International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-7, Issue-7, Jul- 2020]

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.77.61 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)

Biometrics and Election Fraud

Shubham Malik

Department of Computer Science, NIET Greater Noida, India

Abstract— As we are moving towards the digital world. Then there is also need for all services to be on
digital platform. That’s why the people are dependent on the digital platform because digital platform gives
more facalities to the people. It reduce the travelling time as well as the waiting time also. As biometrics is
very powerful tool now a day. Every where digitization is used know like in the government and private
sector. By seeing the demand of this “why should not election be digital?” . Here in this paper we will
discuss the need of the adavance voting system. By which many things are cantrolled first and for most there
is no any fraud in this method secondly the paper work is reduced and many more things like counting, cost,
time all are saved. Biometric have physolocial as well as behavioural characterstics by which identification
of the person is done. Where no two person can have same physiological and behavioral characteristics .By
which identification can be done easily. There is no prior need for Voting list generation because every
people have there own identity like aadhhar card , driving liecence etc . By the help of these identity they can
cast there vote and good accuracy is achieved and voting percentage is achieved. And every person have
there right to cate there vote in favour of its representative so that they can get good facilities in future
Keywords— Biometrics, Election Fraud, voting list.

I. INTRODUCTION fraud that is caused by the election or voting process. My

A human being can be identified or verified with the help of contribution to this paper is that we advance voting system in
the different physiological and behavioural characters like which there is no need of voter list preparation that could be
face, iris, walking, voice and signature etc. Behavioural can done at a time only by the help of different identity proof like
be called as soft biometric. They are used for characteristic aadhaar card, driving licence and voter identity etc. The
difference in human being with the help of this we have less person who is eligible can caste there vote and rest are not
discrimination influence as matched to biometric character eligible. This help to reduce the work, less time is used, cost
from the given input .The character for identification is reduced and most and for most fraud that caused in
depends on different factors. election is neglected.

Biometric is greek word and where There are some list of attack

i. Bio means “ life” as well as (a) Client side attack (b) Host side attack (c) Eavesdropping
ii. Metric means “ biological characters” or side (d) Repudiation side (e) Trojan side horse attack.
in other words 1.2 Classification of Biometrics
ie biometric means , “life charecterstics” or iin other words 1.2.1 Physiological Biometrics
the application of arithmetical analysis tobiological data. 1.2.2 Behavioral Biometrics
But now a day,this technology is used most widely because
in government and private sectors this technology is used for
the identification and for avoiding harm to any organization
.Here in this paper we will disccus the problem related to
voting system .Presently EVM( electronic voting machine)
are used now a day but still there are many issues regarding
it. The purpose of this paper is to reduce the work load and

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-7, Issue-7, Jul- 2020]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.77.61 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)

Iris-based recognition is the most widely used biometrics

amongst various biometric techniques by the helep if iris
scan we can get the user by matching the iris by our data
base. Same is used in the aadhaar card.
1.2.1.3 Hand Geometry Recognition
Basically Hand geometry consists of two sides; one is Palm
side and Dorsum side or top side or back side of the hand.
Hand Geometry recognition is the method of individualal
authentication is existing from twenty years. To achieve
individualal authentication, a system may assess either
physical characteristics of the fingers or the hands.
It provide three services, Verification, Classification and
Identification Without hand geometry we can’t make out an
Fig .1.2n: categorization of Biometrics individual. The system tries to recognize the individual or
reject access.
1.2.1 Physiological Biometrics 1.2.1.4 Face Recognition
Face recognition, finger print, iris knowledge, retina Face is our primary focal point of identification in social
knowledge, hand geometry, or DNA deoxyribonucleic acid gathering, denotes a significant job in communicating
etc. are the examples of physiological biometrics. personality and feelings. We can learn a huge number of
1.2.1.1 Finger Print Recognition faces Identify natural countenances initially considerably
after a long period of time. Due to the progressions in
Presently one day we have various sorts of biometrics yet in
exhibition, mature age and significant changes in face
Biometric attributes, unique mark is regard as a matter of
occurs, for example, specs, facial hair or changes because of
first importance pragmatic. Unique finger impression
enormous changes in phenominal incitement, neck solid.
acknowledgment need a few activities than client, doesn't
take other data like biometrics of the hand, and gives a The initial phase in recognizing human face is to gain the
moderately decent exhibition. Also, unique mark is the most qualities identified with the face Images. With the goal that
generally perceived accreditation Techniques, in light of the someone else could effectively recognize the face. This
fact that the sensors utilized are ease. depends on how the face is highlighted can be estimated. On
the off chance that such a volume is conceivable, at that
(a) Ridge finishing (b) Bifurcation (c) Short Ridge (Dot)
point a PC has been given a lot of highlights, at that point it
Essentially, Fingerprint acknowledgment is utilized for ought to have the option to perceive the face. Throughout the
recognizable proof in which we separate highlights and previous work the result shows that specific facial highlights
Match the thumb mark around the primary concern, as the are utilized by people.
mesh (curve, circle, lines and so on) end, edge finishing,
1.2.2 Behavioral Biometrics
short edge and bifurcation. Since fingers are so much
mileage from cuts and consumes, programming must be fit to Behavioral biometrics is related to behavior, nature and
do picture reconstructing. The issue of utilizing this expression of human or, individual like heat of the body.
framework is capacity of a biometric gadget to be reliable, all 1.2.2.2 Keystroke Recognition
things considered, circumstance. Keystroke is a method of identification of person, in
1.2.1.2 Iris Recognition keystroke people used to type something on cansole with the
The person iris is an angular component between black part help of keybord. In this method person pressing of key and
and cornea. Iris is an inward part of the person's body. In the releasing of key is seen and stored in data base While to
iris of the human eye, there are five separations of the line generate a profile a client need to type same pharse many
like the tissues. These tissues are very complicated and are time. Future login details are estimated against the profile
underlay in different forms. which, the current case is that it can perceive a similar

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-7, Issue-7, Jul- 2020]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.77.61 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)

client's keystrokes with 99% rightness, utilizing what is cycle. Step acknowledgment is fundamentally isolated into
recognized is a " social biometric". two sorts: (a) Model based just as (b) sans model
1.2.2.3 Signature Recognition acknowledgment. In model-based acknowledgment,
scientists utilize data assembled from the individual body,
Biometric signature recognition systems will determine the
predominantly from the joints, to make a model for
movement of signing.. Handwritten signature is one of the
acknowledgment. As a rule, model-based methodology is
widely used methods for identity verification. In the form of
perception and scale invariant. To gather these stride data, a
a form of permission and authentication, especially in the the
high estimation of the walk successions is required. In this
banks signature place a very important role because by that
manner, a portion of the model-based acknowledgment
identification of people is to reduce the risk.
frameworks need multi-camera for gathering the data.
Handwriting is a thing that vary from individual to
individuals and consists of alphabetic characters on the
surface in relation to a particular words. Signatures of the II. HOW BIOMETRICS COULD HELP IN
same individual can be different with situation and state of ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTION SECURITY
mind. Handwritten signature is a form of classification for a Now as demand of the digital things are growing day by day
individual. Signatures are collection of special characters and .All the things are moving to the digital platform like E-
therefore most of the time they can be unreadable. commerce , E-banking , E-learning etc. In India we have
1.2.2.4 Gait Recognition system from 1950’s.Firstly we using balleot paper for voting
.Now days we are using EVM(electronic voting machine)
Step is one of the biometrics that is disparate from the
with the help of EVM many efforts of the people is reduced.
conventional biometrics Gait alludes to a manner by which
Like firstly in ballot paper enormous amount of paper is used
an individual strolls, and is one of the little biometric
for voting but EVM replaced most of the paper work .With
attributes that can be utilized to recognize individuals a good
the help of the electronic voting machine there is very less
ways off. Hence, this trademark is entirely reasonable in
need of paper work for voting purpose. But there are still
perception situations where the uniqueness of an individual
many issues related to electronic voting system.
can be furtively settled.
In count, it has been found that strides are trademark by
which an individual is perceived and that can even uncover a III. ISSUES RELATED TO E-ELECTION AND
person's sex. Then again, in contrast to biometrics for PAPER BASED VOTER REGISTRATION
example, fingerprints and palm-prints, step acknowledgment The use of EVM (electronic voting machine) has reduced the
requires no contact with a catch gadget as a step can be cost and man power work for the election system. While
caught in a separation as a low goals picture grouping. Stride there are many issues with the EVM. There is no restriction
acknowledgment is essentially separated into two kinds: (a) to voters which means that single voter can caste vote for all
Model based and (b) without model acknowledgment. In the people in the electron list. Where it is right of citizen of
model-based acknowledgment, specialists use data India to vote and select there representative for them.To raise
assembled from the human body, particularly from the joints, there voice in the favour of themselves.so that good facality
to build a model for acknowledgment. All in all,model-based could be provided to them .But still there are many cases
methodology is view and scale invariant. To accumulate where fraud comes infront of people now a days in the
these walk data, a high nature of the step groupings is electronic voting system. To promote the voting system there
required. In this manner, a portion of the model-based are some methods through which fraud of the voting can be
acknowledgment frameworks require multi-camera for stopped and work load is reduced and voting percentage can
gathering the data . be increased.
What's more, it has been uncovered that steps are trademark In paper based system only the eligible people can caste vote
by which an individual is perceived and that can even as citizen of India and should attain age odf 18+. After that
uncover a person's sex. Then again, in contrast to biometrics ballot paper are deposited in the ballot sealed box.Once the
for example, fingerprints and palm-prints, stride election is finished the boxes are opened and counted by the
acknowledgment requires no touch with a catch gadget as a authorized people .All transparency is maintained during this
walk can be caught in a separation as a little goals picture process. But all these things are done by human being.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-7, Issue-7, Jul- 2020]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.77.61 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)

Human being can undergo different errors like error in the people,Due to which only one person can caste only one
counting that is by mistake not by his/her intension that may vote and all the voting process work can be done in effective
result in fraud to the other candidate. One person is allowed way.By the help of this all the people can choose there
to caste only one vote of his own in the participation of representative and this fraud system can be count to zero.
election work. This is for all the people he may be candidate 6.1 FEW STEPS FOR BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY
who is reprentative or any party member .All the party and CAN BE HELPFUL IN ELECTION
people who are involving in election want result in ther
I. No more than one registration and no duplicate
favour .These things comes in notice of administraters the
recoard-Biometric identification is unique and
EVM came to existence.
cannot be registered again if one’s it is registered.
Duplicacy becomes out of range.The duplication or
IV. PRESENT TECHNOLOGY fraud is automatically removed by itself.
In present technology the voter registration or enrollment II. Multiple voting- Multiple voting cannot be done by
process is done before the person starts voting. And there are any individual because there is only one unique
also many issues related like some of there name is wrong, identity given to per person that why more than one
photo appearing in list do not match with the candidate to vote cannot be casted by a person.
whom it belong .Like the opposing party want other voter III. Registration Rate-With the help of the biometric
who are not favour of him that there vote would be other formalties can be skipped like documents that
cancelled. But this is not a correct way .All the people have are needed at the time of registration .With the help
there own right to vote and choose ther reprentative .Hence of this idea more people can be brought to election
we can use the advance system for it. That will make all the process and which would result in the increment of
work to flow in a correct way. In adavance system there is no percentage in voting system.
need to enroll before the voting that work can be done at the
same time with the help of the different identity card which VI. WHY BIOMETRICS FOR ELECTION?
are now in use .Like aadhaar card, driving licence, voting
Biometric is a immerging technology that is now
card etc.
implemented from lower level to the higher level security
system. Including financial ,military and government system
V. PROPOSED METHOD are using these technology .Voter registration is a large scale
In this method in advance voter registration different process because there are many user or people for whome
organization has to come up with the other organization with identification is needed .The identification method have three
the help of this it can be implemented .They should have to characterstices that is fast, efficient, and reliable. Biometric
share there data with the other organization and maintain the have all the three characterstics but biometric also have same
unauthorized access of the data by the unauthorized user. So drawback as well.
that data remain unaffected and things remain confidential. 7.1.DRAWBACK OF BIOMETRIC
Biometrics is the technology with the help of which people 1. People become afraid as there biometric is collected.
physiological character are used to identify the people. Some 2. Voter registration is a costly process in terms of time
of the method have been discussed above by which the and resources.
human can be identified unique. we take example of driving 3. People whose identification suffers with injury or
liecence the DL is issued only to the people who attain the disease example scars, skin disease, finger print etc.
age of 18 same for voting system. And a new identity card 4. As use of biometric is more used day by day in bank
that is called addhar card work as identifying the person government and privacy sectors that’s why there is
because for every person there is a unique ID associated with chance for losing of data. That can harm the people
it.If the data of both the department is combined then there is and organization as well.
no need for the voting enrolement anybody can go and cast
there vote. With the help of this paperwork can be reduced to
null. Because all of the record is in the computer system and VII. WORKING
fraud is reduced to zero. Because there is unique ID for all

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-7, Issue-7, Jul- 2020]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.77.61 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)

As we have discussed above that there is no need of

preparing voter list. Now with advance voting system we
will directly generate the voter list according to the people
coming for cating there votes. Firstly we will make the
collaboration with the other organization to access the data of
people. Then we design a portal to access there data base.
After that by there unique identify or by biometric feature we
will get access to there profilr and then allowing them to cast
there vote. This can also be done with the help of electronic
device as now day people are dependent on electronic work
with which they can perform there voting work. This can be
done by using his/her unique identity. If he/she is eligible for
voting then he/she can caste there vote. By the help of this
time, cost and work is reuced.

VIII. CONCLUSION
Due to the arising situation there is increasing need to control
the fraud that take place in election. Because every candidate
want to win the election that why they wants to do fraud with
other in such situation this platform is very useful. Because
with the help of this platform “ No one is able to caste more
than one vote”.And with this more accuracy is achieved and
people have there right to electe/select there own
reprentative. So that there needs can be taken up to the
government. And more facalities can be provided to them.
This result in high accuracy rate and zero fraud.

REFERENCES
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of biometrics. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
[2] Luping Jj ,and Zhanag Yi“Fingerprint orientation field
estimation using ridge projection” ELSEVIER the
journal of pattern recognition, September 2007.
[3] Raj, Rakesh S., et al. "An online voting system using biometric
fingerprint and Aadhaar card." IJCAT International Journal of
Computing and Technology 1.4 (2014): 87-92.]
[4] Herstatt, Maximilian, and Cornelius Herstatt. India's Electronic
Voting Machines (EVMs): Social construction of a" frugal"
innovation. No. 86. Working Paper, 2014.
[5] Cortier, Véronique. "Formal verification of e-voting: Solutions
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