dx3 + ex4
The quadratic formula
 In many books quadratic equations are written as ax 2 + bx + c = 0

 In this case the quadratic formula is given by
Note that the denominator is then 2a instead of 2c.
Common Graphs
 There are several functions that appear very frequently and you should know the shapes of
their graphs. of course, you could use a graphing utility to draw these graphs; but, that would
be like getting out your calculator to multiply 3*4.
f(x) = c, where c is a constant

f(x) = x.
f(x) = | x | = abs(x). Use abs(x) for |x| in the

Java Tools.
f(x) = sqrt(x).
f(x) = x2 = x^2.
f(x) = x3 = x^3.
 Throughout this page we will be starting with a function f(x), usually one of the common graphs
listed above, then building new functions from f. The idea is that if we know the shape of the
graph of f, then we know the shapes of the new graphs.
 For the rest of this lesson, c will denote a positive number.
Graphing the quadratic function

 Construct a table with values of x and f(x).
 Plot the data points.
 Connect the data points with a smooth line.
 This is easily done with Excel.

116
Example 1 Example 2
2
f(x) = 12 - 8x +x f(x) = -4 + 5x -x2
Example 1.
Sketch the graph of y = x 2/2. Starting with the graph of

y = x2, we shrink by a factor of one half. This means that for
each point on the graph of y = x 2, we draw a new point that
is one half of the way from the x-axis to that point.
Example 2.
Sketch the graph of y = (x - 4)^2 - 5. We start with the graph

of y = x2, shift 4 units right, then 5 units down.

Class Work 11.1 117
CLASS WORK 11.1
1) If 8 + k = 15, then k = 1
6) If x + = 2, what is the value of
A) 7 B) 49 x
1
C) 529 D) 7 x2 +
x2
2) If k is a positive integer, what is the
A) 1 B) 2
5k
least value of k for which is an C) –2 D) –1
3
7) If k and h are constants and x2 + kx + 7
integer? is equivalent to (x + 1) (x + h), what is
A) 3 B) 5 the value of k?
C) 15 D) 25 A) 0 B) 1
3) If (x – 2) = 25 and x < 0, what is the
2
C) 7 D) 8
value of x?
8) If x is an integer greater than 1 and if
A) –23 B) –7 1
C) –5 D) –3 y=x+ , which of the following must
x
4) If (2x – 5) (2x + 5) = 5, what is the value be true?
of 4x2? I. y  x
A) –30 B) –20 II. y is an integer.
C) 10 D) 30 III. xy > x2
5) If a = 4, which of the following is A) I only B) III only
equivalent to am2 + am + a?
C) I and II only D) I and III only
A) 4(m3 + 1) B) 4(m + 1)2
2
9) If (x + y)2 = 100 and (x – y)2 = 16, what is
C) 4(m + m) D) 4(m2 + m + 1) the value of xy?
A) 6 B) 10
C) 21 D) 25

118
10) If (2x – 2) (2 – x) = 0, what are all the 
1
possible values of x? 15) If a 2 = x, where a > and x > 0, which of
A) 0 only B) 1 only the following equations gives a in terms
of x?
C) 2 only D) 1 and 2 only
1 1
11) x 2  t 2 = 2t – x A) a = B) a =
x x2
If x and t are positive numbers that
satisfy the equation above, what is the C) a = x D) a = –x2
x
value of ? Use Calculator:
t
16) Calculate the amount and the
A) 3/4 B) 5/4 compound interest on $8,000 for
C) 5 D) 3 1½ years at 10% per annum
12) compounded yearly.
 x 2  1, if x  0 A) 9000 B) 9240
 2 C) 8000 D) 8500
x
g(x )    1, if 0  x  3 17) A man lends $5,500 at the rate of 8% per
 3 annum. Find the amount if the interest
5x  3, if x  3 is compounded half-yearly and the

duration is one year.
For the piecewise defined function g(x)
shown above, what is the value of g(2)? A) 5949 B) 5240
C) 5000 D) 5800
13) Which of the following is equal to a2/3 for
all values of a? 18) It is estimated that every year the value
of a machine depreciates by 20% of its
1
value at the beginning of the year.
A) a 3 B) a3 Calculate:
3
1 i) the value of the machine at the end
3
C) a2 D) a2 of three years, if its original value is
35,000$
14) If t3 = 351, what is the value of 4t3?
ii) the original value of the machine, if
A) 1204 B) 1304 its value after two years is 10,240$
C) 1404 D) 1504 A) 18000, 15900 B) 17000, 15240
C) 17920, 16000 D) 17000, 15800

Class Work 11.1 119
19) Graphane borrows $18,000 at 10% 23) Grace borrowed $15,000 for 18 months
simple interest. He immediately invests at a certain rate of interest compounded
the money borrowed at 10% compound semi-annually. If at the end of six
interest compounded half-yearly. How months it amounted to $15,600;
much money does Graphane gain in calculate:
one year? i) the rate of interest per annum
A) 59 B) 52 ii) the total amount of money that Grace
C) 50 D) 45 must pay at the end of 18 months in
20) Marguerite borrowed $ 7,500 from Sony order to clear the account.
at 8% per annum compound interest. A) 16,800 B) 8, 16873
After 2 years, Marguerite gave $ 6,248 C) 9,16000 D) 10,16800
and an old T.V. set to clear his account.
24) Divide $28,730 between A and B so that
Find the cost of the T.V. set.
when their shares are lent out at 10 per
A) 2500 B) 5200 cent compound interest compounded
C) 6000 D) 1800 per year, the amount that A receives in
21) A sum is invested at compound interest 3 years is the same as what B receives
compounded yearly. If the interests for in 5 years.
two successive years be $570 and $741; A) 15730,13000 B) 14508, 14222
calculate the rate of interest. C) 14000, 14730 D) 14500, 14230
A) 15 B) 30
C) 10 D) 20
22) The simple interest on a certain sum
computes to $256 in 2 years, whereas,
the compound interest on the same sum
at the same rate and for the same time
computes to $276.48. Find the rate
percent and the sum.
A) 16,800 B) 17, 1500
C) 19, 600 D) 10, 150

120
25) 27)
A parabola is shown in the xy-plane In the xy-plane above, a line with a

above. Which of the following equations slope of 4 intersects a parabola at the
correctly represents the parabola by origin and at the point (h, k). If the
displaying the x-intercepts of the vertex of the parabola is at (2, –8), what
parabola as constants or coefficients? is the value of k?
A) y = (x + 1.5)2 – 20.25 A) 6
B) y = (x – 1.5)2 – 20.25 B) 12
C) y = (x + 6) (x – 3) C) 18
D) y = (x – 6) (x + 3) D) 24
26)
Functions f(x) =x2 – 2x + 1 and

g(x) = x2 – 10x + 25 are graphed in the
xy-plane above. If the graphs of f and g
are tangent to the x-axis and intersect at
the point (h, k), what is the value of
h + k?
A) 3
B) 7
C) 13
D) 21

Home Work 11.1 121
HOME WORK 11.1

1) The square of x is equal to 4 times the 4) If the function f is defined by f(x) = x2 +
square of y. If x is 1 more than twice y, bx + c, where b and c are positive
what is the value of x? constant, which of the following could
1 be the graph of f?
A) –4 B) 
2
1 1
C)  D)
4 2
2) (x – 8)(x – k) = x2 – 5kx + m
In the equation above, k and m are
constants. If the equation is true for all
values of x, what is the value of m?
A) 8 B) 16
C) 24 D) 32
3)
5)
In the figure above, tick marks are

equally spaced on the number line.
What is the value of p if x2 + 17x – p = 0
The figure above shows the graph of a

quadratic function h whose maximum
value is h(2). If h(a) = 0, which of the
following could be the value of a?
A) –1 B) 0
C) 2 D) 3

122
6) The cost of a machine is supposed to 9) During every financial year, the value of
depreciate each year at 12% of its value a machine depreciates by 12%.Find the
at the beginning of the year. If the original cost of a machine which
machine is valued at $44,000 at the depreciates by $2,640 during the
beginning of 1995, find its value. second financial year of its purchase.
i) at the end of 1996 A) 19000 B) 22000
ii) at the beginning of 1994 C) 25000 D) 30000
A) 34000, 45000 B) 36000, 48,000 10) Calculate the difference between the
C) 34074, 50,000 D) 30000, 56800 compound interest and the simple
7) According to census taken towards the interest on $10,000 in 2 years at 5% per
end of the year 1994, the population of a annum.
rural town was found that to be 32,000. A) 19 B) 25
The census authority also found that
C) 16 D) 30
the population of this particular town
had a growth of 5% per annum. In how
many years after 1994 did the
population of this town reach 37,044?
A) 6 B) 2
C) 9 D) 3
8) Andy bought a plot of land for $70,000
and a car for $32,000 on the same day.
The value of the plot appreciates
uniformly at the rate of 10% every year
while the value of the car depreciates by
12.5% for the first year and 10% for the
second year. If Andy sells the plot of
land as well as the car after 2 years,
what will be the profit or loss on the
whole?
A) Profit, 7000
B) No Profit No Loss
C) Profit, 7900
D) Loss, 8000

Answer Keys 123
Answer Keys
Class Work: 11.1
1) b 2) c 3) d 4) d 5) d 6) b 7) d 8) d 9) c 10) d
11) b 12) 7/3 13) d 14) c 15) b 16) b 17) a 18) c 19) d 20) a
21) b 22) a 23) b 24) a 25) c 26) b 27) d
Home Work: 11.1

1) d 2) b 3) 630 4) d 5) a 6) c 7) d 8) c 9) c 10) b

124
MATH SESSION # 12
Geometry - I
Skills Covered:
a) Lines and angles – Basic rules and application
b) Triangles – Properties, Congruency, Similarities
c) Special Triangles and Pythagoras theorem
Lines & Angles, Triangles, Polygon

 Lines & Line Segments
 Angles
 Triangles
Lines & Line Segment:

 A part (or portion) of a line with two end points is called a line-segment. Note that the line segment
AB is denoted by AB , and its length is denoted by AB.
 If three or more points lie on the same line, they are called collinear points; otherwise they are
called non-collinear points.
Parallel lines and a Transversal:

 A line which intersects two or more lines at distinct points is called a
transversal (see Figure). Line l intersects lines m and n at points P and Q
respectively.
 Therefore, line l is a transversal for lines m and n. Observe that four
angles are formed at each of the points P and Q.
Parallel Lines and Transversal

 If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of corresponding angles is equal.
  PQA = QRC.
Angles:
 An angle is formed when two rays originate from the same end point.
 The rays making an angle are called the arms of the angle
 The end point is called the vertex of the angle.
 There can be different types of angles such as acute angle, right angle, obtuse angle, straight
angle and reflex angle in earlier classes (see Figure)
y z
x
iii) Obtuse Angle : 90< z <

i) Acute Angle : 0< x< ii) Right Angle : y = 90
180
90

iv) Straight Angle : s = 180

v) Reflex Angle : 180< t < 360
 An acute angle measures between 0° and 90°
 A right angle is exactly equal to 90°
 An angle greater than 90° but less than 180° is called an obtuse angle.
 A straight angle is equal to 180°.
 An angle which is greater than 180° but less than 360° is called a reflex angle.
 Further, two angles whose sum is 90° are called complementary angles
 Two angles whose sum is 180° are called supplementary angles.
Adjacent Angles:
 Two angles are adjacent, if they have a common vertex, a common arm and their non-common
arms are on different sides of the common arm. In figure ABD and DBC are adjacent
angles.
Vertically opposite angles:

 Vertically Opposite Angles are formed when two lines, say AB and
CD, intersect each other, say at the point O (see Figure). There are
two pairs of vertically opposite angles.
One pair is AOD and BOC. Can you find the other pair?
Vertically opposite angles
Alternate Angles:
 In Figure, the transversal PS intersects parallel lines AB and CD at points Q and R respectively
such that
 
BQR = QRC.
Triangles:
 Angle sum property of a Triangle:
The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180º.

126
Area of a Triangle:
 Triangle: Area of a triangle of base b and altitude corresponding to base h, is given by
1 1 A
Area = base  height = bh sq. units
2 2
h
B C
D
Congruency of Triangles: b
 Two triangles are said to be congruent if:

 Their corresponding angles are congruent, and
 Their corresponding sides are equal.
Similar Triangles:
 Two triangles are said to be similar if:
 Their corresponding angles are congruent, and
 Their corresponding sides are proportional.
Theorems:
Basic Proportionality Theorem:
 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting A
the other two sides in distinct points, then it divides the two
sides in the same ratio. F N
Given: In ΔABC, DE || BC, and intersects AB in D and AC in E. D E
AD AE
Result: =
DB EC
B C
AB AC
Corollary: =
AD AE
Converse of Basic Proportionality (Thales) Theorem:

 If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third
side.
Interpretation: A
 In ABC, line l intersects AB in D and AC in E, such that D E

l
AD AE
 then, line l is parallel to BC.
DB EC B C
Tests for Similarity of Triangles:

 A group of sufficient conditions (particular conditions that are sufficient to ensure similarity) are
called as ‘Tests for Similarity of Triangles’.
 There are primarily 3 tests available:
1) A–A–A test (A–A test) 2) S–S–S test 3) S–A–S test

A–A–A Criterion of Similarity:

A P
 If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal,
then their corresponding sides are proportional (i.e. in
the same ratio) and hence the two triangles are similar.
B C Q R
S–S–S Criterion of Similarity:
A P
 If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional
to (i.e. in the same ratio of) the sides of the other
triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and
hence the two triangles are similar. B C Q R
Interpretation:
 In ABC and PQR
If AB  BC  AC then ABC  PQR

PQ QR PR
S–A–S Criterion of Similarity:

 If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides including
these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar.
Interpretation: A P
In ABC and PQR

If AB  BC and B = Q B C Q R
PQ QR
Then ABCPQR
Examples:
1) P and Q are points on the sides AB and AC respectively of a triangle ABC. If AP = 2 cm,
PB = 4 cm, AQ = 3 cm, QC = 6 cm, prove that BC = 3 PQ. A
Sol: 1
2 P Q
 PQ || BC [Converse of B.P.T]
B C
 APQ  ABC [AA Corollary]
n
[Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional]
2
x3
 2BC = 6PQ  BC = 3PQ
2
2) A vertical stick 12 cm long casts a shadow 8 cm long on the ground. At the same time a
tower casts the shadow 40 m long on the ground. Determine the height of the tower.
Sol: Let AB be the vertical stick and DE be the tower
E
C = C [Common angle]
ABC = EDC = 90 A
CDECBA [AA Corollary]

1 C B D
[Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
8

128
1
 h = 60cm  Height of the tower = 60cm
25
Areas of Similar Triangles:

 The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square ratio of their corresponding
sides.
Given: ABC ~ PQR
Area ( ABC ) AB 2 BC 2 AC 2
Result:   
Area ( PQR) PQ 2 QR 2 PR 2
Baudhayan Pythagoras Theorem:

Pythagoras Theorem:
 In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides. B
Given: A right triangle ABC, right angled at B

Result: AC2 = AB2 + BC2
A C
D
Converse of Pythagoras Theorem:
 In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to sum of the squares of the other two sides,
then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.
Given: In triangle ABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Result: B = 90
A P
B C Q R
Angle Bisector Property:
 The bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side in the ratio of the sides
containing the angle.
Given: In ABC, bisector of BAC intersects BC in D
BD AB E
Result: =
DC AC
A
B C
D
Pythagorean Triples:
 A Pythagorean triple is a set of three positive integers, (a, b, c), such that a right triangle
can be formed with the legs a and b and the hypotenuse c. The most common Pythagorean
triples are (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (8, 15, 17) and (7, 24, 25).

 Special Right Angled Triangles
Table of Perimeter, Area of different figures:

S. Perimeter in
Name Figure Area in sq. units Nomenclature
No units of length
1
B = bh
2 a, b, c are the sides
c a
a + b + c = 2s = h altitude
1. Triangle
A C s(s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) abc
b s=
If three sides are 2
given
A d= b2  h2
Right angled 1 dhypotenuse
2 h d h + d + b = 2s = bh
triangle 2 bbase
C
B b h height
A
Isosceles 1 2 d= a 2
3. a d 2a + d = 2s = a
right triangle 2 d hypotenuse
C
B a
1 3
= ah or h= a
A
2 2
Equilateral a + a + a = 2s,
4. a h  altitude
triangle h a 3a = 2s 3 2
= a a equal side of
B a C 4
triangle

130
CLASS WORK 12.1

1) 3)
In the figure above, lines k,  , and m In the figure above, l || m and y = 3x.
intersect at a point. If x + y = u + w, What is the value of y?
which of the following must be true?
A) 120 B) 135
I) x = z
C) 145 D) 160
II) y = w
4)
III) z = t
A) I and II only B) I and III only
C) II and III only D) I, II, and III
2)
In the figure above, three line segments

meet at a point to form three angles.
What is the value of x?
In the figure above, L || m and r = 50. A) 20 B) 36
What is the value of s + t + u? C) 40 D) 45
A) 230 B) 240
C) 250 D) 310

5) 8)
In the figure above, what is the value of

x?
A) 110 B) 120
In the figure above, if AB is a line, what
C) 130 D) 140 is the value of y?
6) 9)
In the figure above, P lies on AD and

PC bisects BPD. What is the measure
of CPD? Two isosceles triangles are shown
above. If 180 – z = 2y and y = 75, what is
A) 40 B) 50
the value of x?
C) 60 D) 70
A) 105 B) 108
7)
C) 100 D) 104
10) The legs of right triangle ABC have
lengths 3 and 4. What is the perimeter of
a right triangle with each side twice the
length of its corresponding side in
ABC?
A)8 B) 14
In the figure above, if l || m, then the C) 16 D) 24
sum of the measures of angles 2 and 4
must equal the sum of the measures of
which of the following pairs of angles?
A) 5 and 6 B) 5 and 7
C) 6 and 7 D) 6 and 8

132
11) 14)

z?
A) 55 B) 60 In the figure above, the perimeter of the
C) 65 D) 70 triangle is 4 + 2 2 . What is the value of
12) x?
A) 2 B) 4
C) 2 D) 2 2
15)

c in terms of a and b?
A) a + 3b – 180 B) 2a + 2b – 180
C) 180 – a – b D) 360 – 2a – 3b
13) The length of the sides of a right In right triangle ABC above, EF || AC ,
triangle are consecutive even integers, and F is the midpoint of BC . What is
and the length of the shortest side is x. the area of the shaded rectangular
Which of the following equations could region?
be used to find x?
A)25 B) 25 2
A) x + x + 1 = x + 2
B) x2 + (x + 1)2 = (x + 2)2 C) 50 D) 50 2
C) x2 + (x + 2)2 = (x + 4)2
D) x + x + 2 = x + 4

16) If the degree measures of the angles of 19)
a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4, by how
many degrees does the measure of the
largest angle exceed the measure of the
smallest angle?
A) 20 B) 30
C) 40 D) 50
17) In ABC above, what is the value of x?
A) 25 B) 30
C) 35 D) 40
20) The perimeter of equilateral triangle
ABC is 3 times the perimeter of
equilateral triangle DEF. If the perimeter
of DEF is 10, what is the length of one
side of ABC?
In the figure above, what is the value of 1
t + u? A) 3 B) 10
3
A) 80 B) 90 C) 15 D) 30
C) 100 D) 110 21)
18)
If y = 60 in DEF above, how much

For the triangles above, the perimeter of greater is the perimeter of ABC than
 ABC equals the perimeter of  DEF. If the perimeter of DEF?
ABC is equilateral, what is the length A) 0 B) 3
of AB ? C) 6 D) 8
A) 4 B) 5
C) 7 D) 9

134
22) 24)
The figure above is a right triangle.

What is the value of 49 + x2?
23) In the figure above, what is the sum, in
terms of n, of the degree measures of
the four angles marked with arrows?
A) n B) 2n
C) 180 – n D) 360 – n
25)
Jim has a triangular shelf system that

attaches to his showerhead. The total
height of the system is 18 inches, and
there are three parallel shelves as In HJK above, JHK is a right angle.
shown above. What is the maximum Which of the following lengths is
height, in inches, of a shampoo bottle greatest?
that can stand upright on the middle A) HJ B) HK
shelf? C) HL D) JK
26)
What is the value of w in the figure

above?
A) 90 B) 100
C) 110 D) 135

27) 31)
In the figure above, points A, D, and E In the figure above, AB = 11, AD = 5, and
lie on the same line. What is the value of DC = 8. What is the perimeter of
x? quadrilateral ABCD?
A) 105 B) 115 A) 24 B) 28
C) 125 D) 135 C) 29 D) 30
28) 32)
If QR || PS in the figure above, what is In the figure above, ABCD is a

the value of 2(x + y)? rectangular with BC = 4 and AB = 6,
Points P. Q and R are different points on
A) 90 B) 120
a line not shown that is parallel to AD .
C) 180 D) 360 Points P and Q are symmetric about line
29) AB and points Q and R are symmetric
about line CD. What is the length of
PR ?
33) The sum of the areas of two squares is
640 m2. If the difference in their
perimeters be 64 m, find the sides of the
two squares.
What is the area of square ABCD
A) 50, 8 B) 24, 8
above?
C) 27, 5 D) 10, 15
A) 8 B) 12
34) The perimeter of a rectangular field is 82
C) 16 D) 20
m and its area is 400m2. Find the
30) There is a regular hexagon of side a. If breadth of the rectangle.
the area of hexagon is 384√3 square
A) 50, 8 B) 200, 2
inches. What is the area of a square
with side a.  C) 25, 16 D) 20, 20
A) 256 B) 192
C) 64√3 D) 16√3

136
HOME WORK 12.1

1) 3)
In the figure above, six segments In the figure above, l n and x > 90.
Which of the following must be true?
intersect at O; OD bisects AOF, OC
A) y < 90 B) y > 90
bisects AOE, and OB bisects AOD.
If x = 40 and y = 30, what is the measure C) y = 90 D) n  m
of BOE? 4)
A) 80 B) 90
C) 100 D)105
2)
In the figure above, line l is parallel to

line m. What is the value of x?
A) 150 B) 140
C) 130 D) 110
In the figure above, if x = 70 and y = 40
and the dotted lines bisect the angles
with measures x and y, what is the
value of z?
A) 30 B) 40
C) 45 D) 55

Class Work 12.1 137
5) 8)
What is the value of x in the figure

above? A summer camp counselor wants to
A) 135 B) 150 find a length, x, in feet, across a lake as
represented in the sketch above. The
C) 155 D) 160 lengths represented by AB, EB, BD, and
6) CD on the sketch were determined to be
18 feet, 14 feet, 7 feet, and 8 feet,
respectively. Segments AC and DE
intersect at B, and AEB and CDB
have the same measure. What is the
value of x?
9) In the figure above, AE || CD and

segment AD intersects segment CE at
B. What is the length of segment CE?

x + y + z?
A) 85 B) 170
C) 180 D) 360
7)
In the figure above,  || m. If x = 80 and

y = 70, what is the value of z?
A) 30 B) 60
C) 75 D) 90

138
Answer Keys
Class Work: 12.1
1) b 2) a 3) b 4) c 5) c 6) b 7) d 8) 108 9) a 10) d
11) c 12) d 13) b 14) a 15) c 16) c 17) c 18) c 19) c 20) b
21) c 22) 50 23) 9 24) b 25) d 26) b 27) a 28) d 29) a 30) a
31) b 32) 8 33) b 34) c
Home Work: 12.1

1) b 2) d 3) a 4) a 5) a 6) d 7) a 8) 16 9) 12

MATH SESSION # 13
Geometry - II
Skills Covered:
a) Circles – Properties and application
b) 2D and 3D figures – Mensuration
Circles, Mensuration
 Circles
 Quadrilaterals
Circles:
Circles and Its related Terms:
 The collection of all the points in a plane, which are at a fixed distance from a fixed point in the
plane, is called a circle.
 The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the fixed distance is called the radius of the
circle. In Figure, O is the centre and the length OP is the radius of the circle.
 A circle divides the plane on which it lies into three parts. They are:
 inside the circle, which is also called the interior of the circle;
 outside the circle, which is also called the exterior of the circle .
 The circle and its interior make up the circular region.
B
O
A
P Q P Q
 If you take two points P and Q on a circle, then the line segment PQ is called a chord of the circle.
The chord, Aand B which passes through the centre of the circle, is called a diameter of the circle.
 A piece of a circle between two points is called an arc. Look at the pieces of the circle between
two points P and Q in figure. You find that there are two pieces, one longer and the other smaller
(see figure). The longer one is called the major arc PQ and the shorter one is called the minor arc
PQ. The minor arc PQ is also denoted by arc PQ and the major arc PQ by arc PRQ,
Major segment
Major sector
O
P Minor sector Q
P Minor segment Q

140
 The length of the complete circle is called its circumference.
 The region between a chord and either of its arcs is called a segment of the circular region or
simply a segment of the circle. You will find that there are two types of segments which are the
major segmentand the minor segment.(see Figure).
 The region between an arc and the two radii, joining the centre to the end points of the arc is
called a sector. Like segments, you find that the minor arc corresponds to the minor sector and
the major arc corresponds to the major sector.
Perimeter and Area of a circle:

 Distance covered by travelling once around a circle is its perimeter, usually called its
circumference.
circumfere nce
=
diameter
Area of a circle = r2
Areas of Sector and Segment of a circle:
Q Q Q
Major Major
Sector Segment
O O
O B
Minor
r 
Minor
A Segment
sector A B
A B P
P P
Fig (i) Fig (ii) Fig (iii)
Sector:
 The portion (or part) of the circular region enclosed by two radii and the corresponding arc is
called a sector of the circle.
 The shaded portion is called the sector of the circle i.e. sector OAPB in fig (i)
 Sector OAPB  Minor Sector
 Sector OAQB  Major Sector
 From fig (iii)
 OAPB is a sector of a circle with centre O and radius r
 Let AOB = ; by applying unitary method we can arrive at the area of sector OAPB as
follows:
 When degree measure of the angle at the centre is 360 area of the sector = r2.
r 2
  When degree measure of the angle at the centre is 1 area of sector =
360
  When degree of measure of the angle at the centre is 
r 2 
 area of the sector =  =  r2
360 360
 Similarly by applying the unitary Method and taking the whole length of the circle as 2r

  Length of the arc APB as  2r
360


 Length of an arc of a sector of angle  =  2r
360
 From fig (iii) Area of the major sector OAQB = r2 – Area of the minor sector OAPB
Segment:
 The portion (or part) of the circular region enclosed between a chord and the corresponding arc
is called a segment of the circle fig (ii)
 Segment APB Minor Segment
 Segment AQB Major Segment
 Area of the segment APB = Area of sector OAPB – Area of OAB
 Area of Major segment AQB = Area of circle – Area of Minor segment APB
= r2 – Area of Minor segment APB
Q
O
r 
A B
P
Angle Subtended by a Chord at a Point:
 POQ is the angle subtended by the chord PQ at the centre O, PRQ and PSQ are
respectively the angles subtended by PQ at points R and S on the major and minor arcs PQ.
R
O O
A D
P Q
BC
S
 Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.

 Two equal chords AB and CD of a circle with centre O. Then AOB = COD.
Perpendicular from the centre to a Chord:

 The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
 Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre (or centres).
 Chords equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal in length.
Angle subtended by an Arc of a circle:

 The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any point
on the remaining part of the circle.
POQ = 2 PAQ.

142
 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

 Angle in a semicircle is a right angle
Cyclic Quadrilaterals:
 A quadrilateral ABCD is called cyclic if all its four vertices lie on a circle
 The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180.
Tangent to a circle:
 A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at only one
point.
O
 The common point of the tangent to a circle and the circle is
called the point of contact and the tangent is said to touch the
circle at the common point. Y X
 The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius P Q
through the point of contact.
Quadrilaterals:
Angle sum property of a Quadrilateral:
 The sum of the internal angles of a quadrilateral is 360º.
Types of Quadrilaterals:
 Look at the different quadrilaterals drawn
D
Observe that:
 One pair of opposite sides of quadrilateral ABCD in fig. (i) namely, AB and CD are parallel. You
know that it is called a trapezium.
 Both pairs of opposite sides of quadrilaterals given in fig. (ii), (iii), (iv)and (v) are parallel. Recall
that such quadrilaterals are called parallelograms.
 So, quadrilateral PQRS of fig. (ii) is a parallelogram.

 Similarly, all quadrilaterals given in fig. (iii), (iv) and (v) are parallelograms.
 In parallelogram MNRS of fig. (iii), note that one of its angles namelyM is a right angle. What
is this special parallelogram called? Try to recall. It is called a rectangle.
 The parallelogram DEFG of fig. (iv) has all sides equal and we know that it is called a rhombus.
 The parallelogram ABCD of fig. (v) has A = 90° and all sides equal; it is called a square.
 In quadrilateral ABCD of fig. (vi), AD = CD and AB = CB i.e. two pairs of adjacent sides are
equal. It is not a parallelogram. It is called a kite.
Note that a square, rectangle and rhombus are all parallelograms.
 A square is a rectangle and also a rhombus.
 A parallelogram is a trapezium.
 A kite is not a parallelogram.
 A trapezium is not a parallelogram (as only one pair of opposite sides is parallel in a
trapezium and we require both pairs to be parallel in a parallelogram).
 A rectangle or a rhombus is not a square.
Properties of a Parallelogram:
 A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
 In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal.
 In a parallelogram, opposite angles are equal.
Common Formulae:
A
 Rectangle: If l is the length and b is the breadth of a rectangle, then its B
 Area = l  b square units b

 Perimeter = 2(l + b) linear units
D C
l
 Diagonal of a rectangle = l b
2 2
linear units.
A B
 Square: The area of a square of side l units is l2 sq. units. Its perimeter is 4 l l
D C
l
 Parallelogram: If the lengths of adjacent sides of a parallelogram are A a B

a and b, then its perimeter is 2(a + b) units.
b h b
 The area of parallelogram is (ah) sq. units, where h is the length of
altitude from A on DC. D C
a
Table of Perimeter, Area of different figures:

a Length
b  breadth
1. Rectangle
A B
P = 2 (a + b) A = ab P  Perimeter
b Diagonal d
D
a C
= a2  b2

144
a Side
A a
B P Perimeter
2. Square P = 4a A = a2
a a AArea
D a C Diagonal = a 2
D a  Side
C
h b  Side
3. Parallelogram b P = 2(a + b) A = ah
A hDistance between
a B parallel sides
A d1 First diagonal
a a
4. Rhombus d1
P = 4a
1 d2 Second
B d2 D A= d1d2
a 2 diagonal
a
C
A b B a, b Parallel sides
1
5. Trapezium h – A= (a + b) h h  Distance
D a C
2 between them
C
h1,h2 are the altitudes
D 1
6. Quadrilateral h1 h2 – A= AC(h1 + h2) on AC from D, B
2 respectively
B
A
Circle A
d O
r = radius
7. C 2r or d r2
d = diameter
B
O  = angle of the
sector
 r
 r = radius of the
Sector of a 2r  2r  sector
8. 360  r 2
circle A B 360 l = length of the arc
or l + 2r

l= × 2r
360
1 2
9. Semi–circle r
B r + 2r r R = radius
A O 2
Segment of a A B
circle Area of sector – Area
10 r r –
(shaded OO O of triangle
portion) O
Ring (shaded (R2 – r2) R = outer radius

11 –
region) = (R + r) (R – r) r = inner radius

Mensuration Introduction:
 Surface Area & Volume
Surface Area and Volume:

 A solid which has uniform circular cross–section, is called a cylinder (or, a right circular cylinder).
 Let r be the radius of circular cross–section and h be height of the cylinder; then:
 Area of cross–section = r2
 Perimeter (circumference) of cross–section = 2r
 Curved surface area = (Perimeter of cross–section)  height = 2rh h
 Total surface area = Curved surface area + 2(Area of cross–section)
= 2rh + 2(r2) = 2r (h + r)
r
 Volume = (Area of cross–section)  height (or, length) = r2h
Hollow Cylinder:
 Let R be the external radius of a hollow cylinder, r its internal radius and h its height or length;
then
1) Thickness of its wall = R – r
2) Area of cross–section = R2 – r2 = (R2 – r2) R h
3) External curved surface = 2Rh r
4) Internal curved surface = 2rh
5) Total surface area = External curved surface area
+ Internal curved surface area + 2 (Area of cross–section)
= 2Rh + 2rh + 2(R2 – r2)
6) Volume of material = External volume – Internal volume
= R2h – r2h = (R2 – r2) h
1) The area of the curved surface of a cylinder is 2200 cm2 and the circumference of its base
is 110 cm. Find:
i) the height of the cylinder ii) the volume of the cylinder
Sol: i) 2r = 110 and 2rh = 2200
 r = 17.5 cm and 110  h = 2200  h = 20 cm
22
ii) V = r2h =  17.5  17.5  20 = 19250 cm3
7
2) The total surface area of a hollow metal cylinder open at both ends of external radius 10
cm and height 14 cm is 578  cm2. Taking ‘r’ as the inner radius writes down an equation
in ‘r’ and use it to find the thickness of the metal in the cylinder.
Sol: Total surface area of hollow cylinder
= External curved surface area + Internal curved surface area + 2(Area of cross section)
 578 = 2Rh + 2rh+ 2(R2 – r2)
289 = [Rh + rh + R2 – r2] = [10(14) + r(14) + 102 – r2] = [140 + 14r + 100 – r2]
r2 – 14r + 49 = 0 is the required equation  (r – 7)2 = 0  r = 7 cm
Now thick of cylinder = R – r = 10 – 7 = 3 cm

146
CLASS WORK 13.1

1) 2)
Naomi makes silver jewelry. For one

In the figure above, the circles are style of earrings, she cuts wedges from
tangent as shown and the center of a silver disk, as shown in the figure
circle A is also the center of the largest above. Each wedge makes a 40 angle
circle. If the radius of circle A is 2, the at the centre of the disk. If the weight of
radius of circle B is 4, and the radius of each uncut disk is a uniformly
circle C is 4, what is the radius of the distributed 2.5 grams, how many grams
largest circle? does each wedge weight?
A) 4 B) 5
1 5
C) 6 D) 10 A) B)
18 18
7 11
C) D)
18 18

Class Work 13.1 147
3) 5)
The figure above consists of two circles

that have the same center. If the shaded
area is 64 square inches and the
smaller circle has a radius of 6 inches, In the figure above, three congruent
what is the radius, in inches, of the circles with centres A, B, and C are
larger circle? tangent to each other at M, N, and O. If
A) 8 B) 10 BO = 18, what is the area of one of the
C) 12 D) 14 circles?
4) A) 18 3 B) 72
C) 81 D) 108
6) In a rectangular coordinate system, the
center of a circle has coordinates
(5, 12), and the circle touches the x–axis
at one point only. What is the radius of
the circle?
In rectangle PQRS above, arcs QT and
A) 5 B) 12
RT are quarter circles with centers at
P and S, respectively. If the radius of C) 13 D) 17
each quarter circle is 1, what is the area 7)
of the shaded region?
 
A) 1 – B) 2 –
4 2
 
C) 2 – D)
4 4
In the semicircle above, the center is at

(4, 0). Which of the following are
x–coordinates of two points on this
semicircle whose y–coordinates are
equal?
A) 1 and 6 B) 1 and 8
C) 2 and 6 D) 2 and 8

148
8) 10)
In the figure above, point O is the center

In the circle above, AB is a diameter. If of the circle, line segments LM and MN
are tangent to the circle at points L and
the length of arc ADB is 8, what is the
length of the radius of the circle? N, respectively, and the segments
intersect at point M as shown. If the
A) 2 B) 4 circumference of the circle is 96, what is
C) 8 D) 16 the length of minor arc LN?
9) A) 30 B) 32
C) 42 D) 46
11)
In the circle above, pentagon ABCDE is

equilateral. What is the ratio of the
length of arc ABC to the length of arc
In the figure above, A is the center of
AEC ?
the circle, BC is tangent to the circle at
A) 1 to 2 B) 2 to 3 B, and AB= BC. If AC = 8, what is the
C) 2 to 5 D) 3 to 5 area of the shaded region?
A) 4 B) 8
C) 16 D) 24

Class Work 13.1 149
12) 15)
In the figure above, ABCD is a square,

and A and C are the centers of the In the figure above, lines m and
circles. If AB = 2, what is the total area n tangent to the circle at points P and Q
of the shaded regions? respectively, and C is the center of the
A) 3 B) 6 circle. If x = 130, what is y?
C) 8 - 4 D) 9 - 4 16)
13) The following are coordinates of points
in the xy–plane. Which of these points
is nearest the origin?
 1
A) (0, –1) B)  0, 
 2
 1 1
C)  ,  D) (–1, –1)
2 2
14) In the figure above, O is the center of
the circle and M is the midpoint of AB .
If the radius of the circle is 5 and AB = 5
3. What is the length of OM ,
(not shown)?
In the figure above, the two circle are

tangent at point B and AC = 6. If the
circumference of the circle with center
A is twice the circumference of the
circle with center C, what is the length
of BC ?
A) 1 B) 2
C) 3 D) 4

150
17) 20)
In the figure above, point O is the center

of the circle and OC = AC = AB. What is
the value of x? In the figure above, APB, AQB, and
A) 40 B) 36 ARB, measuring p, q, and r,
C) 34 D) 32 respectively, are inscribed in the circle
18) with center O. Which of the following
equations or inequalities must be true?
A) p < q < r B) p = q= r
pr
C) <q D) p + q + r = 180
2
21) If a circle is divided evenly into 12 area,
In the figure above, if O is the center of each measuring 3cm long, what is the
the circle, what is the value of x? measures in degrees, of an area on the
A) 55 B) 65 same circle that is 8cm long?
C) 45 D) 50 A) 64 B) 72
19) In a circle with center O, central angle C) 80 D) 112
5 22)
AOB has a measure of radians. The
4
area of the sector formed by central
angle AOB is what fraction of the area
of the circle?
A) (5/8) or .625 B) 630
C) (5/9) or 628 D) (5/10) or 621
In the figure above, OA = 1 and the

length of minor arc AB is . What is
3
the value of cos (AOB)?

Class Work 13.1 151
23) What is the length of a diagonal of a 26) A cube with volume 8 cubic centimeters
cube whose sides are 1? is inscribed in a sphere so that each
vertex of the cube touches the sphere.
A) 2 B) 2 2
What is the length of the diameter, in
C) 3 D) 2 3 centimeters, of the sphere?
A) 2
24) The height, h, of a cylinder is equal to
the edge of a cube. If the cylinder and B) 6 (approximately 2.45)
the cube have the same volume, what is
the radius of the cylinder? C) 2.5
h D) 2 3 (approximately 3.46
A) B) h 
 27) The volume of a cube and the volume of
a cylinder are equal. If the edge of the
C)  D) h
2
cube and the radius of the cylinder are
h  each 6. Which of the following is the
25) best approximation of the height of the
cylinder?
A) 1 B) 2
C) 3 D) 6
28) What is the surface area of a cube
whose volume is 64?
The three dimenstional figure A) 16 B) 64
represented above consists of
C) 96 D) 128
rectangular and traingular faces. Each
rectangular face has area r and each 29) If the height of a cylinder is 4 times its
triangular face has area t. What is the circumference, what is the volume of
total surface area of the figure, in terms the cylinder in terms of its
of r and t? circumference, C?
3 3
A) 2r + t B) 3r + 2t A) C B) 2C
C) 4r + 3t D) 6rt  
2C 2
D) C
2
C)
 2
4

152
30) Three identical balls fit snugly into a 34) What is the volume of a cube whose
cylindrical can: the radius of the surface area is 150?
spheres equals the radius of the can, A) 25 B) 100
and the balls just touch the bottom and
C) 125 D) 1000
the top of the can. If the formula for the
4 35) A rectangular tank has a base that is
volume of a sphere is v = r 3 , what 10 centimeters by 5 centimeters and a
3
height of 20 centimeters. If the tank is
fraction of the volume of the can is
half full of water, by how many
taken up by the balls?
centimeters will the water level rise if
325 cubic centimeters are poured into
the tank?
A) 2.5 B) 4.5
C) 6.5 D) 8.5
1 2
A) B) 36)
3 3
3 2
C) D)
7 9
31) A right circular cylinder with radius
5 and height 4 has volume v. In terms of
v, what is the volume of a right circular
cylinder with radius 5 and height 8?
A) v + 4 B) 2v The right circular cylinder above has
C) 4v D) 6v diameter d and height h. Of the
32) If the volume of a cube is 8, what is the following expressions, which
shortest distance from the center of the represents the volume of the smallest
cube to the base of the cube? rectangular box that completely
contains the cylinder?
A) 1 B) 2
A) dh B) d2h
C) 4 D) 2 C) dh2 D) d2h2
33) The volume of a cube is v cubic yards,
and its surface area is u square feet. If
v = u. what is the length, in inches, of
each edge?
A) 6 B) 4
C) 3 D) 12

Class Work 13.1 153
37) 39) A 5–foot–long cylindrical pipe has an
inner diameter of 6 feet and an outer
diameter of 8 feet. If the total surface
area (inside and out. Including the ends)
is k, What is the value of k?
40)
2
3

 a3  b3
V= 
Larry is using a 3-D printer to construct
The inside dimensions of the semi-spherical bowls. He uses the
rectangular box shown above are equation above to find the volume, V, of
4 inches by 4 inches by 8 inches. What material needed to construct the bowl
is the maximum number of CD cases with an outer radius of a and inner
like the one shown that will fit inside the radius of b. Which of the following
box if each CD case has outside expressions represents the maximum
dimensions of 4 inches by 4 inches by amount of liquid such a bowl could
1 contain once it is constructed?
inch?
4 4 3 2 3
A) 30 B) 31 A) b B) b
3 3
C) 32 D) 34 4 3 2 3
38) The base of a rectangular tank is 2 feet
`
C) a D) a
3 3
wide and 4 feel long; the height of the
tank is 20 inches. If water is pouring
into the tank at the rate of 2 cubic
inches per second, how many hours will
be required to fill the tank?

154
HOME WORK 13.1

1) 3) Marc is calculating the volume of a right
cine with a radius of 6 inches and a
height of h inches. If he correctly
calculates that the cone’s volume is
24 cubic inches, what is the value of h,
in inches?
A) 2 B) 4
C) 3 D) 7
4) John is a weird kid who likes math and
plays with bugs. He is holding a
In the figure above, each empty box () cylindrical cardboard tube in his hand,
is to be filled by the value of the length and two ants are crawling around in it. If
of one edge of the right triangular the cylinder is 12 inches long and has a
prism. If four unique constants, a, b, c, radius of 2.5 inches, what this the
and d, are needed to fill the squares, farthest the two ants could possibly be
and if the surface area of the prism from each other and still both be on the
equals ab + ad + bd + cd, then which tube?
constant represents the length of the A) 12 inches B) 12.25 inches
longest edge of the prism’s base?
C) 13 inches D) 12 2 inches
A) a B) b
5) Xorgar H’gargh is building a pyramid to
C) c D) d
honot himself on the planet Geometrox.
2) Cube A has edges of length 4, and cube If the pyramid has a square base with
B has edges of length 5. The volume of edges 50 meters long, and its other four
cube B is how much greater than the sides are equilateral triangles, how tall
volume of cube A? will the pyramid be, in meters?
A) 61 B) 53
A) 50 3 B) 50 2
C) 72 D) 63
C) 25 3 D) 25 2

Home Work 13.1 155
6) The radius of a certain baseball is 73.2 8) Priya pours water into a fish tank with
millimeters, and the radius of a certain interior dimensions of 3 feet wide, 4 feet
soccer ball 226.0 milimeters. Which of long, and 2 feet high until the water is 1
the following is true? foot deep. She then places a solid stone
A) The volume of soccer ball is roughly 29 cube with edges 6 inches long into the
times that of the baseball. tank. The cube sinks to the bottom of
the tank. How much does the water level
B) The volume of the soccer ball is roughly rise, in inches, when Priya places the
18 times that of the baseball. stone into the tank? (1 foot = 12 inches).
C) The volume of the soccer ball is roughly
A) 1/8 or .12 B) 1/6
14 times that of the baseball.
C) 1/3 D) ¼
D) The volume of the soccer ball is roughly
10 times that of the baseball. 9)
7)
In the figure above, a wheel with center

B and a radius if 12 cm is resting on a
Mackenzie is in her school’s wood shop flat surface. A diameter is painted on
and is about to drill a cylindrical hole the wheel as shown. Jasmine calculates
from the center of one face of a wooden that when the wheel begins to rotate in
cube to the center of the opposite face, a clockwise direction and rolls along the
as shown in the figure above. The surface with slipping, B will travel b cm
cube’s edges are 3 inches long and the before the painted diameter is
diameter of the hole will be 2 inches. Of perpendicular to the surface for the first
the following, which is closest to the time. What is the value of b?
volume of the resulting piece of wood?
A) 24.5 in3 B) 17.6 in3
C) 16.3 in3 D) 8.2 in3

156
10) 12) The volume of a certain cube is v cubic
inches, and its surface area is a square
inches. If v = 8p3, which of the following
is NOT a value of p for which a > v?
A) 0.5 B) 1
C) 2 D) 4
13)
In the figure above, P is the center of a
circle, and Q and R lie on the circle. If
the length of arc QR is  and PQ = 6,
what is the measure of RPQ in
radians?
 
A) B)
2 3
 
C) D) Point B us the center of the top face of a
4 6 cube, and A is at one of the cube’s
11) vertices, as shown in the figure above. If
each edge of the cube has a length of 3,
what is the distance between A and B?
3 3 3 6
A) B)
2 2
C) 3 3 D) 3 2
If the volume of the cube in the figure

above is 27, what is the length of AF ?
A) 3 B) 3 2
C) 3 3 D) 3 5

Home Work 13.1 157
14) 16) The sum of the lengths of all the edges
of a cube is 6 centimeters. What is the
volume, in cubic centimeters, of the
cube?
17) A cube has 2 faces painted black and
the remaining faces painted white. The
total area of the white faces is 64 square
inches. What is the volume of the cube,
in cubic inches?
18) A solid metal cube of side 3 inches is
In the figure above, BH connects placed in a rectangular tank whose
vertices of a cube with edges of length length, width, and height are 3, 4, 5
8. What is the length if BH ? inches, respectively. What is the
volume, in cubic units, of water that the
A) 3 2 B) 8 3 tank, can now hold?
C) 8 5 D) 8 7 A) 20 B) 27
15) What is the surface area of a cube with C) 33 D) 48
a volume of 27?
A) 54 B) 36
C) 27 D) 9

158
Answer Keys
Class Work: 13.1
1) d 2) b 3) b 4) b 5) d 6) b 7) c 8) c 9) b 10) b
11) a 12) b 13) b 14) b 15) 50 16) 2.5 or 17) b 18) a 19) a 20) b
5/2
21) c 22) 1/2 23) c 24) a 25) b 26) d 27) b 28) c 29) a 30) b
31) b 32) a 33) a 34) c 35) c 36) b 37) c 38) 3.2 39) 84 40) b
Home Work: 13.1

1) c 2) a 3) a 4) c 5) d 6) a 7) b 8) a 9) 10) d
11) b 12) d 13) b 14) b 15) a 16) 0.125 17) 64 18) c

MATH SESSION # 14
Compound Interest & Trigonometry

Skills Covered:
a) Simple and Compound growth and decay Equation, Interpretation, and Solution
b) Non – Linear Equation – Interpretation
c) Trigonometry – Identities and Ratios
Simple & Compound Interest, Systems of linear/Non linear Equations,

Exponents & Radicals:
Introduction:
 Simple Interest
 Compound Interest
 Relation between Simple interest & Compound Interest
Simple Interest (S.I.):

P rincipal  Rate  Time P  R T
 S.I. = 100 i.e. I = 100
 Amount = Principal + Interest i.e. A = P + I
Note: When we say, interest, it always means
simple interest.
Compound Interest (C.I.):

 Money is said to be lent at compound interest, when the interest, which has become due at the
end of a certain fixed period (one year, half year etc. as given) is not paid to the money lender, but
is added to the sum lent.
 The amount thus obtained becomes the principal for the next period. This process is repeated
until the amount for the last period is found.
 The difference between the final amount and the original principal is called the compound interest.
i.e. Compound Interest = Final Amount – Original Principal
CI = A – P
Note:
1) In case of Simple interest, the principal remains constant throughout. But in case of compound
Interest, the principal keeps on changing every year (or any other fixed period)
2) When the interest is compounded yearly, the principal changes every year.
3) When the interest is compounded half yearly, the principal changes every six months.

160
Important Results:
 On the same sum and at the same rate of interest:
 The C.I. of 2nd year is always more than the C.I. of 1st year
 C.I. of 3rd year is more than C.I. of 2nd year
 C.I. of 8th year is more than C.I. of 7th year and so on
 The difference between the compound interest for any two consecutive years is the interest of
one year on the C.I. of the preceding year.
 Similarly: the difference between the amounts for any two consecutive years is also the interest
of one year on the amount of the preceding year.
Relation between Simple Interest (SI) & Compound Interest (CI)

 S.I. on a certain sum and at a certain fixed rate percent is the same every year. Eg.
 If S.I on a certain sum is `500 for the 1st year, then for every year the S.I on that sum will be
`500 only, provided the rate of interest is also the same every year.
 If S.I on a certain sum is `600 in 3 years; the S.I. on that sum for one year will be
600
 = `200 and so on.
3
 S.I. and C.I. are the same for the first year on the same sum and at the same rate percent.
 When the interest is compounded yearly, the formula for finding the amount is:
n
A = P 1 
r 

 100 
 Where A= Amount; P= Principal; r = rate of interest compounded yearly and n = number of years
 Since, Compound interest = Amount – Principal
n  r 
n 
 C.I. = A – P  P 1 
r 
 P  C.I. = P 1    1
 100   100  
 When the interest is not compounded yearly, the formula for finding the amount is:
mn
A = P 1  
r

 m  100 
 Where A = Amount, P =Principal, r = rate of interest, n = number of years, m = compounding per
year
 (Where m = 2 for half-yearly compounding; m = 4 for quarterly compounding; m = 12 for monthly
compounding and m = 365 for daily compounding)
 When the rates for successive years are different then:
 r  r  r 
1  1  1  2  1  3  .....
 A = P
100   100   100 
 Where r1%, r2%, r3% …… are the rates for successive years.
No. of years Compounded yearly Compounded half–yearly

1 1 2
A = P 1 
r 
A = P 1  
r
i) n = 1 year  
 100   2  100 

1 2 3 2
r  1  r 2  2
1 1
r
ii) n= 1 years A = P 1     A = P 1  
2  100   2  100   2  100 
2 2 2
A = P 1 
r 
A = P 1  
r
iii) n = 2 years  
 100   2  100 
1 2 5 2
r  1  r 2  r 2
1 2
iv)n = 2 years A = P 1     A = P 1  
2  100   2  100   2  100 
Other applications of the Formula:

Growth:
 The word growth can be used several ways, such as:
 The growth of industries in the country
 The rapid growth of plants (or, inflation), etc.
 When the growth of industries (or, production in any particular industry) is taken into
consideration
n
The formula A = P 1 
r 
  can be used as:
 100 
n
Production after n year = Initial (original) production 1 
r 
 
 100 
 Where rate of growth in production is r%
n
In the similar manner, the formula A = P 1 
r 
 
 100 
 Can be used for the growth of plants, growth of inflation, etc
Depreciation:
 Let the cost of a machine depreciates by r% every year, then its value after n years can be
obtained by the formula:
n
Value after n years = Present value 1 
r 
  .
 100 
n
Also, the present value of the machine = Its value n years ago 1 
r 
  .
 100 
Population Problems:
 When the population of a town, city, village etc. increases at a certain rate per year, then
n
the formula, A = P 1 
r 
 can be used as:
 100 
n
Population after n years = Present population 1 
r 
 
 100 
n
Present population = Population n years ago 1 
r 
 
 100 
i.e. for the population at two different times, the former population will come (in the formula) at
the place of principal (P) and the later population will come at the place of amount (A).
162
Introduction:
 Trignometric Ratios
 Trignometric Ratio of some specific Angles
 Complementary Angles
 Trigonometric Identities
Trignometric Ratios:
 Let us take a right triangle ABC as shown in Fig. C
 Here, CAB (or, in brief, angle A “A “) is an acute angle.
Side opposite
 Note the position of the side BC with respect to angle A. It faces A. Hypotenuse
to A
 We call it the side opposite to angle A. AC is the hypotenuse of the right
triangle and the side AB is a part of A.
 So, we call it the side adjacent to angle A.
A B
Note: If we consider C then side AB faces C. Hence AB is the side Side adjacent
opposite to C and BC is the side adjacent to C. Remember the to A C
1.
hypotenuse remains unchanged.
Side adjacent
 You have studied the concept of ‘ratio’ in your earlier classes. Hypotenuse
to C
 We now define certain ratios involving the sides of a right triangle and call 2.
them trigonometric ratios.
 The trigonometric ratios of the angle A in right triangle ABC are defined
as follows: A B
Side Opposite
 sine of A = side opp. to A =
BC to C 3.
hypotenuse AC
C
side adj. to A AB
Side opposite
 cosine of A = hypotenuse = AC Hypotenuse
to A
side opp. to A BC
 tangent of A = side adj. to A = AB
1 hypotenuse AC A B
Side adjacent
 cosecant of A = sin of A = side opp. to A = BC to A
1 hypotenuse AC
 secant of A = cosin of A = side adj. to A = BC
= side adj. to A =
1 AB
 cotangent ofA =
tangent of A side opp. to A BC
 The ratios defined above are abbreviated as sin A, cos A, tan A, cosec A, sec A and cot A
respectively. Note that the ratios cosec A, sec A and cot Aare respectively, the reciprocals of the
ratios sin A, cos A and tan A.
BC
BC sin A cos A
 Also, observe that tan A = = AC
AB
= and cot A = .
AB AC
cos A sin A
 So, the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right triangle express the relationship between
the angle and the length of its sides.
Remark: Note that the symbol sin A is used as an abbreviation for ‘the sine of the angle A’. sin A is
not the product of ‘sin’ and A. ‘sin’ separated from A has no meaning.

Similarly, cos A is not the product of ‘cos’ and A. Similar interpretations follow for other trigonometric
ratios also.
Note: Since the hypotenuse is the longest side in a right triangle, the value of sin A or cos A is
always less than 1 (or, in particular, equal to 1).
Trigrnometric Ratio of Some Specific Angles:

Trigonometric Ratio of 0 and 90:
 sin 0 = 0, cos 0 = 1 and tan 0 = 0
 sin 90 = 1 and cos 90 = 0
 tan 90 is not defined.
Similarly, sec 90, cosec 0, cot 0 are not defined.
Trigonometric Ratio of 30:

 In right triangle ADB, we have A
Perpendicular = AD = 3a , base = BD = a,
30 30
Hypotenuse = AB = 2a and DAB = 30
2a 2a
BD a 1 AD 3a 3 3a
  sin 30 =   , cos 30 =  
AB 2a 2 AB 2a 2
60 60
BD a 1 1 B  a a C
tan 30 =   , cosec 30 = 2 D
AD 3a 3 sin 30 
1 2 1
sec 30 =  and cot 30 =  3
cos 30 3 tan 30 
Trigonometric Ratios of 45:
 Consider a right triangle ABC with right angle at B such that A = 45.
 Then,A + B + C = 180 C
 45 + 90 + C = 180  C = 45
2a 45
 A = C  AB = BC  a
 Let AB = BC = a. Then, by Pythagoras theorem, we have
45
AC2 = AB2 + BC2  AC2 = a2 + a2 A  a
B
 AC2 = 2a2  AC = 2a
 Thus, in ABC, we have
A = 45, Base = AB = a, Perpendicular = BC = a
and Hypotenuse = AC = 2a
BC a 1 AB a 1
 sin 45 =   , cos 45 =  
AC 2a 2 AC 2a 2
BC a 1
tan 45 =   1 , cosec 45 =  2
AB a sin 45
1 1 1
sec 45 =  2 and cot 45 =  1
cos 45 tan 45 1

164
Trigonometric ratios of 60:

A
 In right triangle ADB, we have
Base = BD = a, Perpendicular = AD = 3a 30 30
Hypotenuse = AB = 2a and ABD = 60
2a 2a
3a
BD a 1
  sin 60 = AD  3a  3 , cos 60 =  
AB 2a 2 AB 2a 2 60 60
B  a D a C
AD 3a 1 2
tan 60 =   3 , cosec 60 = 
BD a sin 60 3
1 1 1
sec 60 =  2 and cot 60 = 
cos 60  tan 60  3
Following table gives the value of various trigonometric rations of 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 for
ready reference.
T. ratios 0 30 45 60 90
1 1 3
sin  0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos  1 0
2 2 2
1
tan  0 1 3 Not Defined
3
Certain angles like 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 are considered standard angles and ratios of these
are expected to be memorised.
Two Important Triangles :

 Draw two triangles as shown below and with these values, all trigonometric ratios for all
standard angles can be easily computed.
30 – 60 – 90 Triangle 45 – 45 – 90 Triangle
A A
60 45
2 2
1 1
30 45
B 3 C C
B 1

Complementary Angles:
Definition:
 If the sum of two angles is equal to 90, the angles are said to be complementary angles.
 In a right triangle, the two acute angles are complementary angles. A
Theorem:
 If  is an acute angle, then prove that
sin (90 – ) = cos , cos(90 – ) = sin , C B
tan (90 – ) = cot ,
Trignometric Identities:
 An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called a trigonometric identity, if it is true
for all values of t he angle(s) involved. Following are the identifies:
 sin2A + cos2A = 1
 1 + tan2A = sec2A
1 + cot2A = cosec2A for all values of A

166
CLASS WORK 14.1

1) A certain sum amounts to $5,292 in two 5) Addison and Joy each lent the same
years and $5,556.60 in three years, sum of money for 2 years at 8% simple
interest being compounded annually. interest and compound interest
Find: respectively. Joy received $64 more
i) the rate of interest. ii) the original sum than Addison. Find the money lent by
each.
A) 5, 4800 B) 10, 6000
A) 5000 B) 10000
C) 8, 5000 D) 3, 4000
C) 8000 D) 30000
2) Alex invests a certain sum of money at
20% per annum, interest compounded 6) The value of a machine, purchased two
yearly. Jenny invests an equal amount years ago, depreciates at the annual
of money at the same rate of interest rate of 10%. If its present value is
per annum compounded half-yearly. If $97,200 find its value after 3 years.
Jenny gets `33 more than Alex in 18 A) 80000 B) 90340
months, calculate the money invested C) 87480 D) 96356
by each.
Use Calaculator
A) 4000 B) 6000
7) The difference between compound
C) 5000 D) 3000 interest for a sum compounded half-
3) The value of a machine depreciated for yearly and simple interest on a certain
two years at the rate of 10% per year sum of money lent out at 10% for a year
and then in the third year it increased by is $15. Find the sum of money lent out
15%. Find the original value (initial cost Use Calaculator
of the machine), if its value at the end of
8) Shawn invested one half of his savings
3 years is $41,917.50
in a bond that paid S.I for 2 years and
A) 45000 B) 50000 received $550 as interest. He invested
C) 48000 D) 40000 the remaining in a bond that paid CI,
4) A sum of money lent out at C.I. at a interest being compound annually, for
certain rate per annum becomes three the same 2 years at the same rate of
times of itself in 10 years. Find in how interest and received $605 as interest.
many years will the money become what was the value of his total saving
twenty–seven times of itself at the same before investing in there two bonds?
rate of interest p.a.
A) 40 B) 10
C) 20 D) 30

Class Work 14.1 167
Use Calaculator 11) The population of mosquitoes in a

swamp is estimated over the course of
9) Ann invested a certain sum of money in
twenty weeks, as shown in the table.
a bank they paid SI. the amount grew to
$240at the end of 2 years. she waited for Time Population
(weeks)
another 3 years and got a final amount
of $300.what was principal amount that 0 100
she invested at the beginning? 5 1,000
10) peter invested a certain sum of money 10 10,000
in a SI bond whose value grew to $300
at the end of 3 years and to $400 at the 15 100,000
end of another 5 years .what was the 20 1,000,000
rate of interest in which he invested his
Which of the following best describes
sum?
the relationship between time and the
A) 8.33% B) 6.8% estimated population of mosquitoes
C) 7.9% D) 9.2% during the twenty weeks?
A) Increasing linear
B) Decreasing linear
C) Exponential growth
D) Exponential decay
2
12) If y8 = m and y9 = , what is the value of
3
y in terms of m?
2 2
A) m B)
3 3m
3 3
C) m D)
2 2m

168
13) When the vapor pressure of water at 14) The mass of living organisms in a lake
various temperatures is graphed, the is defined to be the biomass of the lake.
values for the pressure increase slowly If the biomass in a lake doubles each
at lower temperatures. As the year, which of the following graphs
temperatures increase, the vapor could model the biomass in the lake as
pressure grows more rapidly. As the a function of time? (Note: In each graph
water reaches the boiling point of 100C, below, 0 represents (0,0).)
the vapor pressure reaches 1 atm, or
one standard atmosphere. If 760 mmHg
is equivalent to one standard
atmosphere, which of the following
could be the graph of the vapor
pressure of water?

Class Work 14.1 169
yb 1 20) A chemistry teacher is giving a lesson

15) If y > 0 and  , what is the value on the kinetic molecular theory of
y2
1
y2 gases. She explains to her students that
of b? they will be making graphs of the
distribution of different speeds of
3 5
A)  B)  molecules of an unknown gas at varying
2 2 temperatures. At a given temperature,
3 5 the graph peaks at the speed at which
C) D) most molecules are moving. As the
2 2
temperature is increased, the most
16) k2x2a = x2a+2 probable speed increases, but the curve
In the equation above, k, x, and a are becomes broader as the spread of
positive integers greater than 1. What is speeds increases. Given this
the value of x – k? information, which of the following
A) –1 B) 0 graphs could represent the distribution
of the molecular speeds of the unknown
C) 1 D) 2
gas at various temperatures?
17) The number of radiations given out by a
certain sample of radio-active
substance is halved in 3 years. Find in
how many years will the number of
radiations emitted by the same sample
of radio-active substance be one-eight
at the same rate.
A) 9 B) 2
C) 6 D) 3
18) If k, n, and r are integers, let k  (n, r) be
defined to be true only if n < k < r.
If –2  (n, 0) is true, which of the
following could be a possible value
of n?
I) –3 II) –1 III) 3
A) I only B) III only
C) I and II D) I and III
19) If 3b + 1 < 10, which of the following

cannot be the value of b?
A) –1 B) 0
C) 1 D) 3

170
21) The population of a town increases 10% 25) A man borrowed a sum of money and
every 3 years. If the present population agrees to pay it off by paying $9,450 at
of the town is 72,600; calculate: the end of the first year and $13,230 at
i) its population after 6 years. the end of the second year. If the rate of
compound interest is 5% per annum,
ii) its population 6 years ago.
find the sum borrowed.
A) 87102, 40000 B) 88462, 55000
A) 30439 B) 20571
C) 85840, 50000 D) 87846, 60000
C) 24145 D) 21867
22) On what sum of money will the
26) The interest charged on a certain sum is
difference between compound interest
$720 for one year and $1,497.60 for two
compounded annually and compound
years. Find, whether the interest is
interest compounded half-yearly be $63
simple or compound. Also calculate the
in 18 months and at 10% per annum.
rate percent and the sum.
A) 40000 B) 20000
A) 10, 10000 B) 8, 9000
C) 24000 D) 30000
C) 5, 20000 D) 6, 3000
23) In what time will $1,500 yield $496.50 as
27) Charlie and Michael are two brothers
compound interest at 20% per year
with ages 18 years and 16 years
compounded semi-annually?
respectively. In what ratio must they
A) 3 years B) 1.5 years invest money at 5% compounded yearly
C) 2 years D) 4 years so that each may get same sum at the
24) The population of a town decreased by age of 24 years?
12% during 1998 and then increased by A) 1.1025 B) 1
8% during 1999. Find the population of C) 2.25 D) 3
the town, at the beginning of 1998, if at
the end of 1999 its population was
2,85,120.
A) 40000 B) 20000
C) 24000 D) 30000

Class Work 14.2 171
CLASS WORK 14.2

1) The angles shown are acute and sin(a°) 4) Which of the following is equal to sin
= cos(b°). 
 ?
If a = 4k – 22 and b = 6k – 13, what is the 5
value of k?
 
A) –cos   B) –sin  
5 5
 3   7 
C) cos   D) sin  
 10   10 
5) In triangle ABC, the measure of B is
A) 4.5 B) 5.5 90o, BC = 16, and AC = 20. Triangle DEF
C) 12.5 D) 21.5 is similar to triangle ABC, where
vertices D, E, and F correspond to
2) In the triangle, the sine of x° is 0.6. What
the cosine of y°? vertices A, B, and C, respectively, and
each side of triangle DEF is the 1/3
length of the corresponding side of
triangle ABC. What is the value of sin F?
6) If angles A, B, C of a ABC form an
increasing AP, then sin B =
A) 0.6 B) 0.5 1 3
A) B)
C) 1 D) 0 2 2
3) Find the value of cot  + cosec ; if cos C) 1 D)
1
3 2
=
5
A) 0.5 B) 0
C) 1 D) 2

172
1 1 11) In triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan

7) If sin(A – B) = , cos(A + B) = ,
2 2 A =1/ 3 and tan c = 3 find the value
0° < A + B ≤ 90°, A > B, find Aand B. of: sin A cos C + cos A sin C
A) 30, 60 B) 45, 15 A) 4 B) 3
C) 45, 30 D) 60, 30 C) 2 D) 1
8) The altitude AD of a ABC, in which A 12) Determine the value of required
obtuse and AD = 10 cm. If BD = 10 cm trigonometric ratio from the relation
and CD = 10 3 cm, determine A. given below sin 15 from sin(A – B) = sin
A cos B – cos A sin B
A) 150 B) 110
√3−1
C) 105 D) 100 A) 2√2
B) 1
tan   tan  1
9) Given that tan( + ) = C) 2 D)
1  tan  tan  2
where  and  are acute angles.
13) In a rectangle ABCD, AB = 20 cm, BAC
Calculate  +  when tan  = ½ and
= 60.Calculate side BC.
tan  = 1/3.
A) 90 B) 45 A) (20/ 3 ) B) 20
C) 30 D) 60 C) 20 3 D 10
tan 50  sec 50 14) An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a
10) + + cos 40
cot 40  cos ec 40 circle of radius 6 cm. Find its side.
cosec 50
A) (6/ 3 ) B) 6
A) 4 B) 3
C) 2 D) 1 C) 6 3 D 12

Class Work 14.2 173
15) In an acute angled triangle ABC, if tan sin 50  cos ec 40 
(A + B – C) = 1 and sec (B + C – A) = 2, 19)    4cos 50cosec
cos 40   sec 50 
find the value of A, B and C.
40
A) 60, 52.5, 67.5 B) 60, 60, 60
A) –2 B) 2
C) 60, 30, 90 D) 45, 45, 90
C) 4 D) 1
16) A rhombus of side 20 cm has two
angles of 60 each. Find the length of 13
20) If sec  = find the value of
the diagonals. 5
A) 20, 10 B) 20, 20  13 sin   5 tan   1
 12(cot   cos ec )  .
C) 20, 20 3 D) None of these  
17) In ΔABC, right-angled at B, AB = 5 cm 21) An architect drew the sketch below
and ∠ACB = 30° (Fig.). while designing a house roof. The
Determine the lengths of the sides BC dimensions shown are for the interior of
and AC. the triangle.
A) 20, 15 B) 20, 10
C) 5 3 , 10 D) None of these
18) In ΔPQR, right-angled at Q (Fig.),
PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm.
Determine QPR and PRQ.
P
A) 60, 30
6 cm What is the value of cos x?
B) 30, 60 3 cm
C) 45, 45
D) None of these R Q

174
HOME WORK 14.1

1) 4)
Number of Total Price
Donuts
1 $ 0.40
Box of 6 $ 1.89
Box of 12 $ 3.59
According to the information in the
table above, what would be the least
amount of money needed, in dollars, to
purchase exactly 21 donuts?
A) $7.47 B) $7.22
C) $6.68 D) $7.19
5)
The figure above shows the graph of a

quadratic function f that has a minimum
at the point (1, 1). If f (b) = f(3), which of
the following could be the value of b?
A) –3 B) –2
C) –1 D) 1
2) The sum of three numbers is 855. One Based on the graph of the function
of the numbers, x, is 50% more than the f above, what are the values of x for
sum of the other two numbers. What is which f(x) is negative?
the value of x? A) –6 < x < 0 B) 0 < x < 6
A) 570 B) 513 C) 6 < x < 7 D) –6 < x < 6
C) 214 D) 155
3) The cost of a machine depreciated by
$4,752 during the second year and by
$4,181.76 during the third year.
Calculate:
i) the rate of depreciation;
ii) the original cost;
A) 12, 21064 B) 15, 10000
C) 20, 20000 D) 16, 30000

Home Work 14.2 175
HOME WORK 14.2

1) Find the value of x in tan 3x = sin 45 4) If A and B are acute angles and cos
cos 45 + sin 30 A = sin B, then what is the sum of the
A) 60 B) 30 measures of A and B in degrees?
(Disregard the degree symbol when
C) 45 D) 15
gridding you answer).
2) The value of tan 1° tan 2° tan 3° … tan
A) 90 B) 45
89° is
C) 30 D) 0
A) 1 B) – 1
5) In triangle ABC, the measure of B is
C) 0 D) None of these
12
3) 90 and the value of sin A is . What is
13
the value of tan C?
m
A) .416, .417, or 5/12 B) .217, .218
C) .314 D) .512
n
In the figure above, the sine of n is 0.4.
What is the cosine of m?

176
Answer Keys
Class Work: 14.1
1) a 2) d 3) a 4) d 5) b 6) c 7) 6000 8) 2750 9) 200 10) a
11) c 12) b 13) c 14) c 15) a 16) b 17) a 18) d 19) c 20) b
21) d 22) c 23) b 24) d 25) b 26) b 27) a
Class Work: 14.2

1) c 2) a 3) d 4) c 5) 0.6 6) b 7) b 8) c 9) b 10) b
11) d 12) a 13) c 14) c 15) a 16) c 17) c 18) a 19) a 20) 1/18
21) 2/3
Home Work: 14.1

1) c 2) d 3) a 4) d 5) b
Home Work: 14.2

1) d 2) a 3) 0.4 4) a 5) a

MATH SESSION # 15
Probability
Skills Covered:
a) Simple Probability
b) Either–Or Probability
c) Conditional Probability
d) Area Probability
Introduction:
 Sample Space
 Complementary Event
 Impossible Event
 Sure event
Sample Space:
 The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called sample space.
 Example 1: In tossing an unbiased coin (fair coin) outcomes are head (H) and tail (T). and
sample space is {H, T}
 Example 2: When two coins are thrown simultaneously the possible outcomes are {HH, HT,
TH, TT}
 Example 3: When a dice is thrown sample points are 1, 2, …., 6 and sample space
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6}
 Any particular outcome of a random experiment is called an event.
 Example: In a single throw of die, the outcomes favourable to the event of getting an even
number E = {2, 4, 6}
Note: In a deck of playing cards, it consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each – spades(),
hearts(), diamond() and clubs(). Clubs and spades are of black colour while hearts and diamonds are of red colour.
The cards in each suit are ace, king, queen, jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2. Kings, queens and jacks are called face
cards.
Equally likely outcomes (events):
 Outcomes of an experiment are said to be equally likely if none of them is expected to occur in
preference to the other, i.e. each outcome is as likely to occur as the other.
 Example 1: When a dice is thrown then all the six faces are equally likely to come.
 Example 2: When a card is drawn from a well shuffled pack then all 52 cards are equally likely
to come.
Probability:
 Probability of Event E taking place as:
Number of outcomes favourable to E nE 
P(E) = =
Number of all possible outcomes of the exp eriment nS 

178
Complementary Event:
 The event E representing ‘not E’ is called the complement of the event E. We also say that E and
E are complementary events.
 Eg. If E is the event ‘getting a head’ when a coin is tossed then E is the event ‘not getting the
head’.
 In general, it is the true that for an event E, P( E ) = 1 – P(E).
Impossible Event:
 Consider the outcomes in a single throw of a dice. The outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. If E is the
event of getting 8, which is impossible. Such events are called impossible events. Probability of an
impossible event is 0 (zero).
Sure Event:
 Consider the outcome when a coin is tossed once. If E is the event of getting atmost one head.
So, the number of favourable outcomes is the same as the number of all possible outcomes. Such
an event is called a sure event or a certain event. Probability of the sure event is 1.
Solved Example:
Find the probability that a leap year selected at random, will contain 53 Sundays.
Sol: In a leap year there are 366 days.
We have, 366 days = 52 weeks and 2 days. Thus, a leap year has always 52 Sundays. The
remaining 2 days can be:
i) Sunday and Monday ii) Monday and Tuesday
iii) Tuesday and Wednesday iv) Wednesday and Thursday
v) Thursday and Friday vi) Friday and Saturday
vii) Saturday and Sunday.
Clearly, there are seven elementary events associated with this random experiment.
Let A be the event that a leap year has 53 Sundays.
Clearly, the event A will happen if the last two days of the leap year are either Sunday and
Monday or Saturday and Sunday.
2
 Favourable number of elementary events = 2. Hence, required probability =
7

Class Work 15.1 179
CLASS WORK 15.1

1) 2)
Age Handedness
Gender Under 40 40 or older Total Gender Left Right
Male 12 2 14 Female
Female 8 3 11 Male
Total 20 5 25 Total 18 122
The table above shows the distribution The incomplete table above summarizes
of age and gender for 25 people who the number of left-handed students and
entered a contest. If the contest winner right-handed students by gender for the
will be selected at random, what is the eighth-grade students at Keisel Middle
probability that the winner will be either School. There are 5 times as many right-
a female under age 40 or a male age 40 handed female students as there are
or older? left-handed female students, and there
4 10 are 9 times as many right-handed male
A) B) students as there are left-handed male
25 25
students. If there is a total of 18 left-
11 16 handed students and 122 right-handed
C) D)
25 25 students in the school, which of the
following is closest to the probability
that a right-handed student selected at
random is female? (Note: Assume that
none of the eighth-grade students are
both right-handed and left-handed.)
A) 0.410 B) 0.357
C) 0.333 D) 0.250

180
3) Results on the Bar Exam of Law School 5)

Graduates A D
Passedbar Did not B E
exam passbar
C F
exam
Took review 18 82 The figure above shows the top view of
course an open square box that is divided into
6 compartments with walls of equal
Did not take 7 93 height. Each of the rectangles D, E and
review course F has twice the area of each of the equal
squares A, B, and C. When a marble is
dropped into the box at random it falls
The table above summarizes the results into one of the compartments. What is
of 200 law school graduates who took the probability that it will fall into
the bar exam. If one of the surveyed compartment F?
graduates who passed the bar exam is
1 1
chosen at random for an interview, what A) B)
is the probability that the person 12 8
chosen did not take the review course? 1 2
C) D)
18 7 6 9
A) B)
25 25 6) A bag contains only red marbles, blue
marbles, and yellow marbles. The
25 7
C) D) probability of randomly selecting a red
200 200 1
4) A box contains wood beads, red glass marble from this bag is , and the
4
beads, and blue glass beads. The probability of randomly selecting a blue
number of glass beads is 4 times the 1
number of wood beads. If one bead is to marble is . Which of the following
be chosen at random from the box, the 6
probability that a red glass bead will be could be the total number marbles in
the bag?
chosen in 3 times the probability that a
blue glass bead will be chosen. If there A) 10 B) 12
are 12 red glass beads in the box, what C) 18 D) 30
is the total number of beads in the box?
A) 20 B) 45
C) 48 D) 60

Class Work 15.1 181
7) Number of contestants by Score and 9) There are 3 red marbles, 3 green
Day marbles, and 3 blue marbles in a pouch.
5/5 4/5 3/5 2/5 1/5 0/5 Total
If Celia draws out a marble and puts it
back in, what are the odds that she will
Day 1 2 3 4 6 2 3 20 draw a red marble AND a blue marble on
Day 2 2 3 5 5 4 1 20 her first two selections?
Day 3 3 3 4 5 3 2 20 1 1
A) B)
Total 7 9 13 16 9 6 100 2 9
1 1
The same 20 contestants, on each of C) D)
3 days, answered 5 questions in order 8 3
to win a prize. Each contestant received 10) If a is an integer chosen randomly from
1 point for each correct answer. The the set {3, 4, 5, 9} and b is an integer
number of contestants receiving a given chosen randomly from the set {3, 8, 12,
score on each say is shown in the table 15}, what is the probability that a/b is an
above. integer?
No contestant received the same score A) .25 B) .2
on two different days. If a contestant is C) .125 D) .375
selected at random, what is the
11) A jar contains a red marble, a blue
probability that the selected contestant
marble, and six green marbles. Tom
received a score of 5 on Day 2 or Day 3,
draws one marble from the jar, and then
given that the contestant received a
Mary draws a marble from those
score of 5 on one of the three days?
remaining. If the probability that Tom
20 7 draws the red marble and Mary draws
A) B)
60 60 the blue marble is 1/x, what is the value
of x?
5 40
C) D) A) 50 B) 56
7 60
8) A six sided die is thrown three times. C) 1/50 D) 1.56
What is the probability that on all three
rolls a prime number will never come
up?
1 1
A) B)
2 6
1 1
C) D)
8 64

182
12) “Four paintings, A, B, C, and D are 16)
being hung in four adjacent display Dreams Recalled during One Week
cases. What is the probability that
paintings A and D will be either first or None 1 to 4 5 or more Total
last?”
Group X 15 28 57 100
1 1
A) B) GroupY 21 11 68 100
6 9
1 1 Total 36 39 125 200
C) D)
8 3 The data in the table above were
13) What is the probability of flipping produced by a sleep researcher
3 coins and having 2 of them come up studying the number of dreams people
heads and 1 come up tails? recall when asked to record their
1 3 dreams for one week. Group
A) B) X consisted of 100 people who
3 8
observed early bedtimes, and Group Y
1 5 consisted 100 people who observed
C) D)
2 8 later bedtimes. If a person is chosen at
14) A number is selected at random from random from those who recalled at least
the numbers 3, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9. The 1 dream, what is the probability that the
probability that the selected number is person belonged to Group Y?
average of these numbers
68 79
1 3 A) B)
A) B) 100 100
10 10
79 164
7 9 C) D)
C) D) 164 200
10 10 17) A piece of fruit is to be chosen at
15) In a family of 3 children, the probability random from a basket of fruit. The
of having at least one boy is probability that the piece of fruit chosen
7 1 2
A) B) will be an apple is . Which of the
8 8 5
following could NOT be the number of
5 3
C) D) pieces of fruit in the basket?
8 4
A) 20 B) 35
C) 52 D) 70

Class Work 15.1 183
18) A list of numbers consists of p positive 20) A coin is tossed three times. What is the
and n negative numbers. If a number is probability that three “tails” in a row will
picked at random from this list, the not show up?
probability that the number is positive is 1 3
3 n A) B)
. What is the value of ? 8 16
5 p
5 7
3 5 C) D)
A) B) 8 8
8 8 21) A teacher keeps a jar full of different
2 3 flavored jelly beans on her desk and
C) D)
3 2 hands them out randomly to her class.
But one particularly picky student likes
19)
only the licorice–flavored ones. If the jar
Teaching Research Total has 50 beans in all – 15 licorice, 10
General 258 156 414 cherry, 20 watermelon, and 5 blueberry
Surgeon – what is the probability that the first
Orthopedic 119 74 193 three jelly beans picked out are licorice
Surgeon flavored?
Total 377 230 607 27 13
A) B)
In a survey, 607 general surgeons and 100 560
orthopedic surgeons indicated their 3 3
major professional activity. The results C) D)
50 10
are summarized in the table above. If
22) Phil is holding 4 cards in his hand: 8 of
one of the surgeons is selected at
clubs, 5 of hearts, king of hearts, and
random, which of the following is
ace of diamonds. If he places them on a
closest to the probability that the
table in random order, what is the
selected surgeon is an orthopedic
probability that the first and last cards
surgeon whose indicated professional
will both be hearts?
activity is research?
A) 0.122 B) 0.196 1 1
A) B)
2 3
C) 0.318 D) 0.379
1 1
C) D)
4 6

184
23) 17 cards numbered 1, 2, 3, …, 17 are put 27) Refer to the following information.
in a box and mixed thoroughly, one M< 50,000  M> Total
person draws a card from the box. Find 50,000 m 1,00,000
the probability that the no. on the card 1,00,000
is divisible by 3 and 2 both. 2–Door Car 9 22 17 48
4–Door Car 16 48 34 98
24) Cards marked with the numbers 14 to 99
SUV 19 35 40 94
are placed in a box and mixed
Truck 12 27 21 60
thoroughly. One card is drawn from this
Total 56 132 112 300
box. Find the probability that the
number on the card is a number Based on the table, if a single vehicle is
divisible by 7 selected at random from all the vehicle
on the lot to be given away in a raffle,
13 6 what is the probability that it will be an
A) B)
86 43 SUV or a truck that has been driven
11 6 between 50,000 and 1,00,000 miles?
C) D)
85 17 7 11
A) B)
25) A bag contains 12 balls out of which x 60 25
are white. If 6 more white balls are put in 31 31
the bag, the probability of drawing a C) D)
white ball doubles. Find x. 66 150
A) 4 B) 3
C) 5 D) 6
26) There are exactly 9 buttons in a bag.
There are 4 blue buttons and 3 red
buttons, and the rest are yellow. If one
button is drawn at random from the bag,
what is the probability that the button is
yellow?

Class Work 15.1 185
28) A hot new product, the Dadget, comes 29) A student is graphing the potential
on the market at the beginning of the energy, in kilojoules, of a certain
year. Sales quickly take off, until it is chemical reaction. At the start of the
discovered that the Dadget tends to reaction, the reactants have a constant
catch fire easily. Sales plummet as the level of potential energy. As the
word spreads, while engineers scramble reactants reach their transition state,
to correct the problem. They finally fix the potential energy increases and then
the issue, and sales increase once drops off as the reaction nears
more, but lack of confidence in the completion. The resulting products
Dadget prevents the company from have less potential energy than the
reaching previous sales levels. Which of reactants did. Which of the following
the following could be the graph of could be the graph of the potential
sales of the Dadget for the year? energy of this chemical reaction?

186
30) John runs at different speeds as part of 31)
his training program. The graph shows
his target heart rate at different times
during his workout. On which interval is
the target heart rate strictly increasing
then strictly decreasing?
Two samples of water of equal mass are

heated to 60 degrees Celsius (°C). One
sample is poured an insulated
container, and the other sample is
A) Between 0 and 30 minutes poured into a non-insulated container.
B) Between 40 and 60 minutes The samples are then left for 70 minutes
to cool in a room having a temperature
C) Between 50 and 65 minutes of 25°C. The graph above shows the
D) Between 70 and 90 minutes temperature of each sample at 10-
minute intervals. Which of the following
statements correctly compares the
average rates at which the temperatures
of the two samples change?
A) In every 10-minute interval, the
magnitude of the rate of change of
temperature of the insulated sample is
greater than that of the non-insulated
sample.
B) In every 10-minute interval, the
magnitude of the rate of change of
temperature of the non-insulated
sample is greater than that insulated
sample.
C) In the intervals from 0 to 10 minutes and
from 10 to 20 minutes, the rates of
change of temperature of the insulated
sample are of greater magnitude,
whereas in the intervals from 40 to 50
minutes and from 50 to 60 minute rates
of change of temperature of the non-
insulated sample are of greater
magnitude.
D) In the intervals from 0 to 10 minutes and
from 10 to 20 minutes, the rates of
change of temperature of the non-
insulated sample are of greater
magnitude, whereas in the intervals
from 40 to 50 minutes and from 50 to 60
minutes, the rates of change of
temperature of the insulated samples
are of greater magnitude.

Class Work 15.1 187
32) A dietician working in a pediatrician’s 33) Based on her data, she concludes that
office is examining the diets of the children in the United States who are 13
patients seen there. She has the parents to 15 years old consume fewer fruits
of each patient record their child’s and vegetables than children who are 7
consumption of fruits and vegetables to 9 years old. Is her conclusion a valid
each day for four weeks. She then one, based on the information in the
averages the values for each child to graph?
find the grams of fruits and vegetables
A) Yes, because the average of the values
consumed daily by that child, rounded
for those in the 13 to 15 age group is
to the nearest quarter of a thousand.
lower than that of the 7 to 9 age group.
Each child’s average consumption is
marked as a dot on the graph below. B) Yes, because the range of values for
those in the 13 to 15 age group is
smaller than the range for those who
are 7 to 9.
C) No, because the sample is only drawn
from a group of patients at one specific
pediatrician’s office.
D) No, because the data was provided by
the children’s parents and not the
children themselves.
What is the mode of the data gathered,

in grams of fruits and vegetables,
consumed daily?

188
HOME WORK 15.1

1) What is the probability of drawing either 5) In a single throw of two dices what is
an ace or a queen from a deck of cards? the probability of getting a total of 9 or
11.
1 1
A) B) 5 1
13 26 A) B)
36 3
2 3
C) D) 1 5
13 26 C) D)
6 12
2) A basket contains a total of 24 balls of
yarn. 1/3 are white, ¼ are red, 1/6 are 6) An unbiased die is thrown. What is the
blue, and the rest are black. What is the probability of getting an even number or
probability, if you reach into the basket, a multiple of 3.
of pulling out either a red or black yarn? 7) A bag contains 5 red balls and some
1 1 blue balls. If the probability of drawing a
A) B) blue ball is double than that of a red
4 3
ball, find the number of blue balls in the
1 7 bag.
C) D)
2 12 A) 6 B) 10
3) If you draw two cards from a deck of 52 C) 8 D) 7
cards, what are the odds that you will
8) Three coins are tossed once. Find the
neither draw a king OR a queen?
probability that at least one head and
A) 71.34 % B) 96.15 % one tail occur.
C) 71.59 % D) 15.38 %
4) Suppose you roll 2 dice. What's the
probability that the result is more than
10?
1 1
A) B)
12 3
1 7
C) D)
2 12

Answer Keys 189
Answer Keys
Class Work: 15.1
1) b 2) a 3) b 4) a 5) d 6) b 7) c 8) a 9) b 10) c
11) b 12) a 13) b 14) b 15) a 16) c 17) c 18) c 19) a 20) d
21) b 22) d 23) 2/17 24) a 25) b 26) 2/9 27) d 28) d 29) b 30) b
31) d 32) 2250 33) c
Home Work: 15.1

1) c 2) c 3) a 4) a 5) c 6) 1/6 7) b 8) 3/4

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What topics are covered in the math sessions?

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What is the structure of the SAT math test?

What is the structure of the SAT math test?

Table of Contents

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT

About the SAT

The Makeup of the SAT Math Test

Multiple-Choice and Gridded-Response Questions

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT

SAT Math Test Content Specifications

Number Percentage of Test

Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Number System Introduction:

Numbers and Factors:

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 1

Place Value and Scientific Notation:

2 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Multiples and Squares:

= –x3 + x2 – x + 2x2 – 2x + 2 + 3 = –x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5 = Dividend

Properties of Square Numbers:

4 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Rational and Decimals:

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 5

Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers:

Recurring or a periodic or a circulating decimal:

6 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Expressions with Rational Exponents:

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 7

Equations in Two Variables:

8 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Solution of Linear Equations in Two Variables:

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 9

CLASS WORK – 1.1

10 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 11

12 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 13

14 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 15

16 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

HOME WORK –1.1

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 17

18 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 19

Home Work 1.1

20 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 21

22 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 23

24 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

HOME WORK 2.1

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 25

26 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Home Work: 2.1

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 27

The Cartesian Plane or The Co–ordinate Plane or The XY–Plane:

28 Universal Tutorials – SAT Volume

Volume Universal Tutorials – SAT 29